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Important Plant Diseases in Philippines

1. Cadang cadang (Disease of coconut) 2. Downy mildew (Corn) 3. Tungro Disease (Rice) 4. Coffee and Citrus Plantation Diseases 5. Fusarium Wilt (Banana)

Plant pathology as an art involves on the application of knowledge gained from studying the science, to wit:

1. Diagnosis or recognizing particular diseases by their symptoms and signs 2. disease assessment and forecasting 3. Recommendation of appropriate control measure 4. Field application of suitable control measures

Important Famine in the World

1. Late Blight of Potato Irish famine 2. Powdery and Downey Mildew of grape France 3. Coffee Rust 4. Sigatoka Leaf Spot 5. Panama Disease 6. Black Stem Rust of Wheat

Field of specialization involve in crop protection.

1. Plant Pathology - the study plant diseases 2. Weed Science - the study of weeds and their control 3. Entomology - the study of insects and their relatives' i.e. mites

Type of losses due to disease

1. Yield reduction 2. Deterioration of products (market, transport, storage) 3. Reduction in the quality 4. Production of toxic substances 5. Predisposition 6. Increase cost of production

When did the export of coffee from Sri Lanka declined by 93%.

1893

Tungro Disease (Rice)

70, 000 ha of rice fields in 1971 causing a loss of 1.22 million cavan.

Predisposition

A pathogen may cause a plant to become weak and susceptible to the attack by other pathogens

Sclerotium contains?

Alkaloids which impede blood circulation thus causing gangrene and loss of arms, legs, toes, fingers and finally death to people who happen to eat infected rye grain

The concept of pest is?

Anthropocentric

Prevost (1807)

Bunt disease of wheat is caused by a fungal pathogen

Black stem rust of wheat (1916, 1935, 1953-54)

Caused by Puccinia graminis

Panama disease

Caused by fungi Fusarium oxysporum

Coffee rust 1867-1870 (Ceylon/Sri Lanka):

Caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix

The cause of Ergot

Claviceps purpurea

Beijerinck (1898) Coined the name virus

Coined the name virus

Whetzel (1929)

Considered disease as a "physiological malfunctioning caused by animate agents"

Aspergillus flavus

Contain aflatoxin which is carcinogenic

Bawden (1935) crystallized TMV; crystal can reproduce the disease if inoculated to healthy plants; made-up of protein and nucleic acid

Crystallized TMV Crystal can reproduce the disease if inoculated to healthy plants Made-up of protein and nucleic acid

1983

Davide developed biological control against nematodes

Cadang cadang (Disease of coconut)

Declining the population of the coconut industry (1918).

In 1917

Department of Plant Pathology was born and course offered as Plant Pathology 1.

Pier Antonio Michell (1729)

Described many genera of fungi. Convinced that fungi arose from their own spores.

Pests are those that?

Destroy crops Compete with humans for food and shelter transmit diseases Reduce viability, quality, and value of human resources.

Downy mildew (Corn)

Destroyed 95% of corn in 1978

1950-1960 (b)

Development program in upgrading staff and physical

Pierre Marie Alexis Millardet (1882)

Discovered an effective fungicide, "Bordeaux mixture"

Doi, Terenaka, Yora and Asuyama (1967)

Discovered the assoc. of MLOs in mulberry dwarf, potato witches broom and aster yellows.

Greeks and Hebrews (500 B.C. to 280 B.C.)

Diseases as punishment for their sins, due to bad weather and unfavorable soil conditions.

Plant pathology as a science look into the characteristics of?

Diseases, their causes, plant pathogen interactions, factors affecting disease development, and various means of controlling diseases.

Tillet (1775)

Dust (spores) from smutted wheat mixed with healthy seed, resulted in smutted wheat plants.

1978

Exconde and co-workers controlled the corn downy mildew by seed treatment.

Gerardo Ocfemia (1933)

First Filipino dept. head. "Dean of Filipino Plant Pathologists"

Hooke (1665) First to see plant cells and plant pathogenic microscopic fungus

First to see plant cells and plant pathogenic microscopic fungus

Phytoplasmas

Formerly MLOs (mycoplasma-like organisms)

Pre- scientific Period

Fossil records

Mayer (1886)

Found that tobacco mosaic can be reproduced by inoculating sap of diseased plant to healthy plant

The first credit of a microscope is usually given to?

Hans and Zacharias Janssen in Middleburg, Holland, around the year 1595.

The Romans (320 B.C. to 475 A.D.)

Held an annual festival "Robigalia" to placate the rust God Robigus and Robigo

Hooke

Improved on early compound microscopes around 1660. In Micrographia (1665), he coined the word "cell" to describe the features of plant tissue (cork from the bark of an oak tree) he was able to discover under the microscope. He put his extensive mathematical knowledge in formulating the theory of planetary movement, which provided a basis for Sir Isaac Newton's theories of gravitation.

1605 Sir Francis Bacon

Inductive reasoning (from specific to general)

Viroids as plant pathogens

Infectious RNA Comprise the smallest known agent of infectious plant disease. "Cadang cadang" disease of coconut Potato spindle tuber disease

Where did the Irish famine start?

Ireland, England and parts Europe.

Pest

Is any organism that causes injury and damage to human's interest.

Plant Pathology

Is the art and science of studying plant diseases. Deals with the nature, causes, and control of plant diseases

Devoid of scientific experiment that led to incorrect interpretations.

Led to incorrect interpretations.

Mistletoes are plants that

Live as parasites on branches of trees

Beginnings of "Germ theory "

Living things must come from living parents.

How long does plants and diseases have existed?

Long before man existed

Leeuwenhoek

Made simple (one lens) microscopes. first person to describe bacteria (from teeth scrapings), protozoans (from pond water) helped to prove the theory of blood circulation.

Aristotle

Made various writings about pathogens and diseases

Homer (c. 1000 b.c.)

Mentioned the therapeutic properties of sulfur on plant diseases

Germ theory of disease

Microorganism causes disease; not the effect of disease

Present era

Molecular Plant Pathology (detection of plant pathogens, genetic engineering) Information technology

1960, the start of?

Mycotoxin research because many turkeys died. Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus.

Democritus, 470 B.C.

Noted plant blights and described a way to control them

Davis, Worley, Whitcomb, Ishiyama , and Steere (1972)

Observed motile, helical microorganisms assoc. with corn stunt disease.

Needham (1743)

Observed nematodes in wheat kernels

A pest is considered as?

One of the limiting factor in crop production.

First Department head

Otto Reinking (1917)

1963

Philippine Phytopathological Society

1910 first course?

Plant Pathology taught as Botany 4 under the Agronomy dept.

Powdery and downy mildew of grape France (1851 and 1878)

Powdery mildew is caused by Erysiphe necator Downy mildew is caused by Plasmopara viticola

Fusarium spp

Produce fumonisins in corn grains which can cause esophageal cancer in man and is toxic to other animals like horses.

Aspergillus ochraceus

Produce ochratoxin which causes cancer of the liver

Fusarium graminearum

Produces an estrogenic factor in corn which causes the testes of young male swine to atrophy and the uteri of females to enlarge and finally to abort.

Albertus Magnus

Pruning affected branches on with milestones was recommended, both by him

Vander Plank (1963)

Published the book "Plant Diseases: Epidemics and Control"

Mistletoe

Recognized as the first plant pathogen and natural control was recommended

Democritus (c. 470 b.c.)

Recommended controlling plant blights by sprinkling plants with the olive grounds left after extraction of the olive oil.

Challenges for plant pathology

Reduce food losses while Improving food quality Safeguarding our environment.

Coffee and Citrus Plantation Diseases

Reduces volume of production and quality of produce

Rice tungro virus is vectored by?

Rice green leaf hoppers (GLH)

Examples of predisposition

Root injuries due to nematodes will serve as avenues for the entrance of other organisms like bacteria. Leaf pathogens usually weaken the plant and makes it more susceptible to root rotting pathogens

Sigatoka leaf spot

Sigatoka leaf spot was caused by the Pseudocercospora (Mycossphaerella) musicola

Sigatoka leaf spot (Pseudocercospora (Mycossphaerella) musicola) and Panama disease of banana - Central America (1900-65)

Sigatoka leaf spot was caused by the Pseudocercospora (Mycossphaerella) musicola Panama disease was caused by Fusarium oxysporum)

Targioni-Tozzetti (1766) and Fontana (1767)

Studied cereal rust; concluded that rust fungi associated with plants caused the disease.

1950-60 (a)

Studies on etiology and control of leaf and seedling diseases

1970

Surveillance and Early Warning Systems established by BPI

Baker (1914)

The Lower fungi of the Philippines-A review of Philippine plant diseases

In 875 A.D. Ergot epidemic in Europe

The disease called Holy Fire or St. Anthony's fire was believed as a punishment for man's sins.

Increase cost of production

The high cost of pesticides for instance is passed to the consumers, thus we pay a staggering price for the produce

Late blight of potato also known as the Irish famine (1841-51)

The late blight of potato, a diseased caused by the fungus, Phytophthora infestans

Entomology

The study of insects and their relatives' i.e. mites

Weed Science

The study of weeds and their control

Plant Pathology

The study plant diseases

Fusarium Wilt (Banana)

Threat to banana industry

Types of pests:

Weeds Disease pathogen Insect Mite Nematode Mollusk Rat Bird Bat (vertebrates) Or even a human

"Autogenetic Theory of Disease" or "Theory of Spontaneous Generation"

When plants are in the declining phase, the cellular constituents call forth new forms of life by a vital force. The pathogen is the result and not the cause of disease.

Pliny the Elder, a Roman philosopher wrote about blights and rust in "Historia naturalis". • 875 A.D. Ergot epidemic in Europe. The disease

Wrote about blights and rust in "Historia naturalis"

Pests are the cause of?

Yield loss or loss in quality of the crop resulting in a loss of profits by the farmers.

Plant diseases

bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogen.

Aristotle, Homer, and Theophrastus recorded a number of diseases including?

blights, mildews, rusts, and blasts

Ivanowski 1892

demonstrated the filterable nature of the causal agent of tobacco mosaic

Crop Protection

is the science and practice of managing plant diseases, weeds, and other pests (both vertebrate and invertebrate) Involves the prevention and suppression of the pest population to increase the yield of production.

When did coffee rust attacked the plantations in Sri Lanka?

!867

Franz Unger

"Autogenetic Theory of Disease" or "Theory of Spontaneous Generation"

Theophrastus (370-286 B.C.)

"Father of Botany" recorded many diseases in his book "Historia plantarum". "Reasons of Vegetable Growth,"

Some reasons for population growth are:

(1) poverty (lack of educational resources and illiteracy) (2) cultural differences and child labor (as there are religious group and tribes that allows their children to get marry at a very young age) (3) high fertility rate (4) rapid decline in death rates or mortality rates.

Overcoming improper food supply

(1) promote economic prosperity, health and education to reduce population growth rate (2) invest in agricultural productivity through research, extension, and credit market (3) protect soil and water resources (4) encourage the economic growth of the poorest.