Zoology Lab practical chpters 10-14

nematodes have what type of body plan

psuedocoelemate

What are the two characteristics that arthropods have in common?

segmented bodies and jointed appendages

When did trilobites first appear? What type of digestion system did they have?

the cambrian explosion complete digestion system

Describe the crop and gizzard

the crop is where food is stored before it moves to the gizzard.

What is cephalization

the development of the head

How can you tell a male from a female in rotifers?

the males are generally smaller than the females

Parthenogenesis is?

the process of females producing only females from unfertilized diploid eggs a type of asexual reproduction

What are chromatophores?

the specialized epidermal cells called chromatophores allows them to blend in perfectly with their surroundings

What are malpighian tubes?

they are used for excreting metabolic waste

ectotherms means?

they do not generate body heat internally

How many pairs of eyes do horseshoe crabs have?

they have 2 pairs. Lateral compound eyes and simple eyes

What are annelids nervous system like?

they have a dorsal brain with two lobes and a single ventral nerve chord

Ascaris is the roundworm we dissected what kind of nerve chords do they have?

they have dorsal and ventral nerve chords

how do nematodes move?

they move by using their fluid filled body cavity and contracting the muscles against it

What is the function of the mantle?

to secrete the the protective shell

Leeches lack setae and parapodia true or false?

true

some species of rotifers only consist of females that produce more females true or false?

true; some exists as only females that produce more females from unfertilized diploid eggs a type of asexual reproduction called parthenogenesis

The folding of the intestinal wall is known as the?

typhlosole

Do nematodes have cuticles?

yes

The phylum arthropoda phylogeny

***Subphylum Tilobitomorpha*** Class-Trilobita- trilobites ***Subphylum Chelicerata*** Class Merostomata- horseshoe crabs Class Arachnida-spiders, scorpoins, ticks, mites, tarantulas ***Subphylum Myriapoda*** Class Chilopoda- centipedes Class Dipolopoda- millipedes ***Subphylum Crustacea*** Class malacostraca- crayfish, lobsters, crabs, shrimps, isopods Class Hexapoda- Class insecta- insects

what are two physical characteristics that define phyla rotifera

1. a ciliated crown technical name corona 2. a pharyngeal apparatus known as the mastax that grinds food in predatory species

the phylum mollusca is characterized by what elements?

1. a protective shell (reduced in some species) 2. a mantle 3. a visceral mass that houses the major internal organs 4. a foot for locomotion

What are the two major classes in the phyla annelida?

1. polycheata (clamworms, sandworms, fanworms) 2. Clitella (earthworms, angleworms, leeches)

How many hearts does a squid have?

3 hearts -systematic heart - 2 branchial hearts

How are pinworms transferred?

By getting under the fingernails and then being ingested

Arachnids feed mostly as?

Carnivores

What are the characteristics of phylum arthropoda- subphylum Myriapoda- class chilopoda

Centipedes -Terrestrial -cylindrical body divided into head and segmented trunk; one pair of legs per body segment; one pair of antennae poison fangs present

Characteristics of Polyplacophora?

Chitons -Dorsal shell consists of eight overlapping plates; ventral body with head foot; entirely marine

Characteristics of Bivalvia?

Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops -two part, hinged shells; reduced head; marine or freshwater filter feeders

What is the name of the heartworm?

Dirofilaria immitis

The guinea worm is is known as? and it is important because?

Dracunculus medinensis

what is detritus feeding?

Eating organic material that settles on the surface of the muddy substrate

The pinworms name is?

Enterobius vermicularis

True or False: nematodes have an excretory system, a circulatory system and respiratory system

False; they have a excretory system, however they do not have a circulatory system or respiratory system

What are the classes and their representative animals of the phylum mollusca?

Gastropoda (snails, slugs) Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels) Polyplacophora (Chitons) Scaphopoda (tusk shells) Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses)

What are the parts of a rotifer's body?

Head, trunk, and foot

What are the characteristics of phylum arthropoda- subphylum Chelicerate- Class merostomata

Horse shoe crabs; -marine -lack antennae and mandibles first pair of appendages are chelicerae. Second pair are pedipalps four pairs of walking legs spiked telson and platelike gill opercula present on abdomen

What kind and how many nerve chords does the earthworm have?

It has a single ventral nerve chord

What is the technical name for the typical earth worm?

Lumbricus

What is the anatomy of a horseshoe crab? And scientific name?

Merostomata limilus

name a predatory polychaete?

Nereis (sandworm)

Earthworms are?

Oligochaetes

What is the function of the The posterior adductor muscle and how can you identify it? and what is the function of the anterior adductor muscle and how you can identify it?

Posterior adductor muscle is bigger than the anterior muscle. Both of these muscles functions are to open and close the shell

Locate the prostomium, mouth, anus, clitellum, papilla, seminal groove, opening to vas deferens, openings to oviducts

Prostomium- at the anterior Mouth- located just under the prostomium

Characteristics of Gastropoda?

Snails, slugs, nudibranchs -well developed head with eyes and tentacles; body undergoes torsion during development; primarily marine, with some freshwater and terrestrial species

What are the characteristics of phylum arthropoda- subphylum Chelicerate- Class Arachnida

Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites tarantulas -Terrestrial -Lack antennae and mandibles; first pair of appendages are chelicerae second pair of appendages are pedipalps four pairs of walking legs no abdominal appendages or telson

Characteristics of Cephalopoda?

Squids, octopuses, nautiluses -Foot modified into tentacles; shell greatly reduced; prominent head with well developed eyes and beak; closed circulatory system, entirely marine highly active predators.

What helps clam burrow and move?

The foot

What is a telson? and what is it used for?

The tail of a horseshoe crab; used to flip the harsh crab back over if it gets right side up.

Explain the blood vessels in the earthworm

There are ventral and dorsal blood vessels

How do horseshoe crabs feed?

They are primarily nocturnal and swim on their backs in search of small molluscs and worms to feed on

How do rotifers move?

They attach to a substrate they have a foot that possess adhesive glands that secrete a type of chemical cement and then they swim by means of ciliary actions of the corona

How do spiders respirate?

They have book lungs that are small slits along the ventral surface of the abdomen which allow air to enter a hollow compartment filled with nemerous thin folds of the body wall that resembles pages of a book. One side of each page is exposed to air and the inner layer of the page is bathed in hemolymph allowing gas exchange across the thin moist surface

How do oligochaetes respirate?

They use their entire epithelial surface for gas exchange

Explain sexual reproduction in the earthworms?

Tow worms align along their ventral surfaces with their heads pointing in opposite directions and secrete a slimy mucous emission from each clitellum that holds them together during copulation. Sperm are discharged simultaneously from each worm and travel to the seminal receptacles of their mate along the grooves in the ventral body surface. The worms separate and each worm secretes a mucous band from its clitellum that forms a sticky cocoon that slides forward picking up eggs from the egg sac and sperm from the seminal receptacles. Fertilization occurs within the cocoon which slips off the anterior end of the worm and is deposited near the entrance to the worms burrow. Eggs develop for two to three weeks before juvenile earthworms emerge.

Mollusca and annelids go through a distinctive larval stage called the?

Trochophore

Characteristics of Scaphopoda?

Tusk Shells -Body enclosed in one piece, curved conical shell open at both ends; mouth with tentacles, head absent entirely marine.

How does a cephalopods eye compare to a vertebrates eye?

Vertebrate eyes have an elastic lens and visual images are focused on the retina by altering the shape of the lens. Cephalopod eyes have a rigid lens and focus images on the retina by altering the distance between the lens and retina. Just like a camera. The vertebrates eye has a blindspot while the cephalapods do not have a blind spot.

How does water circulate through the mussel?

Water circulates dorsally through the mantle cavity and through the suprabranchial chambers within the gills and makes a 180 degree turn, passing along the dorsal aspect of the mantle cavity. Nitrogenous wastes are excretes by the kidney into the water as it passes. As the water leaves the clam through the more dorsal excurrent siphon, it passes directly past the anus, where wastes are eliminated from the digestive system and swiftly carried away from the animal

Arthropods nervous system consists of?

a dorsal brain and a single ventral nerve cord

What is a cephalothorax? Who has them?

a fused head and thorax Horseshoe crabs

Trichinella Spiralis

a roundworm that infects the intestines of pig hosts

What are the characteristics of phylum arthropoda- subphylum trilobitomorpha class trilobite?

all extinct; consisted of a head throat and tail

Why do animals with exoskeleton not use their coelom for locomotion?

because they are in such a rigid suit of armor. In some species the coelom has been gratefully reduced

What are setae?

biological term derived from the Latin word for "bristle". It refers to a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. They are found on Oligochaetes

Spiders fangs are what structure modified?

chellicirae

What is an arthropods exoskeleton made of?

chitin

Annelids have what type of circulatory system?

closed

What type of digestion system do annelids have?

complete digestive system

What type of evolution is the cephalopod eye?

convergent evolution

Nematodes are monoecious or dioecious

dioecious

Rotifera are monoecious or dioecious

dioecious

Leeches are what kind of parasite?

ectoparasites- they only attach themselves to the outside of the host organism

Blood pressure in earthworms are maintained by?

five aortic arches or hearts located in segments 7-11

vinegar eels are?

free living nematodes

Parapodia's function?

gas exchange,burrowing, walking

What is the pool of blood called in an open circulatory system?

hemolymph

nematodes have what type of skelatory system?

hydrastatic skeleton

hypodermic impregnation is a process where male rotifers..

inseminate the female by injecting sperm through the body cavity wall

What is the purpose of the gill opercula in the horseshoe crabs?

it is there to conceal the delicate book girls underneath; The purpose of it beating is that it also is there to swim and aerates the book gills https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCtAv7fU1lc

What is the function of the clitellum?

it is used during reproduction for transferring sperm between individuals and in secreting a cocoon that contains the fertilized eggs

Rotifera is a phyla or a class of nematode

its own phyla

Class Clitella and Subclass Hirudinea what is the animal associated with this subclass?

leeches

What are the components of the squid's eye?

lens, cornera, iris, ciliary muscles, and a retina

what kind of muscle structure do nematodes have?

longitudinal muscles

The name polychaeta refers to?

many bristles in reference to setae projecting from side flaps called parapodia

What does the term myriad pod mean?

many footed

How do the gills function in reproduction and food acquisition?

mollusks are dioecious, in female muscles eggs are fertilized within special chambers in the female as sperm cells released from nearby males are brought in by water currents. Females brood the fertilized eggs in special pouches in the gills until the eggs are ready to hatch. The eggs develop into tiny larvae called glochidia that attach to the gills of certain fish species and act as external parasitic larvae detach from the gills of the host fish and settle to the seafloor to complete their transformation.

What is ecdysis?

molting- a new exoskeleton is secreted and fixed in place before the old shell is shed

Earthworms are?

monoecious

What type of circulatory system do arthropods have?

open circulatory system

Molluscs have what type of circulatory system? And how does it work?

open circulatory system- in bivalves blood from tissues and major organs flows to the gills where it is oxygenated and is directed passively back to the heart. The blood enters through the openings in the heart called ostia and is pumped out of the heart thorough artier to the mantle foot and the visceral mass where it empties into open sinuses in the tissues of these regions small veins collect the blood and return it to the gills.