11.3
Third Stage of Demographic Transition
-Birth rates decline -Controlling family size - Having children around a farm is good but not as much around the city
First stage of Demographic Transition
-High birth and high but fluctuating death rates -Wars, famine, and disasters take heavy tolls
Second Stage of Demographic Transition
-Industrialization -Falling death rates due to medical advances and food storage - High birth because large families are still considered good
Infant mortality rates include deaths of children under ______ of age.
1 year
An accepted generalization is that crude birth rates of more than 30 per 1,000 is on the high side. Approximately what fraction of the world's population lives where that rate exists?
1/5
Crude birth rates and crude death rates are calculated as being the number of births or deaths per how many people?
1000
Population in India problems
1950s: Population planning program 1960s: National population planning program 1970s: Beginning of forced sterilization program for men with 3 or more children; 22.5 million men sterilized 2004: Beginning of guns-for-sterilization program in Uttar Pradesh Today: Use of advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates in most states
The minimum total fertility rate (TFR) to produce replacement population is
2.1
A country with a population of 2,000,000, a birth rate of 25, and a death rate of 20 would have how many births and deaths annually?
50,000 births and 40,000 deaths
As of 2007, the world's population stands at approximately:
6.7 billion persons.
By 2008, the approximate human population of Earth will reach 6.7 billion people. Taking such conditions into account, the United Nations projection for global population in 2050 is for how many people?
9.2 Billion
Malthus
A British economist that said the world's population was increasing faster than there was food. Population increasing at a geometric rate. The means of subsistence growth at an arithmetic rate. Did not count on technology.
Population Pyramid
A graphic device that represents a population's age and sex composition.
under nutrition
A high infant mortality rate is most often associated with _____.
15
A large number of people under the age of _____ implies the greatest built in momentum for population growth
Cohort
A population group unified by a specific common characteristic such as age and subsequently treated as a statistical unit during their lifetimes
japan, thailand, taiwan, canada
Achieved replacement-level fertility within 15-30 years: JAPAN, THAILAND, TAIWAN, CANADA
family planning
An advantage of _____ is the decrease in birth rates and decrease in abortion.
What does Population Geography allow us to do?
Background tools (numbers of people, age, sex, patterns in fertility and density), Understand how they live and relationship of numbers to an area
94%
Between 1963 and 2000, the human population size rose _____.
ZPG
Countries that achieve _____ have an age structure that shows little variation in population by age.
transitional
Death rates fall while birth rates remain high during the _____ stage.
food supply, better nutrition, advances in medicine, improved sanitization
Death rates have declined because of FOOD SUPPLY, BETTER NUTRITION, ADVANCES IN MEDICINE, and IMPROVED SANITIZATION.
Population distribution
Descriptions of locations on the Earth's surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live
The four great clusters of population in the world are:
East Asia, South Asia, Europe, North America.
existing customs and trends
Economic rewards and penalties in population control strategies work best if they reinforce _____.
feedback loops, synergistic interactions, mathematical equations
Found in system dynamics computer model: FEEDBACK LOOPS, SYNERGISTIC INTERACTIONS, MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS.
The United States has a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.0. Which group within the United States has the highest TFR among the groups represented?
Hispanics
28
How many years has the total fertilty rate in the US been at or below replacement level?
40%
In 2002, legal and illegal immigration accounted for _____ of the population growth.
less
In areas of low infant mortality rate, people usually have _____ children because of the increased life expectancy.
preindustrial
In what stage are both birth and death rates HIGH? (Demographic transition model)
postindustrial
In what stage is ZPG in a country likely to occur? (Demographic transition model)
The region of the world that contributes the most to world population growth is:
India
72
India's infant mortality rate is about _____ per 1,000 live births.
total fertility rate
Most useful measure for projecting future population change.
Ecumene
Permanently inhabited areas of the earth's surface
stable
Population when generations do nothing more than replace themselves and age structure is columnar
Endemic
Present in a small area
Population Growth in India
Significant demographic variations within countries: Higher growth rates in northeastern India, lower rates in southeastern India
Epidemic
Spreads over a large region
Continued high birth rates and rapidly declining death rates describe which stage of the demographic cycle?
Stage 2
1950s
The TFR in the US reached a peak after WWII in the mid-_____.
Crude Birth Rate
The annual number of live births per 1000 population
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children that would be born to each woman if during her childbearing years she bore children at the current years rate.
Arthimetic Density
The calculation of the number of people per unit area of land usually within the boundaries of a political entity
demographic transition
The decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occured when a country becomes industrialized.
make population policies part of social and economic development, eradicate poverty, more equitable relationships for boys and girls, increase access to education
The following are goals of the 1994 UN Conference on Population and Development: MAKE POPULATION POLICIES PART OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ERADICATE POVERTY, MORE EQUITABLE RELATIONSHIPS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS, INCREASE ACCESS TO EDUCATION, especially for girls and women
dependency ratio
The number of dependents old or young that each 100 persons in the economically productive years must on average support
Carrying Capacity
The number of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology
urbanization
The process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities.
Agricultural Density
The ratio between the number of agriculturalists per unit of farmable land in a specific area
Physiological Density
The ratio between the total population and the amount of land under cultivation in a given unit of area
Infant Mortality Rate
The ratio of deaths of infants aged 1 year or under per 1000 live births
demography
The scientific study of population
Doubling time
The time it takes for a population to double if the present growth rate remains constant
Nonecumene
The uninhabited zones that do not pertain to tundra
Demography and population geography are different types of studies because the former focuses upon statistical analysis whereas the latter emphasizes spatial analysis.
True
life expectancy and infant mortality rate
Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region.
douche and rhythm method
Unreliable and least effective forms of birth control. (2)
Fourth Stage of Demographic Transition
Very low birth and death rates
The highest population densities are found in:
Western Europe.
USA, Canada, Australia, Germany
What 4 countries accept large numbers of immigrants?
Africa
What country as the highest crude birth rate and crude death rate.
Mexico
What country does no accept large numbers of immigrants?
India
What country had the world's first national family-planning program?
Demographic Momentum
When a high proportion of the population is young, the product of past high fertility rates, larger and larger numbers enter the childbearing age each year
1%
Women possess less than _____ of the world's land.
Total fertility rate (TFR) in a population can and does generally vary within that population's sub-groups.
Yes
age structure diagrams
_____ are useful for comparing one population with another.
replacement-level
_____ fertility can lower a country's population size if it is higher than the TFR.
transitional
_____ is when industrialization begins, food production rises, healthcare improves, death rates drop and brith rates remain high.
postindustrial
_____ is when the birth rate declines equaling the death rate and population growth is zero.
infant mortality rate
______ is viewed as the best single measure of society's quality of life because it reflects a country's general health.
J curve
a curve shaped like a j depicting exponential or geometric growth
Demographic momentum states that:
an immediate end to population growth will occur when the replacement rate reaches 2.1.
Population projections are:
based on assumptions for the future using current data.
Natural increase
crude death rate subtracted from the crude birth rate
A safe generalization is that crude birth rates of less than 18 per 1,000 is characteristic of ___________.
developed status
The population explosion after World War II reflected the effects of:
drastically reduced death rates in developing countries without simultaneous and compensating reductions in births.
In the developing world the major deterrent to lowering birth rates is
economic consequences
relevant when projecting a country's population?
education and literacy rates government policies regarding population growth the status of women
A population pyramid with nearly equally divided cohorts has almost vertical sides, e.g., Sweden. This is typical of an area with
extremely slow growth
Maternal mortality rates in the developing world compared to the developed world are
higher
In light of the concept of population momentum, what would happen to the world's population if the global total fertility rate (TFR) were to drop below replacement population level?
increase for awhile due to a large child-bearing cohort
If a country's rate of natural increase has declined, then the doubling time for its population has:
increased
Urbanization
increased both arithmetic and physiological densities
The single greatest health disparity between developed and developing nations is the:
maternal mortality rate.
The demographic equation is represented by the sum of:
net migration and natural change.
Total fertility rate (TFR) is the same as crude birth rate (CBR).
no
improving health care for children and pregnant women, family planning, reducing poverty, elevating status of women
population growth can be slowed by: IMPROVING HEALTH CARE FOR CHILDREN AND PREGNANT WOMEN, FAMILY PLANNING, REDUCING POVERTY, ELEVATING STATUS OF WOMEN
A population pyramid with an extremely wide base, such as Kenya's, is typical of an area with
rapid growth
Pandemic
spreads world-wide
Chain migration
the process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers
An important factor contributing to the reduction in death rates in developing nations is:
the pronounced youthfulness of their populations.
density
the quantity of anything per unit area
Birth and death rates are described as "crude" because:
they relate to the changes without any regard to the age or sex composition of the population
Proportionately, the greatest decreases in infant mortality rates have occurred in:
urbanized industrial nations.
Overpopulation is equated:
with a continuing imbalance between numbers of people and carrying capacity.
Research seems to demonstrate that the primary reason that fertility falls is when women decide they want smaller families.
yes