175206 - Week Six
Weapons focus
the tendency to focus attention on a weapon that results in a narrowing of attention
Repeated reproduction
trying to remember the story at longer and longer intervals
Related to the cultural life script hypothesis _______?
youth bias
Repeated recall
Recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event.
Encoding is better during periods of rapid change?
Cognitive
Culturally shared expectations structure recall?
Cultural life scripts
Proust effect
The elicitation of memories through taste and olfaction
Narrative rehearsal hypothesis
The idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them. This idea was proposed by Neisser as an explanation for "flashbulb" memories.
Constructive nature of memory
The idea that what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as knowledge, experiences and expectations
An important finding from the research on flashbulb memories is that Select one: a. even extremely vivid memories are not necessarily accurate b. they are permanent and resist forgetting c. rehearsal cannot account for them d. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy)
a
Bartlett's classic "War of the Ghosts" experiment is particularly noteworthy because it was one of the first to make use of ___. a. repeated reproduction b. source monitoring c. source misattribution d. cryptoamnesia
a
Consistent with weapons focus-based research, the presence of a gun should ___ for other details of the crime scene. a. decrease memory b. increase memory c. have no effect on memory d. repress memory
a
In which of the following lists might a false recall of the word "sleep" be MOST likely to occur? a. bed; rest; slumber; night b. snore; tired; sleep; doze c. happy; fun; amusement; enjoy d. apple; pizza; drink; food
a
It is estimated that around ___ of all criminal cases where an individual was wrongly convicted of a crime involved eyewitness testimony. a. three-fourths b. one-half c. one-third d. one-quarter
a
Schema is to script as _____ is to _____. a. aspect; sequence b. sequence; aspect c. memory; reconstruct d. reconstruct; memory
a
Wade wants to replicate the research that Cahill conducted with a person named B.P., who had suffered a neurological injury. Wade is looking to identify the role that ________ plays in memory. a. emotion b. culture c. sensation d. suggestion
a
What is the crucial difference between brains/memory and computers that is demonstrated by the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect? a. Computers retrieve files just as they were stored, but human memory is constructive. b. Sometimes our brains lose memories, but computer hard drives do not lose files. c. Computers can store a great deal more information than human brains can. d. Our brains are a lot slower at retrieving memories than computers are at retrieving files
a
What was the problem with Brown and Kulik's research into flashbulb memories? a. The participants' memories could not be verified. b. The effect of media bias had not been factored in. c. The events remembered were not intense enough. d. The research team made source misattributions.
a
Which of the following is most responsible for jurors' misguided trust in the testimony of eyewitnesses? a. ignorance about memory b. errors in source monitoring c. cultural biases to convict d. misattribution of sources
a
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen Select one: a. schema b. script c. source memory d. scan technique
a
Flashbulb memories
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Schema
a person's knowledge about some aspect of the environment
The post identification feedback effect
an increase in confidence of memory recall due to confirming feedback after making an identification
Alan knows that his stepfather abused him and his twin sister Carla when they were young. But whenever Alan tries to discuss it with her, Carla says she has no memory of the abuse. Carla's memories are likely ________. a. misattributed b. repressed c. fragile d. consolidated
b
Friends repeatedly sharing experiences of an event such as an earthquake in a major city can affect their memories due to which of the following? a. inference b. rehearsal c. reconsolidation d. saturation
b
In the research conducted by Loftus and coworkers on the misinformation effect, how did the words "smash" and "hit" affect participants' memory of seeing broken glass in the images presented? a. Memories of seeing broken glass were about the same in both the "smash" and "hit" groups. b. About twice as many participants in the "smash" group remembered seeing broken glass. c. Nearly all participants in the "hit" group remembered seeing broken glass in the images. d. Memories of broken glass were three times higher in the "smash" group than the "hit" group
b
Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories, Select one: a. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury c. the more accurate the memories are d. the less convincing the testimony is to a jury
b
The fact that autobiographical memories can include tactile elements demonstrates that these types of memories are ________. a. semantic b. multidimensional c. reconsolidated d. illusory
b
The misinformation effect on memory is related to which of the following? a. stress b. timing c. rehearsal d. culture
b
What distinguishes a flashbulb memory from an autobiographical memory? a. familiarity b. intensity c. veracity d. fluency
b
Which of the following are the foundation of the illusory truth effect? a. fluency and emotion b. repetition and fluency c. emotion and misattribution d. misattribution and repetition
b
Which of the following events would probably be LEAST likely to occur in one's 20s according to the cultural life script hypothesis? a. going to college b. having a first crush c. getting married d. having children
b
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that _____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. Select one: a. the freshman year b. family-centered challenges c. transition points d. trauma-based experiences
c
Janelle is getting an fMRI scan while she describes an everyday episodic memory. Which of the following brain areas will show the LEAST activity in her scan? a. hippocampus and parietal cortex b. medial temporal lobe and amygdala c. amygdala and hippocampus d. parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex
c
Research investigating weapon focus and memory for crime scenes, shows that Select one: a. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event b. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself c. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event d. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event
c
The reminiscence bump seems to corroborate which of the following? a. cryptoamnesia b. pragmatic inference c. youth bias d. narrative rehearsal
c
What is the key variable in the method known as repeated reproduction? a. frequency b. age c. time d. stress
c
When Marcus went into the vintage candy store, he couldn't believe all the brands they sold. When he bit into a Turkish Taffy, it immediately took him back to hanging out with his pals at their tree fort on a summer day. What did Marcus experience at the store? a. pragmatic inference b. repressed childhood memory c. the Proust effect d. post-identification feedback
c
When asked at the police lineup to select the person he saw running away from the warehouse fire that night, Mr. Salazar picked Rashid, the boy who used to shovel his driveway and rake his leaves a few years back. Two other witnesses picked someone else from the same lineup. What factor likely led Mr. Salazar to pick Rashid out of the lineup? a. bias b. pragmatism c. familiarity d. nostalgia
c
Which of the following experiences is most likely to be part of a person's reminiscence bump? a. taking a first step b. entering first grade c. getting a first apartment d. holding a first grandchild
c
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? Select one: a. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect b. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event c. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur d. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect
c
Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is TRUE? a. Flashbulb memories were first studied with respect to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. b. Flashbulb memories refer to the memory for a given event. c. Individuals tend to hold strong beliefs in the accuracy of their flashbulb memories. d. Flashbulb memories are like photographs and cannot be forgotten.
c
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories? Select one: a. Circumstantial b. Intense c. Accurate d. Malleable
c
Which of the following would be considered part of Sachi's flashbulb memory for the 2004 earthquake and tsunami that struck locations in the Indian Ocean? a. the video clip of a boy clinging to a tree top b. the maximum height of the waves that struck c. the cafe she sat in when first seeing the news d. the Richter scale rating of the earthquake
c
Why might someone taking part in this mini-experiment have false-alarmed to the word spider? That is, why might they have reported recognizing that word as "old" when in fact it was "new?" a. because sometimes people forget things they are supposed to remember b. because people's brains are like a computer's hard drive c. because all the words on list were associated with spiders d. because people's long-term memory capacity is quite small
c
Idea that periods of rapid change followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories
cognitive hypothesis
Idea that personal events are easier to recall when they are standard in a society
cultural life script hypothesis
Consider the sentence "The new baby stayed awake all night." Based on pragmatic inference, which of the following is the LEAST reasonable inference that one might glean from this statement? a. The baby was crying. b. The baby's parents got little sleep. c. The baby wasn't feeling well. d. The baby was a boy.
d
Consistent with the narrative rehearsal hypothesis, a significant source of rehearsal and reflection of flashbulb memories may be due to ___. a. discussions among peer groups b. the emotional impact of the event c. increased unconscious processing of the event d. media coverage and influence
d
False memories Select one: a. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances b. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people c. occur for details but not for entire events d. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories
d
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for Select one: a. young adulthood and middle age b. childhood and adolescence c. childhood and middle age d. adolescence and young adulthood
d
In a court trial, a judge may sometimes warn a questioning attorney not to "lead the witness" during their testimony. The attorney's behavior could possibly lead to errors in the testimony due to ________. a. attention b. familiarity c. inference d. suggestion
d
Suppose you are a therapist seeing a patient for an eating disorder, and you suspect that your patient was sexually abused as a youngster. How should you proceed? a. State your belief to your patient that she was sexually abused. b. Directly ask your patient whether she was sexually abused. c. Ask your patient if you could contact relatives to consider whether they may have abused her in the past. d. Proceed with treatment of the eating disorder without alluding to, hinting, or suggesting that she was abused out of concern of creating a false "recovered" memory.
d
The cognitive hypothesis for the reminiscence bump is related to which of the following processes? a. inference b. retrieval c. reconsolidation d. encoding
d
The experience of Shereshevskii (the man whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory) illustrates that having memory like a video recorder Select one: a. enabled him to draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base b. is largely a blessing because no event would be forgotten c. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which is not beneficial for humans d. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
d
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for using a lineup that would avoid mistaken identifications? a. When asking a witness to pick the perpetrator from a lineup, inform the witness that the perpetrator may not be in the particular lineup he or she is viewing. b. When constructing a lineup, use "fillers" who are similar to the suspect. c. Get an immediate confidence rating after the witness makes a selection. d. Use a lineup administrator who knows which person in the lineup is the suspect.
d
Nostalgia
defined as a memory that involves a sentimental affection for the past
Cultural life script hypothesis
distinguishes between a person's life story, which is all of the events that have occurred in a person's life, and a cultural life script, which is the culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in the life span
Amygdala
emotion
Reminiscence bump
enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40
Illusionary truth effect
enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation
Highly superior autobiographical memory
exceptionally accurate memory for autobiographical memory, larger temporal lobe, larger caudate
Crytomnesia
failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else
________ refers to memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person ______ about an event, not memory for the event itself?
flashbulb memory, heard
Pragmatic inference`
inference that occurs when reading or hearing a statement leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the statement.
The cognitive interview
involves letting the witness talk with a minimum of interruption and also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back at the scene and recreate feelings etc
A script
is our conception of the sequence of actions that sully occurs during a particular experience
Repressed childhood memory
memories that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness
Autobiographical memory
memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components
Self image hypothesis
memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self image or life identity is being formed
Source monitoring error
misidentifying the source of a memory
Misinformation effect
misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event change how the person describes that event later
The misinformation effect is also known as the ______?
misleading post event information (MPI)
Memories elicited be hearing music are called?
music enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)
Source misattributions
occurs when the source of a memory is misidentified
Cognitive hypothesis
periods of rapid change that are followed by stability causes stronger encoding of memories
The illusionary truth effect is related to the_____ because both are related to repetition?
propaganda effect
Period of assuming person's self image?
self image
Explanations for the reminiscence bump
self image hypothesis, cognitive hypothesis and cultural life script hypothesis
What are the three proposed types of memory from Atkinson and Shiffrin's information processing model of memory?
sensory, STM and LTM
What is another name for source monitoring errors?
source misattributions
Eyewitness testimony
testimony by someone who has witnessed a crime
Source monitoring
the process fo determining the origins of our memories, knowledge or beliefs
Youth bias
the tendency for the most notable public events in a person's life to be perceived to occur when the person is young
