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What is achalasia? a. A stomach that is too tight b. A lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that is too tight c. A stomach that is too relaxed d. A lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that is too relaxed

b. A lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that is too tight

You are a radiologist, and you conduct a barium swallow on a referred patient. You notice a bird beak's appearance upon conducting your study. Which of the following will you most likely suspect? a. Gastroparesis b. Dysphagia c. Achalasia d. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

c. Achalasia

What is the most common form of Colorectal cancer? a. A Sarcoma b. A Pheochromocytoma c. An Adenocarcinoma d. An Adenoma

c. An Adenocarcinoma

One of your patients has a history of melena. Which of the following is most likely the cause? a. A viral infection b. Damage to the colon c. An ulcer in the stomach causing bleeding d. A bacterial infection

c. An ulcer in the stomach causing bleeding

Increased pressure in the _____ due to gastroparesis may result in Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). a. colon b. cecum c. stomach d. esophagus

c. stomach

If a patient is diagnosed with diverticulitis, they are LIKELY experiencing abdominal pain in _____. a. the left upper quadrant b. the right upper quadrant c. the right lower quadrant d. the left lower quadrant

d. the left lower quadrant

A patient comes in complaining that their stomach hurts. They tell you that they've noticed that their stool has been really dark for the last three weeks. You run a complete blood count and determine that your patient is also anemic. What should you do next? a. An endoscopy to look for an ulcer somewhere along the gastrointestinal tract b. An echocardiogram to ensure that the heart isn't bleeding out c. A urinalysis to help diagnose kidney disease d. An ocular exam to make sure their retina doesn't show signs of high blood pressure

a. An endoscopy to look for an ulcer somewhere along the gastrointestinal tract

What are the main components that make up the majority of gallstones? a. Bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol b. Bilirubin, calcium, nitrogen c. Magnesium, calcium, cholesterol d. Ammonia, cholesterol, bilirubin

a. Bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol

John has been found to suffer from an acute case of viral hepatitis. As his doctor, how will you treat John? a. By treating the symptoms he is showing b. By using antiviral therapy c. By detoxifying his blood d. By doing liver transplant.

a. By treating the symptoms he is showing

_____ refers to scarring of the liver due to chronic liver disease and is a major cause of _____. a. Cirrhosis; ascites b. Hepatitis; gluconeogenesis c. Hepatomegaly; hypoalbuminemia d. Liver failure; thrombocytopenia

a. Cirrhosis; ascites

Knowing that liver cancer is caused by long-lived, or chronic, types of viral hepatitis, which combination of hepatitis viruses is most likely to cause liver cancer? a. HBV and HCV b. HAV and HCV c. HEV and HBV d. HDV and HAC

a. HBV and HCV

What is an Adenoma? a. A benign tumor of non-glandular origin b. A benign tumor of glandular origin c. A malignant tumor of non-glandular origin d. A malignant tumor of glandular origin

b. A benign tumor of glandular origin

How do hematochezia and melena differ in terms of presentation? a. Hematochezia involves the loss of bright red blood, while melena involves dark tarry stool. b. Melena involves the loss of bright red blood, while hematochezia involves dark tarry stool. c. Hematochezia involves loose stool, while melena involves dark tarry stool. d. Melena involves loose stool, while hematochezia involves dark tarry stool.

a. Hematochezia involves the loss of bright red blood, while melena involves dark tarry stool.

Which of the following statements about the pancreas is TRUE? a. It can malfunction, resulting in the malabsorption of nutrients. b. It is not involved in the process of digestion. c. It secretes only insulin. d. It is a type of intestinal loop.

a. It can malfunction, resulting in the malabsorption of nutrients.

How does a diet lacking in sufficient fiber lead to colonic diverticulosis? a. It makes the colon work extra hard to expel stool, which weakens the muscular lining over time b. It leads to delayed gastric emptying c. It results in bouts of alternating bouts of diarrhea, constipation, and rectal bleeding d. It causes stronger intestinal contractions than normal

a. It makes the colon work extra hard to expel stool, which weakens the muscular lining over time

____ is symptomatic of too much bilirubin in the body. a. Jaundice b. Gluconeogenesis c. Hemochromatosis d. Thrombocytopenia

a. Jaundice

Jen and Ken are both suffering from cirrhosis. The cause of cirrhosis for Jen is hepatitis while for Ken it is because of fatty liver disease. How will their treatments differ? a. Jen will be on antiviral medication while Ken will need to follow a weight loss program. b. Jen will be on a weight loss program, while Ken will be on a low sodium diet. c. Jen will be on a blood pressure medication, while Ken will be on an antiviral medication. d. Jen will be on a low-sodium diet while Ken will use blood pressure medication.

a. Jen will be on antiviral medication while Ken will need to follow a weight loss program.

Which of the following is a likely result of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)? a. Malabsorption b. Kidney damage c. Heart disease d. Intervertebral disk disease

a. Malabsorption

A patient comes to your office. A nurse runs a blood test on him and you get the following in your chemistry panel: Low potassium, high sodium, and low magnesium. The patient has a history of severe and prolonged diarrhea. Which of the following is he most immediately at risk for? a. Metabolic acidosis b. Cancer c. Damage to the lens of the eye d. Kidney stones

a. Metabolic acidosis

Which of the following is an example of referred pain? a. Pneumonia causing abdominal pain b. Liver disease causing pain in the right upper quadrant c. A stomach infection causing pain in the left upper quadrant d. An intestinal infection that has no physical symptoms

a. Pneumonia causing abdominal pain

Why do patients with Crohn's disease often present with macrocytic anemia? a. They are unable to absorb cobalamin. b. They are unable to rid toxins from their body. c. It is a result of a drastic dietary change. d. They are unable to absorb folic acid.

a. They are unable to absorb cobalamin.

Identify the enzyme that activates all others proteases. a. Trypsin b. Lipase c. Amylase d. Trypsinogen

a. Trypsin

Which of the following explains how pancreatitis is triggered? a. When zymogens are activated within the pancreas. b. When the pancreas recruits immune cells, such as neutrophils. c. When zymogens are secreted by acinar cells into the pancreatic duct. d. When zymogens are inactivated within the pancreas.

a. When zymogens are activated within the pancreas.

A patient is complaining of pain in her upper abdomen. Which of the following disorders does this patient LIKELY have? a. Hemorrhoids b. A gastric ulcer c. Ovarian pain d. Bladder infection

b. A gastric ulcer

Unconjugated bilirubin is _____. a. water insoluble, also called indirect bilirubin b. water soluble, also called direct bilirubin c. water soluble, also called indirect bilirubin d. water insoluble, also called direct bilirubin

a. water insoluble, also called indirect bilirubin

Which of the following individuals has a greater risk of contracting Crohn's disease? a. An 35-year-old male smoker who has been exposed to E. coli. b. A 25-year-old female smoker whose mother has the disease. c. A young boy who has a weak immune system. d. A teenage girl who does not eat a well-balanced diet.

b. A 25-year-old female smoker whose mother has the disease.

An elderly patient in your practice is complaining of lower left quadrant pain. You suspect acute diverticulitis. Which of the following will help you to confirm your diagnosis? b. A CT scan c. A colonoscopy d. A rectal exam

b. A CT scan

A doctor diagnoses a peptic ulcer in a patient that is uncomplicated, meaning it's not perforated and has nothing to do with cancer. What will the doctor most likely prescribe? a. A synthetic prostaglandin such as Sucralfate b. A synthetic prostaglandin such as Misoprostol c. An H2 inhibitor such as Omeprazole d. A proton pump inhibitor such as Ranitidine

b. A synthetic prostaglandin such as Misoprostol

_____ is important for the maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure. a. Ascite b. Albumin c. Glucose d. Coagulating factors

b. Albumin

Peter is suffering from pancreatitis. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be detected from Peter's body? a. Presence of gallstones. b. An increase in blood acidity. c. Elevation in levels of amylase and trypsin. d. An increase in the level of liver enzymes.

b. An increase in blood acidity.

_____ is (are) stored in the gallbladder. a. White blood cells b. Bile c. Red blood cells d. Lymph

b. Bile

A doctor has a patient with a fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice. This patient also has a history of gall stones. What diagnosis would this doctor make? a. Gallbladderitis b. Cholangitis c. Cholecystectomy d. Cholelithiasis

b. Cholangitis

Mary is experiencing inflammation of her gallbladder. Which of the following is the correct medical term for this disease? a. Cholangitis b. Cholecystitis c. Cholecystectomy d. Gallbladderitis

b. Cholecystitis

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Crohn's disease? a. Diarrhea b. Constipation c. Failure to grow d. Abdominal pain

b. Constipation

Which of the following is NOT involved in causing a person to vomit? a. Sympathetic nerves b. Cranial nerve IX c. Vomiting center in the medulla d. Serotonin

b. Cranial nerve IX

Which complication would you expect from a person suffering from chronic pancreatitis? a. Retinal degeneration, leading to better visual acuity b. Diabetes mellitus, leading to elevated levels of blood glucose c. Hyperthyroidism, leading to increased weight loss d. Heart failure, leading to a smaller heart size

b. Diabetes mellitus, leading to elevated levels of blood glucose

Which of the following statements is TRUE about vomiting? a. During vomiting the lower esophageal sphincter constricts. b. During vomiting the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. c. During vomiting the upper esophageal sphincter constricts. d. During vomiting the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes.

b. During vomiting the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes.

A patient complains of having pain in his right upper quadrant. Which of the following disorders does this patient LIKELY have? a. Bladder problems b. Gallbladder or liver issues c. Aortic aneurysm d. Splenic torsion

b. Gallbladder or liver issues

Which hepatitis virus requires another virus for replication? a. HEV b. HDV c. HCV d. HBV

b. HDV

Which of the following would most likely cause a hiatal hernia? a. Decreased intracranial pressure b. Increased abdominal pressure c. Increased intracranial pressure d. Decreased abdominal pressure

b. Increased abdominal pressure

Why is celiac sprue dangerous? a. It causes the formation of kidney stones. b. It causes the atrophy and destruction of intestinal villi. c. It decreases gastric acid production. d. It causes the formation of bladder stones.

b. It causes the atrophy and destruction of intestinal villi.

Why is the acid back up during Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) hazardous? a. It results in a urinary tract infection. b. It results in esophagitis. c. It results in a blood clot. d. It results in cancer.

b. It results in esophagitis.

Which of the following statements about the gallbladder is TRUE? a. It collects bile from the pancreas. b. It stores bile made by the liver. c. It secretes insulin. d. It stores insulin.

b. It stores bile made by the liver.

Which of the following is a clinical sign or symptom of cirrhosis? a. Decreased levels of bilirubin b. Jaundice c. Decrease in liver enzyme levels d. Increased levels of albumin

b. Jaundice

Patti was recently diagnosed with a mild case of diverticulitis. Which of the following might her physician recommend for her initial treatment? a. A high-fiber diet to improve bowel function b. Antibiotics and pain medication c. Antibiotics and a clear liquid diet d. Surgery to remove the infected part of her colon

c. Antibiotics and a clear liquid diet

A patient complains of pain around his belly button. A short time later, he says the pain is now in his lower right quadrant. What's the most LIKELY diagnosis? a. Pancreatitis b. A bladder infection c. Appendicitis d. A duodenal ulcer

c. Appendicitis

After looking at the results of a patient's blood test, their doctor suspected Colorectal cancer. How could the doctor confirm their suspicion? a. By administering a chest x-ray b. By administering a CT scan of the brain c. By administering a Colonoscopy d. By administering an Echocardiogram of the colon

c. By administering a Colonoscopy

How does hypertension affect the liver? a. By increasing amount of connective scar tissues inside the liver. b. By detoxifying the liver. c. By preventing the outflow of bile from the liver. d. By suppressing liver regeneration.

c. By preventing the outflow of bile from the liver.

Which of the following is the procedure where the gallbladder is removed? a. Cholelithiasis b. Cholecystitis c. Cholecystectomy d. Gallbladderiasis

c. Cholecystectomy

Identify the symptom that indicates a chronic case of viral hepatitis. a. Jaundice b. Increased levels of bilirubin c. Cirrhosis d. Vomiting

c. Cirrhosis

The pancreatic proteases are normally activated in the _____. a. Pancreas b. Liver c. Duodenum d. Stomach

c. Duodenum

What is inflammation of the stomach's lining called? a. Duodenitis b. Pancreatitis c. Gastritis d. Esophagitis

c. Gastritis

Which of the following is most responsible for causing celiac disease? a. Glucagon b. Glucose c. Gliadin d. Glycogen

c. Gliadin

Which of the following would NOT be included in a plan to treat and manage Crohn's disease? a. Smoking cessation b. Antibiotics c. Immune system stimulants d. Dietary restrictions

c. Immune system stimulants

Which of the following would MOST likely occur as a result of a gallstone obstructing a duct leaving the gall bladder? a. Increased levels of red blood cells. b. Increased levels of cholesterol. c. Increased levels of bilirubin. d. Decreased levels of bilirubin.

c. Increased levels of bilirubin.

Which of the following is most characteristic of diverticulitis? a. Perforation of the wall of the lower intenstine b. Inflammation of the cartilage surrounding the pelvis :c. Inflamed outpouchings resultant from herniation in the colon d. Difficulty passing solid stools due to intenstinal blockage

c. Inflamed outpouchings resultant from herniation in the colon

Which of the following drugs can be used as an antiemetic? a. Sotalol b. Clopidogrel c. Ondansetron d. Phenobarbital

c. Ondansetron

Which of the following is most closely associated with bilirubin? a. Lymphocytes b. B-cells c. Red blood cells d. T-cells

c. Red blood cells

Which of the following is often caused by bacterial toxins? a. Constipation b. Osmotic diarrhea c. Secretory diarrhea d. Motility disorder diarrhea

c. Secretory diarrhea

How do the contraction of abdominal muscles contribute to vomiting? a. They increase the pressure in the thorax. b. They decrease the pressure in the thorax. Selected: c. They increase the pressure in the abdomen. d. They decrease the pressure in the abdomen.

c. They increase the pressure in the abdomen.

Meg is suffering form hepatic encephalopathy, which indicates her liver is unable to _____. a. eliminate thrombocytes b. reduce the level of ascites c. detoxify her body d. excrete urine

c. detoxify her body

If a patient is undergoing chemotherapy for Colorectal cancer, then what drug is used? a. 6-FU b. Betadine c. Fluoroscope d. 5-FU

d. 5-FU

Identify the BEST description for a cirrhotic liver. a. A large white liver with nodules. b. Smooth and brown colored liver. c. A large liver missing one or two lobes. d. A pale or yellow colored, shrunken liver, with nodules.

d. A pale or yellow colored, shrunken liver, with nodules.

Which of the following describes an individual who is displaying the typical signs of diverticulitis? a. A child with lower left quadrant pain and a high fever b. An older patient with a high fever, leukopenia and leukocytosis c. An adolescent patient with Leukopenia and upper right quadrant pain d. An elderly patient with Leukocytosis, lower left quadrant pain and fever

d. An elderly patient with Leukocytosis, lower left quadrant pain and fever

What do we call the substance that can stop vomiting? a. Antibiotic b. Antihemolytic c. Antiseptic d. Antiemetic

d. Antiemetic

How can NSAIDs cause peptic ulcers? a. By increasing the blood flow to the stomach b. By stopping the growth of H. pylori within the esophagus c. By increasing the amount of protective mucus that is secreted d. By decreasing blood flow to the stomach

d. By decreasing blood flow to the stomach

The two types of viral hepatitis most likely to be associated with an acute infection are _____. a. HBD and HDV b. HEV and HCV c. HCV and HDV d. HAV and HEV

d. HAV and HEV

Which of the following has been associated with peptic ulcers? a. H. pylori, a gram negative fungus b. H. pylori, a gram positive bacterium c. Helicobacter pylori, a gram positive fungus d. Helicobacter pylori, a gram negative bacterium

d. Helicobacter pylori, a gram negative bacterium

You get a bunch of test results back showing bilirubinuria (bilirubin) in a patient of yours that is also icteric. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be the cause? a. Bile duct obstruction due to a gallstone b. Gallbladder disease c. Liver disease d. Hemolytic anemia

d. Hemolytic anemia

Which of the following can be caused by eating too much fruit? a. Inflammatory diarrhea b. Exudative diarrhea c. Secretory diarrhea d. Osmotic diarrhea

d. Osmotic diarrhea

You get a bunch of test results back showing elevated levels of bilirubin in a patient of yours with chalky stool. Which of the following is MOST likely to be the cause? a. Congestive heart failure b. Pre-hepatic causes of bilirubinemia c. Hemolytic anemia d. Post-hepatic causes of bilirubinemia

d. Post-hepatic causes of bilirubinemia

Jared is suffering from an acute liver damage. His blood is clotting slowly. Which of the following would be used to measure how long it takes for his blood to clot? a. Anticoagulant test b. Jaundice test c. ALP test d. Prothrombin time

d. Prothrombin time

Which of the following BEST describes fibrosis? a. Necrosis b. Inflammation c. Apoptosis d. Scar formation

d. Scar formation

Why is Crohn's disease referred to as an idiopathic condition? a. Most people have difficulty understanding the disease. b. Treatments for the disease can be hit or miss. c. Individuals with lower IQ scores tend to contract the disease. d. The true cause of the disease is unknown.

d. The true cause of the disease is unknown.

Which of the following statements about polyps is TRUE? a. They're malignant tumors. b. They don't arise from glandular tissue very often. c. They're nothing to be worried about. d. They're early warning signs for colorectal cancer.

d. They're early warning signs for colorectal cancer.