Zoology Midterm Ch11.12

Cilia or flagella are resorbed and the Golgi apparatus secretes wall material during conjugation. A. intermediary meiosis. B. pseudopod streaming. C. encystment. D. formation of a contractile vacuole.

C

Giardia lamblia causes A. malaria in both humans and birds- is carried by mosquitoes. B. Toxoplasmosis- contracted from cats. C. dysentery and intestinal ailments- is found in contaminated water. D. African sleeping sickness- is carried by the tsetse fly. E. birth defects- is caused by mosquitos.

C

Helminthic diseases are usually transmitted to humans by A. Aerosols. B. Genitourinary route. C. Gastrointestinal route. D. Vectors. E. Respiratory route.

C

In Table 12.1, which of these spores are asexual spores? A. 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 B. 2, 3, 6, 8 C. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 D. 1, 3, 5, 8 E. All

C

Perhaps half of the U.S. population is infected with this organism that normally resides in tissue cysts containing bradyozoites- embryos of pregnant women are also at risk. A. Trypanosoma cruzi B. Entamoeba histolytica C. Amoeba proteus D. Toxoplasma gondii E. Plasmodium vivax

D

The cells of plasmodial slime molds can grow to several centimeters in diameter because A. The large surface can absorb nutrients. B. They form spores. C. They have organelles. D. They distribute nutrients by cytoplasmic streaming. E. None of the above.

D

The encysted larva of the beef tapeworm is called a A. Redia. B. Metacercaria. C. Proglottid. D. Cysticercus. E. Cercaria.

D

The macronucleus of a ciliate elongates, constricts and divides without going through the mitotic stages in a process called A. budding. B. autogamy. C. sporogony. D. amitosis. E. syngamy.

D

The strange case of organisms that undergo meiosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote internally without leaving the organism is a process called A. zygotic meiosis. B. syngamy. C. gametic meiosis. D. autogamy. E. Conjugation

D

Which of the following statements about fungi is false? A. Most fungi are aerobic. B. Few fungi are pathogenic to humans. C. All fungi have eukaryotic cells. D. All fungi are unicellular. E. Fungi are heterotrophic.

D

Which of the following statements about the Oomycote algae is false? A. They cause plant diseases. B. They reproduce sexually. C. They form hyphae. D. They have chlorophyll. E. They produce zoospores in a sporangium.

D

Which structure is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement or podial function? A. Filopodia-thin extensions of only ectoplasm B. Axopodia-thin rods of microtubules C. Lobopodia-flow of both endoplasm and ectoplasm D. Axoneme-actin-binding protein that keeps ectoplasm from gelling E. Reticulopodia-a thin net-like mesh

D

All algae are A. Unicellular. B. Photoautotrophs. C. Toxic. D. Plants. E. None of the above.

E

An organism that can grow photoautotrophically in the light and chemoheterotrophically in the dark. A. Plasmodial slime mold B. Phytophthora C. Oomycote D. Cellular slime mold E. Euglena

E

Ectoplasm A. is cytoplasm that is outside the cell membrane of protozoans. B. provides the vital force of life. C. is only found in parasitic amebas. D. is only found in spores of parasitic protozoans. E. contrasts with endoplasm- both ectoplasm and endoplasm are cytoplasmic components.

E

Which of the following statements about algae is false? A. All are unicellular. B. They produce oxygen from hydrolysis of water. C. They use CO2 as their carbon source. D. Some are capable of sexual reproduction. E. They use light as their energy source.

A

Which of the following statements is false? A. Lichens are parasites. B. In a lichen, the alga produces carbohydrates. C. Lichens are important soil producers. D. In a lichen, the fungus provides the holdfast. E. A lichen doesn't exist if the fungal and algal partners are separated.

A

A definitive host harbors which stage of a parasite? A. Larva B. Adult C. Miracidium D. Cyst E. All of the above

B

Which of the following pairs are mismatched? A. 1 and 2 B. 4 and 5 C. 2 and 5 D. 3 and 4 E. 2 and 3

C

Which unicellular eukaryote is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement structure it possesses? A. Amoeboids-pseudopodia B. Paramecium-flexibility of the pellicle C. Dinoflagellates-flagella D. Ciliates-cilia E. Apicomplexa-reticulopodia

E

What is the name of the mouth structure found at the end of the oral groove in a Paramecium ciliate? A. paramylon body B. cytostome C. cytoproct D. phagosome E. lysosome

B

What is the specific structure in ciliates that serves as the site of expulsion for wastes called? A. phagosome B. cytoproct C. paramylon body D. lysosome E. cytostome

B

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Mosquito — malaria B. Mosquito — Pneumocystis C. Tick — Rocky Mountain spotted fever D. Tick — Lyme disease E. Mosquito — encephalitis

B

Which stage immediately precedes the adult? A. Miracidium B. Metacercaria C. Proglottid D. Cercaria E. Redia

B

In Table 12.1, which of these spores are characteristic of Penicillium? A. 1 and 4 B. 2 and 6 C. 3 and 4 D. 1 and 2 E. 4 and 6

B

In a food chain consisting of the following organisms, which acts as a producer? A. Protozoa B. Lichens C. Slime molds D. Fungi

B

Most of the time, although they usually have other options, protozoans reproduce by A. parthenogenesis. B. asexual cell division. C. autogamy. D. fusion of gametes. E. conjugation.

B

Multinucleated amoebalike cells that produce funguslike spores. A. Cellular slime mold B. Plasmodial slime mold C. Tapeworm D. Ascomycete E. Euglenozoa

B

Protozoans in the genus Trypanosoma cause A. birth defects if infecting a woman at the appropriate stage of pregnancy. B. African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. C. malaria in both humans and birds. D. Toxoplasmosis, often contracted from cats. E. amebic dysentery and intestinal ailments.

B

Ringworm is caused by a(n) A. Nematode. B. Ascomycete. C. Trematode. D. Cestode. E. Protozoan.

B

The most likely mechanism for removing excess water by contractile vacuoles is A. simple osmosis of water across the cell membrane. B. a proton pump that also pulls water into the vacuole. C. differential fluid pressure. D. an ampulla that forms suction. E. reverse osmosis.

B

What happens during conjugation in most ciliates? A. Macronuclei are formed. B. Haploid micronuclei are exchanged. C. The micronuclei disappear. D. Binary fission occurs.

B

A Paramecium "knows" when it has encountered a noxious substance and backs off to veer away. As a one-celled organism, how does it "know" to do this? A. The macronucleus has DNA coding that determines this reaction. B. This cell is essentially a small neuron, or nerve cell. C. This is a rather simple stimulus that changes the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane and depolarization of the membrane results in cilia reversing their direction of beating. D. The micronucleus is dedicated to controlling just such responses. E. None of the choices is correct.

C

A multicellular organism- the digestive tract has one opening. A. Cellular slime mold B. Ascomycete C. Tapeworm D. Euglenozoa E. Plasmodial slime mold

C

A protozoan with both plant-like photosynthesis and animal-like motility is most likely a A. dinoflagellate. B. sporozoan. C. euglenoid. D. ciliate. E. zooflagellate.

C

Assume you have isolated a multicellular heterotrophic organism that produces coenocytic hyphae, motile zoospores, and cellulose cell walls. It is most likely a(n) A. Green alga. B. Zygomycete fungus. C. Oomycote alga. D. Tapeworm. E. Ascomycete fungus.

C

Chalky fossils that formed the White Cliffs of Dover were produced by A. diatoms (as diatomaceous earth). B. radiolarians. C. foraminiferans. D. dinoflagellates. E. ciliates.

C

When the haploid cells or pronuclei are borne in equal-sized cells that look alike, they are called A. unigametes. B. autogametes. C. syngametes. D. anisogametes. E. isogametes.

E

To what extent are the cells of a colonial Volvox specialized? A. Germ cells specialize in locomotion, others in nutrition, and others in reproduction. B. The cells of Volvox are not specialized at all- all are equivalent in function and to be otherwise would make them like those of the metazoa. C. A Volvox cell alternates between first being somatic, then being reproductive. D. Somatic cells function in nutrition and locomotion while a few "germ" cells carry out reproduction. E. Volvox is like two organisms living together symbiotically: one set of cells handles nutrition and locomotion and reproduce their type- another type of cell handles sexual reproduction and reproduce their type.

D

Which of the following groups of algae does NOT produce compounds that are toxic to humans? A. Red algae B. Diatoms C. Dinoflagellates D. Green algae E. All of the above produce compounds toxic to humans.

D

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of how the cytoplasm moves in pseudopodia? A. Myosin pulling on the edge of the gel causes contraction that forces endoplasm toward the hyaline cap. B. Actin filaments become cross-linked by an actin-binding protein forming a semisolid gel-like state called ectoplasm. C. Near the edge of the gel, calcium ions activate an actin-binding protein that releases the actin filaments from the gel. D. The nucleus codes for each movement using DNA and protein formation. E. Interaction with lipids in the cell membrane releases actin subunits and allows them to polymerize into actin microfilaments.

D

Which is an example of a Ciliophoran protozoa? A. Trypanosoma B. Plasmodium C. Amoeba D. Giardia E. Paramecium

E

Which of the following is NOT a "ciliate?" A. Stentor B. Vorticella C. Paramecium D. Trichodina E. All of the choices are classified as ciliates.

E

Which of the following statements about helminths is false? A. They are multicellular animals. B. They are heterotrophic. C. Some have male and female reproductive organs in one animal. D. They have eukaryotic cells. E. All are parasites.

E

In mid-December, a woman with insulin-dependent diabetes who had been on prednisone fell and received an abrasion on the dorsal side of her right hand. She was placed on penicillin. By the end of January, the ulcer had not healed, and she was referred to a plastic surgeon. On January 30, a swab of the wound was cultured at 35°C on blood agar. On the same day, a smear was made for Gram staining. The Gram stain showed large (10 µm) cells. Brownish, waxy colonies grew on the blood agar. Slide cultures set up on February 1 and incubated at 25°C showed septate hyphae and single conidia. The most likely cause of the infection is a A. Protozoan. B. Parasitic alga. C. Yeast. D. Gram-negative bacterium. E. Dimorphic fungus.

E

Protective cysts are triggered by A. merely being the next stage in a regular life cycle. B. decreased oxygen. C. food shortages. D. drying out. E. all of the choices are correct.

E

Seventeen patients in ten hospitals had cutaneous infections caused by Rhizopus. In all 17 patients, Elastoplast bandages were placed over sterile gauze pads to cover wounds. Fourteen of the patients had surgical wounds, two had venous line insertion sites, and one had a bite wound. Lesions present when the bandages were removed ranged from vesiculopustular eruptions to ulcerations and skin necrosis requiring debridement. Fungi are more likely than bacteria to contaminate bandages because A. They have a fermentative metabolism. B. They cannot tolerate high osmotic pressure. C. They are aerobic. D. They prefer a neutral environment (pH 7). E. They can tolerate low-moisture conditions.

E

In Table 12.1, which spore is found externally on a pedestal? A. 5 B. 7 C. 1 D. 3 E. None

D

Nutrition in unicellular eukaryotes is best described as A. saprozoic. B. heterotrophic. C. autotrophic. D. All of the choices is correct. E. None of the choices is correct.

D

"Red tides" are caused by massive blooms of A. dinoflagellates. B. Euglena. C. sporozoans. D. ciliates. E. Plasmodia.

A

A nucleated, unicellular organism- when you change the incubation temperature, it forms filaments with conidiospores. A. Ascomycete B. Cellular slime mold C. Euglenozoa D. Plasmodial slime mold E. Tapeworm

A

Below are several paired items referring to the heartworm Dirofilaria immitis. Which of the pairs is mismatched? A. Mosquito — definitive host B. Dog — definitive host C. Dog — sexual reproduction D. Mosquito — vector E. All of the above are correctly matched.

A

In Table 12.1, which spore is in a sac and results from the fusion of two nuclei from different strains of the same fungi? A. 2 B. 8 C. 1 D. 6 E. 4

A

Mosquitoes that transmit malaria pick up what stage(s) when feeding on the blood of a patient ill with malaria? A. microgametocytes and macrogametocytes that mature into gametes in the insect host B. trophozoites in red blood cells C. sporozoites from the oocysts D. merozoites that escape from the red blood cells E. hemozoin stored in red blood cells

A

Most ciliophoran protozoa A. possess a cytostome. B. are marine. C. possess flagella. D. are parasitic. E. have cyst stages for surviving harsh conditions.

A

The distinction between phagotrophs (or holozoic feeders) and osmotrophs (or saprozoic feeders) is a difference between A. ingesting visible particles or organisms versus ingesting dissolved substances, sometimes from dead organisms. B. diffusion of food across the membrane versus engulfing food in a vacuole. C. producing your own food versus using the chemical bonds in food molecules made by others. D. eating living and eating dead organic material. E. direct transport versus indirect transport of food molecules.

A

The life cycle of the fish tapeworm is similar to that of the beef tapeworm. Which of the following is the most effective preventive measure? A. Cooking fish before eating B. Not swimming in fish-infested waters C. Salting fish before eating D. Wearing gloves while handling fish E. Refrigerating stored fish

A

Yeast infections are caused by A. Candida albicans. B. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. C. Aspergillus. D. Histoplasma. E. Penicillium.

A

Cercariae, metacercaria, miracidia, and rediae are stages in the life cycle of A. Trematodes. B. Nematodes. C. Sporozoans. D. Sarcodina. E. Cestodes.

B

Chagas disease in the Americas is carried by A. mosquitoes. B. triatomine "kissing" bugs. C. contaminated water supplies. D. sexual contact. E. contact with cats and cat feces.

B

If a larva of Echinococcus granulosus is found in humans, humans are the A. Reservoir. B. Infected host. C. Intermediate host. D. Definitive host. E. None of the above.

B

In Table 12.1, which is a thick-walled spore formed as a segment within a hypha? A. 7 B. 5 C. 3 D. 1 E. None

B

Some organisms undergo meiosis to produce gametes that fuse to form a zygote internally without leaving the organism. What is the effect of this process on genetic diversity of the offspring? A. The offspring could vary from the parent but there would be less genetic variation because this is inbreeding. B. The offspring would be identical clones of the parent. C. The offspring would vary from the parent because it would produce different recombinations of each chromosome pair. D. The offspring would become more and more genetically diverse each generation. E. None of the choices is correct.

C

The ciliate group of protists would include A. Entamoeba histolytica. B. Plasmodium vivax. C. Paramecium caudatum. D. Toxoplasma gondii. E. Amoeba proteus.

C

Usually we expect fission to produce two cells from one, but in Sporozoea and some Sarcodina, multiple fission of the nucleus is followed by rapid division of cytoplasm, releasing many new individuals immediately in a process called A. syngamy. B. budding. C. sporogony. D. amitosis. E. autogamy.

C

What are the functions of the macronucleus and one or more small micronuclei in Paramecium? A. A micronucleus is always (1n) for conjugative reproduction, the macronucleus functions for general cell coding, and the two are otherwise unrelated. B. The macronucleus undergoes meiosis to produce haploid micronuclei that are exchanged in conjugation- this then produces a micronucleus for general cell housekeeping. C. The micronucleus undergoes meiosis to produce haploid micronuclei that are exchanged in conjugation- the macronucleus is responsible for the "day-to-day" functions of the cell. D. Diploid micronuclei control the cell and the haploid macronuclei are exchanged in conjugation for reproduction. E. None of the choices is correct.

C

What is found at the base of every flagellum or cilium? A. an axopod B. a lobopod C. a kinetosome D. a kinetid E. a kinetoplast

C

Which describes the mode of action of the causative agent of amebic dysentery? A. It invades the liver and destroys its function, thus altering the digestive system. B. It invades the brain and destroys the control center that regulates intestinal movement of food. C. It invades the intestinal lining and secretes enzymes that cause loss of fluid- it can also cause abscesses on the liver and other organs. D. It ruptures large numbers of red blood cells and the increased fluids are lost across the intestine. E. All of the choices are correct.

C

Which is NOT a correct description of a member of a protozoan group? A. Usually unicellular- if multicellular, without somatic differentiation B. Usually motile C. Development involves an embryonic stage D. Mostly microscopic E. All of the choices are correct

C

Which is a member of the apicomplexan group of protists? A. Chlamydomonas B. Paramecium C. Plasmodium vivax D. Trypanosoma E. Amoeba proteus

C

Which of the following arthropods does NOT transmit diseases by sucking blood from a human host? A. Kissing bugs B. Lice C. Houseflies D. Mosquitoes E. Fleas

C

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of parasitic platyhelminths? A. They are dorsoventrally flattened. B. They can be divided into flukes and tapeworms. C. They have a complete digestive system. D. They are multicellular animals. E. They are hermaphroditic.

C

Which of the following is the most effective control for malaria? A. Eliminate Anopheles B. Treating patients C. Vaccination D. Eliminate the intermediate host E. None of the above is an effective control.

C

Which of the following is/are correct descriptions of unicellular eukaryote characteristics? A. When found in other organisms, they are typically parasitic or pathogenic. B. They all lack symmetry. C. No germ layers are ever formed. D. They are all aquatic. E. As primitive organisms, they are restricted to asexual reproduction.

C

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Plasmogamy — union of two haploid cells B. Karyogamy — fusion of nucleus C. Deuteromycota — a phylum of fungi D. Anamorph — produces asexual spores E. Meiosis — cell division resulting in haploid cells

C

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. Red algae — agar B. Dinoflagellates — paralytic shellfish poisoning C. Green algae — prokaryotic D. Diatoms — petroleum E. Brown algae — algin

C

Which of the following statements is false? A. Fungal spores are for reproduction. B. Fungi produce sexual spores. C. Fungal spores are resting spores to protect the fungus from adverse environmental conditions. D. Fungal spores are used in identification of fungi. E. Fungi produce asexual spores.

C

Which of the following tends to be more complex in a parasitic helminth than in free-living helminths? A. Nervous system B. Digestive system C. Reproductive system D. Locomotion E. All of the above are more complex in a parasitic helminth.

C

Which protozoan is used to test hypotheses of how multicellular organisms arose from their closest unicellular relatives? A. microsporidians B. opalinids C. choanoflagellates D. kinetoplastans E. retortamonads

C

You see acid-fast oocysts in a fecal sample from a patient who has diarrhea. What is the most likely cause? A. Entamoeba B. Diatoms C. Cryptosporidium D. Taenia E. Giardia

C

Amoebalike vegetative structures that produce sporangia. A. Plasmodial slime mold B. Tapeworm C. Ascomycete D. Cellular slime mold E. Euglenozoa

D

Haploid cells that are unequal in size, such as sperm and egg, are called A. isogametes. B. unigametes. C. autogametes. D. anisogametes. E. syngametes.

D

How does the mosquito transmit malaria from an ill person to a healthy person? A. Plasmodium is taken up from one person's blood and squirted back out into the next person. B. Plasmodium gametocytes are taken up from one person's blood, fuse to form a zygote that becomes a motile ookinete that enters the saliva ducts. C. Plasmodium gametocytes are taken up from one person's blood and cross into the saliva duct to be reinjected into the next person. D. Plasmodium gametocytes are sucked from one person's blood, form an oocyst that undergoes sporogony and the sporozoites migrate across the stomach lining to the saliva ducts. E. Plasmodium gametocytes are taken up from one person's blood, fuse to form a zygote that becomes a motile ookinete, that crosses the stomach wall, forms an oocyst that undergoes sporogony and the sporozoites then migrate to the saliva ducts to be injected into the human host.

E

In Table 12.1, which of these spores are characteristic of Rhizopus? A. 6 and 7 B. 1 and 2 C. 1 and 4 D. 2 and 8 E. 7 and 8

E

Members of Euglena have starch-like food storage material in the form of A. kinetosomes. B. flagellar bodies. C. chloroplasts. D. stigmata. E. paramylon bodies.

E

Protist reproduction A. is always sexual with the adults being diploid. B. is always sexual with the adults being haploid. C. is always asexual and usually binary fission. D. is always sexual with alternation of haploid and diploid generations. E. may be asexual or any of the above sexual cycles.

E

The early development of a globular colony (with flagella inward) that then turns inside-out (with flagella outward) is A. called inversion, and it is very common in early development in many animal groups. B. called an undulating membrane and is common among ciliates. C. called reverse gastrulation and it is very rare among animals. D. a pseudoplasmodium and only found in protozoans. E. called inversion, and it is very rare among animals, only occurring in colonial flagellates and sponges.

E

The great pyramids of Egypt are made from stone formed from fossil A. radiolarians. B. endoparasitic amoeboids of insects. C. heliozoans. D. snails. E. foraminiferans.

E

The microspora and archaezoa are unusual eukaryotes because they A. Lack nuclei. B. Do produce cysts. C. Don't produce cysts. D. Are motile. E. Lack mitochondria.

E

The most correct usage of the term "protozoa" is as a(n) A. phylum. B. class. C. synonym for Protista. D. separate kingdom. E. informal cluster of groups with complicated and uncertain phyletic relationships.

E

The protozoan dictyosome is called what in other eukaryotes? A. mitochondrium B. ribosome C. plastid D. endoplasmic reticulum E. golgi apparatus

E

The strange case of organisms that undergo meiosis after fertilization and live out their adult life in the haploid state is a case of A. autogamy. B. conjugation. C. syngamy. D. gametic meiosis. E. zygotic meiosis.

E

The various species of Plasmodium vary in A. the intensity of their physical symptoms. B. the number of times they initiate schizogony in liver cells. C. their incubation period. D. mortality, or risk of death, to the human host. E. All of the choices are variables in Plasmodium.

E

What are long, thin pseudopodia supported by axial rods of microtubules called? A. lobopodia B. filopodia C. reticulopodia D. axopodia E. actinopodia

E

What do tapeworms eat? A. Plant matter B. Red blood cells C. Host tissues D. Intestinal bacteria E. Intestinal contents

E

What is the function of the contractile vacuole in protozoa? A. digestion B. excretion of nitrogen wastes C. respiration D. locomotion E. water balance

E

When a nucleus has chromatin that is clumped, leaving clear areas within the nucleus, the appearance is described as A. spicular. B. micronuclear. C. pellicular. D. kinetosomic. E. vesicular.

E

Which organelle was once an independent aerobic prokaryote engulfed by an anaerobic prokaryote? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. plastid C. ribosome D. nucleus E. mitochondrion

E

Which protozoan group has a complicated parasitic life cycle that nearly always involves the production of infective spores? A. Zooflagellates B. Sarcodines C. Rhizopods D. Ciliates E. Apicomplexans

E