16.1 The endocrine system is one of the body's two major control systems.

Explain four properties and purposes of endocrine glands.

1. ductless glands, produce hormones and lack ducts. 2. They release their hormones INTO the surrounding tissue fluid (endo = within; crine = to secrete), 3. typically have a rich vascular and lymphatic drainage that receives their hormones. 4. Most of the hormone-producing cells in endocrine glands are arranged in cords and branching networks, which maximizes contact between them and the surrounding capillaries.

Explain the properties and purpose of exocrine glands.

1. produce nonhormonal substances, such as sweat and saliva 2. have ducts that carry these substances to a membrane surface.

What is the difference between a hormone and a paracrine?

Hormones are released into the blood and transported throughout the body, whereas paracrines act locally, generally within the same tissue.

List the 9 endocrine organs of the body.

Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)

What does an exocrine gland look like?

The duct conveys glandular secretions either out of the body onto the skin or into a hollow organ.

For each of the following statements, indicate whether it applies more to the endocrine system or the nervous system: rapid; discrete responses; controls growth and development; long-lasting responses.

The endocrine system is more closely associated with growth and development, and its responses tend to be long-lasting, whereas nervous system responses tend to be rapid and discrete

Which two endocrine glands are found in the cervical region?

Thyroid and Parathyroid

What is an example of an autocrine?

certain prostaglandins released by smooth muscle cells cause those smooth muscle cells to contract.

What does and endocrine gland look like?

do not have ducts and instead secrete hormones into the blood. Notice the prominent blood vessels around gland

Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems

initiates response RAPIDLY initiates responses SLOWLY SHORT duration response LONG duration response Acts via action potentials and NEURO TRANSMITTERS Acts via HORMONES released into the blood stream. Acts at SPECIFIC LOCATIONS determine by axon pathways Acts at DIFFUSE LOCATIONS targets can be anywhere blood reaches Neurotransmitters act over very SHORT DISTANCES. Hormones act over LONG DISTANCES.

Hormone

long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body

Autocrines

short-distance chemical signals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them.

Paracrine

short-distance chemical signals. They act locally (within the same tissue) but affect cell types other than those releasing the paracrine chemicals.

What is an example of a paracrine?

somatostatin released by one population of pancreatic cells inhibits the release of insulin by a different population of pancreatic cells.