1.0 network architecture
cat 5
100 Mbps max bandwidth, 100 Mhz max frequency
cat 5e
1000 Mbps max bandwidth
cat 6
10000 Mbps max bandwidth
cat 6a
10000 Mbps max bandwidth
optical carrier, OC-3
155.85 Mbps speed; synchronous transport signal (STS-3)
cat 3
16 Mbps max bandwidth, 16 Mhz max frequency
T-1; dedicated phone connection
24 channels; 1.544 Mbps speed
E-1; European format for digital transmission
32 channels; 2.048 Mbps speed
E-3;European format for digital transmission
512 channels; 34.368 Mbps speed
optical carrier, OC-12
622.08 Mbps, STS-12
T-3; dedicated phone connection
672 channels; 44.736 Mbps speed
class D
First decimal value: 224-239 Addresses: 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255
security considerations
How will you deal with computer, data, and network security?
DNS record (A records)
IPv4 addresses and the names on a domain
PPTP (point-to-point tunneling protocol)
Used to ensure that messages transmitted from one VPN node to another are secure.
VPN concentrator
VPN-capable router
UC (unified communication) device
What we call VoIP telephone
LTE (long term evolution)
a 4G wireless broadband technology
Radius (remote authentication dial-in user service)
a client/server protocol and software that enables remote access servers to communicate with a central server to authenticate dial-in users and authorize their access to the requested system or service. it allows a company to maintain user profiles in a central database.
Multilink PPP
a communications protocol that enables a personal computer (PC) to use two PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) communications ports as if they were a single port of greater bandwidth
PLC ( programmable logic controller)
a computer that controls a machine according to a set of ordered steps
UC (unified communication) server
a dedicated box that supports any UC-provided service
NAS (network attached storage)
a dedicated file server that has its own file system and typically uses hardware and software designed for serving and storing files
access point (wireless/wired)
a device designed to interconnect wireless network nodes with wired networks
PAT (port address translation)
a form of NAT that handles one-to-many connection; uses port numbers to map traffic from specific machines in the network
DSL (digital subscriber line)
a fully digital, dedicated (no phone number) connection
hop count
a fundamental metric value for the number of routers a packet will pass through on the way to its destination network
Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS)
a mechanism used within computer network infrastructures to speed up the time it takes a data packet to flow from one node to another
partially meshed topology
a mesh topology with at least two machines have redundant connections; every machine doesn't have to connect to every other machine
Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM)
a method of combining multiple signals on laser beams at various wavelengths for transmission along fiber optic cables, such that the number of channels is fewer than in dense wavelength division multiplexing
`medianet
a network of typically far-flung routers and servers that provide via quality of service and other tools sufficient bandwidth for VTC
frame relay
a packet-switching telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks (WANs)
client/server network
a program relationship in which one program (the client) requests a service or resource from another program (the server).
peer-to-peer network
a program relationship in which one program (the client) requests a service or resource from another program (the server).
routing metrics
a relative value that routers use when they have more than one route to get to another network
SPB (shortest path bridging)
a routing metric standard to provide true shortest path forwarding within an ethernet mesh topology
SAN (storage area network)
a server that can take a pool of hard disks and present them over the network as any number of logical disk
bus topology
a single cable(the bus) connects all of the computers in a line
host-to-site VPN connection
a single computer logs into a remote network and becomes, for all intent and purposes a member of that network
point to multipoint topology
a single system acts as a common source through which all members of the in the network converse
HIDS (host-based IDS)
a software running on individual systems that monitors for events such as system file modification or registry changes
DHCP options (DNS suffix)
a special option to DHCP server; with this DHCP clients would know the name of the DNS domain to which they belonged
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
a switching technique used by telecommunication networks that uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing to encode data into small, fixed-sized cells
Video teleconferencing (VTC)
a technology that facilitates the communication and interaction of two or more users through a combination of high-quality audio and video over Internet Protocol (IP) networks
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)
a technology that puts data from different sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate light wavelength
RAS (remote access server)
a type of server that provides a suite of services to remotely connected users over a network or the Internet. It operates as a remote gateway or central server that connects remote users with an organization's internal local area network (LAN)
COS (class of service)
a value apply to services, ports, or whatever QoS device might use
route aggregation
a way to simplify routing tables into manageable levels
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
a wireless industry coalition dedicated to the advancement of IEEE 802.16 standards
DNS record (CNAME record-canonical name)
acts like an alias
reverse proxy server
acts on behalf of its servers; clients contact the server, which gathers information from its associated servers and hands that information to the clients
APC (angled physical contact) connectors
add an 8-degree angle to the curved end, lowering signal loss further
IDS (intrusion detection system)
an application that inspects packets, looking for active intrusions
IPsec (internet protocol security)
an authentication and encryption protocol suite that works at the internet/network layer and should be the dominant authentication and encryption protocol suite as IPv6 continues to roll out and replace IPv4
UC (unified communication) gateway
an edge device, sometimes dedicated but often nothing more than a few extra services added to an existing edge router
hybrid topology
any form of networking technology that combines a physical topology with a signaling topology
equipment limitaitions
are you using existing equipment, applications, or cabling?
iSCSI (internet small computer system interface)
built on top of TCP/IP, enabling devices that use this protocol to communicate across existing networks using cheap, readily available hardware
distance vector routing protocol
calculate the total cost to get to a particular network ID and compare that cost to the total cost of all the other routers to get to the same network ID
DNAT (dynamic NAT)
called pooled NAT, many computers share a pool of routable IP addresses that number fewer than the computers
CDMA (code division multiple access
came out long after GSM, used a spread-spectrum form of transmission; rather than enabling multiple users to share a single channel by splitting the channel into time slices, spread-spectrum transmission changes the frequencies used by each user
ICS server
centralized controller, where global changes can be made managed
HSRP (hot standby router protocol)
cisco proprietary, provide redundancy for high availability nodes
SSL VPN
client accesses the VPN and is presented with a secure web page
ring topology
connects all computers on the network with a ring of cable
DHCP options
cover an outrageously large number of choices, such as your default gateway, DNS server, Network time server, etc
high availability
critical nodes need to be ensure that they are working without interruption or downtime. Core to building one into a network is failover, the ability to backup systems to detect when a master has failed and then to take over
host-to-host VPN connection
deals with a specific single connection between two machines using VPN software or hardware
list of requirements
define the network needs. why are you installing this network? what primary features do you need?
FC (fibre channel)
designed for high-performance storage. Has its own cables, protocols, and switches, all increasing the costs
MTU (maximum transmission unit)
determines the largest frames a particular technology can handle
network controller
dictate how both physical and virtual network components move traffic through the network
RIPv2 (routing information protocol)
distance routing protocol, VLSM has been added and authentication is built into the protocol
time division multiple access (TDMA)
enabled multiple users to share the same channel more or less at the same time, with the switching from one user to another happening so quickly
VPN (virtual private network)
enables you to connect through a tunnel from a local computer to a remote network securely
fully meshed topology
every computer connects directly to every other computer
mesh topology
every computer connects to every other computer via two or more routes
HSPA+ (evolved high speed packet access)
final 3G data standard, providing speeds up to 168 Mbps, although it never passed 10 Mpbs
class A
first decimal value: 1-126. Addresses: 1.0.0.0-126.255.255.255
class B
first decimal value: 128-191. Addresses: 128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255
class C
first decimal value: 192-223. Addresses: 192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255
GSM (global system for mobile)
first group of networking technologies widely applied to mobile devices, relied on a type of time division multiplexing called time division multiple access (TDMA)
DNS record (AAAA record)
for a newer type of IP addressing called IPv6 and the names on a domain
rollover cable
has an rj-45 on one end and a class rs-232 serial port on the other, used to connect a laptop to other computer directly to a switch or router
multilayered switch
have/needs some option or feature for configuring ports to work at layer 2 or layer 3
content filter/content switch
hide all of your web services behind a single IP; works at layer 7
NAT (network address translation)
hide the IP address of computers on the LAN but still enable those computers to communicate with the broader internet
load balancer
making a bunch of servers look like a single server, creating a server cluster
SNAT (static NAT)
maps a single routable (not private) IP address to a single machine, enabling you to access that machine from outside the network
OSPF (open shortest path first)
most commonly used IGP ( interior gateway protocol on the internet. designed to work with a single AS
EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution
offered data speeds up to 384 kbps
analog modem
old style analog to digital devices
miredo
open source implementation of teredo for linux and some other unix based systems
ICS (industrial control system)
overall system that monitors and controls machines; has three components I/O functions on machine, a controller, and the interface for the operator
ISDN (integrated services digital network)
process of sending telephone transmission across fully digital lines end-to-end
GRE (generic routing encapsulation)
protocol to make a point-to-point tunnel connection that carries all sorts of traffic over layer 3, including multicast and IPv6 traffic
VRRP (virtual router redundancy protocol)
provide redundancy for high availability nodes
RTU (remote terminal unit)
provides same function as controller. designed to have some amount of autonomy in case it loses connection with central control. Some form of long distance communication
SDSL (symmetric DSL)
provides the same upload and download speeds, making them excellent for those who send as much data as they receive; relatively expensive
UPC (ultra physical contact) connectors
reduce signal loss significantly over pc connectors
jumbo frames
reduce the total number of frames moving through the network
classless address
refer to CIDR. look for subnetting
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
refers to a family of computer networking protocols that provide a standard way to transport multiprotocol data over point-to-point links
DNS record (PTR record- pointer record)
reverse lookup zones take a network ID, reverse it, and add a unique domain called "in-addr-arpa"
satellite access two-way
satellite service handles both the uploading and downloading
teredo
second NAT-traversal IPv6 tunneling protocol. built into microsoft. starts with 2001:0000:/32
address compression
shortcuts for IPv6 addresses
IPS (intrusion prevention system)
similar to IDS, but sits directly in the flow of network traffic
proxy server
sits in between clients and external servers, essentially pocketing the requests from the clients for server resources and making those requests itself; client computer never touch the outside servers and thus stay protected from any unwanted activity
DCS (distributed control system)
smaller controllers directly on each machine to distribute the computing load
Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET)
standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
Scada (supervisory control and data acquisition)
subset of ICS, designed for large-scale, distributed processes such as power grids, pipelines. due to distance, remote devices may or may not have ongoing communication with central control
unified voice services
such as skype, are complete internet services that rely on nothing more than software installed on computers and the computer's microphone/speakers
BGP-4 (border gateway protocol)
the glue of the internet, connecting all of the autonomous systems. hybrid routing protocol but its more a path vector routing protocol. supports route aggregation, a way to simplify routing tables into manageable levels
packet shaper
traffic shaping device that controls the flow based on packet rules
point to point topology
two computers connect directly together with no need for a central device of any kind
site-to-site VPN connection
two separate LANs function as a single network, sharing files and services as if in the same building
DNS record (MX record- Mail eXchanger)
used exclusively by SMTP servers to determine where to send mail
IP helper/DHCP relay
used to forward DHCP client's broadcast request DHCP Discover, from one VLAN to the DHCP server's VLAN.
star topology
uses a central connection box for all the computers on the network; offer fault tolerance
broadband cable
uses data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS) protocol
ADSL (asymmetric DSL)
uses different upload and download speeds; download speeds are much faster than the upload speeds; much less expensive
IS- IS ( intermediate system to intermediate system)
uses the concept of areas and send-only updates to routing tables. de facto standard for ISPs. a link state dynamic routing protocol
device types/requirements
what equipment do you need to build this network? How should you organize the network?
environment limitations
what sort of building or buildings do you need to work with to install a network? Do you have access to the walls or ceiling?
compatibility requirements
what sort of compatibility issues do you have between old and new device?
wired/wireless considerations
what type of structured cabling do you need? does this network need wireless? how do you connect to the internet?
port forwarding
you can designate a specific local address for various network services
satellite access one-way
you download via satellite but you must use a PSTN/dial-up modem connection for uploads
