10; Soul

record company or producer.

A few black artists had some commercial success in the 1960s, but usually only when they had the full support of a ?

music appeal tactics

classic saxophone-driven big band riffs, gospel tambourines, hand-clapping backbeats, lush orchestra strings from the Detroit Symphony for the slow tunes, and strong bass lines laid down below Latin- and jazz-tinged rhythm patterns. He avoided suggestive lyrics or gritty sounds; Gordy's

pop, gospel, and rhythm and blues

"You Send Me ♫," Twistin' the Night Away ♫" (which was inspired by Chubby Checker's "The Twist ♫"), and "Chain Gang ♫" all demonstrate Cooke's ability to balance ? influences in his singing style

Brian and Eddie Holland and Lamont Dozier

? (known collectively as Holland-Dozier-Holland or HDH) wrote and produced all of the Supremes' hits from 1964 and to early 1968; wrote most of the material recorded by the Four Tops and the Isley Brothers during the years between 1965 and1968; composed several tunes for the Miracles and for Martha and the Vandellas

Barret Strong; norman whitfield

? gave up a singing career to write songs for others. He and writer-producer ? had a string of hits for Gladys Knight and the Pips and the Temptations for Motown

Booker T and the MGs

? provided the music for artists such as Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, and Sam and Dave; however, often came up with their backing tracks on the spot, included a horn introduction and a delayed backbeat, in which the entrances of the guitar and snare on beats 2 and 4 come so late on the beat that they almost feel like they are out of time; but in simple verse form and do not use choruses like Motown

Motown artists

? sang of love and other human concerns with which people of all races, religions, and political beliefs could identify

75%

It is estimated that an astronomical ? of all Motown releases ended up somewhere in the Top 40,

Otis Redding

Another huge hit-maker for Stax (and Atlantic) was the singer-songwriter ?; recorded a number of crossover hits during the 1960s, including "These Arms of Mine ♫," "Try a Little Tenderness ♫," and "Sittin' on the Dock of the Bay ♫;often interpolate words such as "please" and "gotta" between the phrases of his songs,

Ahmet Ertegun

Atlantic was formed in 1947 by ?, the son of the Turkish ambassador to the United States. Journalist and critic Jerry Wexler joined Atlantic in 1953, and he was a critical force in the signing and recording of such artists as Ray Charles, Wilson Pickett, and Aretha Franklin.

I Heard It Through the Grapevine

Barret Strong and norman whitfield also penned Motown's biggest hit of the 1960s, ? which was recorded by Marvin Gaye.

motown records

Benny Benjamin on drums, Earl Van Dyke or Joe Hunter on keyboards, Dave Hamilton on vibes or lead guitar, James Jamerson or Carol Kaye on bass, and Robert White on rhythm guitar. Secretaries and friends filled in on tambourines and handclapping.

Sam Cooke

Between 1957 and 1965, ? wrote and recorded 29 singles that appeared in the Top 40 pop charts.

"Green Onions ♫"

Booker T and the MGs also achieved some success as a band, recording ? in 1962, which went to number 1 on the rhythm and blues charts.

Mowtown

It launched the careers of the Four Tops, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Martha and the Vandellas, and many others

gospel roots.

Franklin's explosive vocal delivery, impassioned articulation, and tone color inflections all stem from her ? This style is typical of the Southern soul style and the Atlantic Records approach to soul in the 1960s

Stax

Frequently, a large record company would license recordings from smaller record labels; this allowed small labels to focus their energies on recording new and exciting musicians while large labels handled the pressing of records and the promotional aspects, both of which were often beyond the financial means of a small company LIKE

Cholly Atkins; Maurice King

Gordy also hired ?, a dancer and choreographer in the legendary 1930s Cotton Club revues, and ?, the music director for big name jazz acts at Detroit's famous Flame Show Bar. Atkins and King would not let the musicians perform until they had learned their stage lessons.

Maxine Powell

Gordy hired modeling school director ?, who taught the young performers how to make small talk at cocktail parties, how to hold their silverware at a banquet, how to move and act with the grace and style, and how to dress.

Aretha Franklin.

He was the first artist to record his most famous song, "Respect ♫," but he did not record the definitive version of it. That honor belongs to

"Stop! In the Name of Love ♫" (1965)

Holland-Dozier-Holland, Strong and Whitfield, and other Motown songwriters often took a portion of a song's chorus to use as an introduction, which can be heard in The Supremes' ?

Berry Gordy, Jr

In 1959, ? borrowed eight hundred dollars from his family, and he rented an eight-room house at 2648 West Grand Boulevard. Gordy first called his new company Hitsville U.S.A., and then he changed the name to Motown in recognition of Detroit's fame as the Motor City; was a devotee of Booker T. Washington's philosophy of economic betterment,

Smokey Robinson

In addition to HDH and Strong and Whitfield, one of the best songwriters for Motown was ?; first group he put on the payroll was ? and the Matadors; also became VP for motown in 1961; compositions are outstanding representations of the Motown sound from the 1960s: "My Guy ♫," "I Second That Emotion ♫," and "My Girl ♫," to name a few

1967

In his seventh year of business (?) , Gordy sold more singles than any other record company in the world, independent or major, and his empire was profiled in Fortune, the New York Times, and several other major publications.

"rock and roll."

In order to play rhythm and blues records on the radio, disc jockey Alan Freed retitled them

studio band

Like Motown, Stax relied on a ?

"authentic"

Many white listeners believed that gospel music was an ? expression of African American culture, and, for better or for worse, the crossover success of Atlantic recording artists took advantage of this white fascination with the sounds of gospel-influenced southern soul music.

the Marvelettes, the Velvelettes, and Martha and the Vandellas

Motown Records took the idea of the "girl group" to its artistic height with its cultivation of ensembles like ?

1967

Redding was killed in a plane crash in ?, just after he performed at the Monterey Pop Festival, backed by Booker T and the MGs.

Whitfield

Robinson went on to produce "My Girl ♫" and "Get Ready ♫" for the group, but Gordy replaced him with ? in 1966 with the hopes of replicating the commercial success of "The Way You Do the Things You Do ♫

gospel music.

Sam Cooke's first pop records were released under a different name so as not to negatively affect his reputation as a singer of ?

jazz

The Motown studio musicians were mostly ? performers who enjoyed the new financial rewards of working for Motown Records

Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

The songwriting team of ? wrote a number of sweet soul songs that the Drifters made into hits, including "Save the Last Dance for Me ♫," "On Broadway ♫," and "There Goes My Baby ♫."

My Mama Told Me You'd Better Shop Around

Some of the earliest soul music happened in Detroit in December of 1960 with the release of "(? ♫)," words and music by William "Smokey" Robinson and Berry Gordy, Jr. In the early months of 1961, it was in the Top Ten charts. It was a strong opening for a brand new musical group and a brand new record company, Motown.

Miracles

The ? eventually rose to the top of the industry with dozens of Top 40 hits, including five songs in the Top Ten. Smokey Robinson did it all— gifted vocalist, songwriter, producer, adviser, business executive, talent scout, premier backup singer, and emotional anchor of Motown

"the charm school."

The performers called Powell's training ?; often told her students that she was training them to appear at Buckingham Palace and at the White House

soul.

The place of black musicians in rock had shifted by the 1960s, and many artists were headed toward a new genre of music called

"Baby Love ♫" (1964)

The song ? represents the Supremes' sound, the HDH style, and the Motown recording approach, all in under three minutes. The strong backbeats on beats two and four are produced with the slapping hinged two-by-fours. This song also features the vibraphone, an instrument that was often used in Motown songs. The song is in simple verse form,

Ray Charles

The success of ? in the early 1950s had indicated to record executives that gospel music could potentially supply a stream of singers for rhythm and blues numbers

The Supremes

The trio consisted of Detroit teenagers Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson, and they loitered around Motown offering to sing backup and trying to convince Gordy to sign them to his label. Working almost exclusively with the HDH team, the group struck gold and released six hit singles in a row: "Where Did Our Love Go? ♫" "Baby Love ♫," "Come See About Me ♫," "Stop! In the Name of Love ♫," and "Back in My Arms Again ♫." Although Ballard was originally the lead singer of the group, HDH decided that Ross's voice was more evocative and begin writing for her as the lead. In 1969, Ross left the group to start her own solo career.

Eddie Holland; Lamont Dozier; Brian Holland

Typically, ? worked with the vocal leads in the various groups, ? helped with vocal backgrounds and instrumental tracks, and ? handled the overall composition and assisted with backup vocal tracks

sweet soul style

Unlike rhythm and blues music, the ? usually featured string instruments, and the drummer's rhythms often included Latin beats.

"Spanish Harlem ♫" and "Stand by Me ♫."

When lead singer Ben E. King was fired from the Drifters, he began a solo career with the help of Leiber and Stoller, recording hits such as ?

motown

a Detroit-based recording company founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. that produced hits by African American performers; was one of the largest and most successful businesses owned and operated by African Americans

hook

a catchy phrase or melodic motive that is featured prominently in a song

eight-track tape recorders

a device first used at Motown Records that could separately record eight different tracks and mix them together into one cohesive whole; Michael McClain built it

simple verse form

a song form that contains only verses and no choruses

backbeat

a strong accent on beats 2 and 4 of a four-beat meter, which are traditionally the unaccented beats of the bar

backbeat

a studio carpenter had bolted a couple of two-by-fours together with a hinge to get more of a ?, produced on two homemade eight-track tape recorders

southern soul

a style developed at Atlantic Records that drew significant influence from gospel music

Aretha Franklin

grew up in Detroit, the daughter of the famous Reverend C.L. Franklin. Rev. Franklin's sermons were frequently broadcast on the radio and released on records; most famous song is respect

"The Way You Do the Things You Do ♫"

he Temptations' first big hit was (1964), which was produced by Robinson; verse-chorus form & it includes a half-step modulation just before the third verse begins.

sam cooke

his style shows the clear influences of gospel music in his frequent use of melisma (the singing of multiple pitches on a single syllable of text) as well as his improvisatory-sounding style and frequent melodic embellishments

sweet soul

style of songs performed by African American musicians but that had crossover appeal; characteristic traits include a moderate tempo, fluid vocal delivery supported by backup vocals in doo-wop style, a string accompaniment, and Latin beats in the drums

modulation

to change keys within a song; in popular music, it is common for Motown songs to modulate up a half step about two-thirds of the way through the arrangemen

Motown

used modulation and a hook in the later of a song

Motown

was the first to use eight-track tape recorders, as most studios were using 4 or 2-track tape recorders

Otis Redding

was the only African American musician who performed at Monterey except for Jimi Hendrix

the Temptations

were Motown's top male group;Both Smokey Robinson and Norman Whitfield wrote and produced songs for them during the 1960s.

"A change is gonna come"

written by Curtis Mayfield, is often considered a theme from the Civil Rights Movement because it plaintively and unashamedly addresses issues of racism and racial inequality. (Sam cooke)