2 - Theory, Research, and EBP
A nurse admitting a client to the home health service is gathering information for the client's database. Within the database, the nurse gathers information on the client's health history, past surgeries, diet, exercise, psychosocial status, family and support persons, and spirituality. This information will assist in the development of the client's plan of care. This is considered a: - holistic database. - limited database. - psychosocial database. - physical database.
holistic database. Explanation: Nurses deal with the whole person, examining the physical, psychological, interpersonal, and spiritual aspects of each client's life. The whole-person concept emphasizes a holistic approach to professional nursing.
The nurse is reading about nursing theorists for a class. The theory reveals the following, "Individuals who use self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects." Which individual developed this theory? - Virginia Henderson - Florence Nightingale - Sister Callista Roy - Dorothea Orem
Dorothea Orem Explanation: Dorothea Orem wrote the Self-care theory, referring to individuals using self-care to sustain life and health, recover from disease or injury, or cope with its effects. Sister Callista Roy, Virginia Henderson, and Florence Nightingale wrote other theories.
What was the focus of nursing research during the first half of the twentieth century,? - Client care - Treatment issues - Available nurse supply - Nursing education
Nursing education Explanation: Between 1900 and 1940, research in nursing centered on education, methods of teaching, and methods of evaluating how nurses learned. During and after World War II, research interest turned to supply and demand for nurses, as the need for nurses to serve in both the military and civilian sectors increased. Client care and treatment issues are common areas of interest in current nursing research.
Which is most similar to a nursing model? - Nursing construct - Nursing theory - Proposition - Adaptation
Nursing theory Explanation: The nursing model or theory acts as a guide to identify and study systematically the logical relationships between variables, thus supporting nursing care. Nursing models and nursing theories are largely synonymous. This is not the case with constructs or propositions. Adaptations are not similar to nursing models.
Research is included as an essential component of nursing by which of the following organizations? (Select all that apply.) - AMA - International Council of Nurses - IOM - ANA - Nursing specialty organizations
ANA International Council of Nurses Nursing specialty organizations Explanation: The IOM and AMA are predominantly based in medicine. The nursing organizations such as the ANA, International Council of Nurses, and specialty organizations are calling for more research in nursing.
A nurse subscribes to the Basic Needs theory. Which action by the nurse exemplifies this theory? - Assisting the client in coping with a new diagnosis - Assisting the client to the bedside commode - Assisting the client in finding a clean, well-lit residence - Assisting the client in recognizing signs of infection and changing dressings
Assisting the client to the bedside commode Explanation: The Basic Needs theory subscribes to the concept that a nurse assists in performing activities that the client would perform if the client could. Therefore, assisting the client to the bedside commode is an example of an action that supports the Basic Needs theory. The other actions do not support this theory.
What is the central theme of Florence Nightingale's nursing theory? - Nursing is an art. - Humans are in a constant relationship with stressors in the environment. - Meeting the personal needs of the client within the environment. - Nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal, and goal-oriented process.
Meeting the personal needs of the client within the environment. Explanation: Florence Nightingale believed in meeting the personal needs of the client within the environment. Hildegard Peplau believed nursing is a therapeutic, interpersonal, and goal-oriented process. Nursing is an art is the theory of Ernestine Wiedenbach, while Betty Neuman's nursing theory states that humans are in a constant relationship with stressors in the environment.
A nurse working in a long-established hospital learned a specific approach to administering intravenous injections from the previous generation of nurses at the hospital. This is an example of which type of knowledge? - Philosophy knowledge - Scientific knowledge - Authoritative knowledge - Traditional knowledge
Traditional knowledge Explanation: Traditional knowledge is passed from one generation to another. Authoritative knowledge is passed from an expert, and scientific knowledge is provided by way of the scientific method. Philosophy is a specific type of knowledge, not a source.
Which aspect of the nursing research process addresses a client's understanding of the potential risks and benefits of the study? - Meeting with the hospital's institutional review board (IRB) - Undergoing the informed consent process with the client - Obtaining the client's signature on a permission document - Giving the client the opportunity to ask questions about the study
Undergoing the informed consent process with the client Explanation: Informed consent is a process in which the details of the study and the client's rights are explained and discussed in detail. This goes beyond simply obtaining the client's signature or allowing the client to ask questions. Meeting with the IRB is a necessary step in the research process but does not directly affect the client's understanding of risks and benefits.
Nursing research is linked most closely to: - nursing process. - propositions. - outcome measures. - treatments.
nursing process. Explanation: Nursing research and the nursing process use scientific models which share many similarities. This sharing found between the formalized research process and the nursing process format is an integral part of nursing education. Treatments and outcome measurements are components of the nursing process.
The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established following a study in 1983. The center's purpose is to: - promote research for health promotion. - advance the level of nursing research funding. - investigate and expand nursing theory. - evaluate the effect of current research.
promote research for health promotion. Explanation: The National Institute of Nursing Research was established under the National Institutes of Health to place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific investigation and to support research and training into client care, health promotion, disease prevention, and the mitigation of the effects of acute and chronic disabilities. It does not exist to advance nursing funding, expand nursing theory, or evaluate research.
Which are core concepts in nursing theory? (Select all that apply.) - Health - Person (client) - Society - Nursing - Environment
Person (client) Environment Health Nursing Explanation: The person, environment, health, and nursing are all core concepts to nursing theory. Society has not been identified as a core concept.
When a researcher begins to form plans for a research project, the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection of narrative data and the analyses would select which of the following methods of research? - Basic research - Quantitative research - Qualitative research - Applied research
Qualitative research Explanation: Qualitative research utilizes words or narrative for data, rather than numbers. Quantitative research utilizes numerical values and statistical analysis of data. Basic research is utilized to generate or refine theory. Applied research is utilized for its application in clinical practice. The stem of the question did not provide information as to the application of the study.
A conceptual framework is defined as: - an explanation of nursing and nursing practice. - a foundation for nursing skills and care. - a set of phenomena and related abstractions. - a set of concepts and propositions.
a set of concepts and propositions. Explanation: A conceptual framework or model is defined as a set of concepts and the propositions that integrate them into a meaningful configuration. A conceptual framework is not an explanation of nursing and nursing practice, a set of phenomena and related abstractions, or a foundation for nursing skills and care.
The nurse is studying nursing models for a Baccalaureate course. Which action made by the nurse exemplifies proper application of the Adaptation model? - alleviating the client's pain with medication - teaching the client about the risks of asbestos - letting the client perform activities of daily living independently - helping the client adjust to blood sugar testing each morning
helping the client adjust to blood sugar testing each morning Explanation: The Adaptation model is based on a person's ability to adapt to changes in the environment. The RN assesses behavior and factors that influence adaptive abilities and intervenes to expand those abilities and enhance environmental interactions. The other actions support other models.
From 1900 to 1940, research in nursing focused on: - nursing education and teaching. - cost-effectiveness of nursing care. - increasing workforce in the nursing profession. - improving client care outcomes.
nursing education and teaching. Explanation: Between 1900 and 1940, research in nursing centered on education, methods of teaching, and methods of evaluating how nurses learned. Targeted research on increasing the nursing workforce has been important in recent decades. Cost-effectiveness of nursing care is an ongoing and ever-increasing concern in the climate of modern health care reform. Improving client outcomes is an ever-increasing research trend since the establishment of evidence-based practice and best practice care.
In what way can a nurse differentiate strong research from poor research? - By critiquing the study - Through author dialogue - By conducting the research - Through the nurse's own informal investigation
By critiquing the study Explanation: Nurses must have a working knowledge of research methods, and basic ability to read for application and to critique research. Only by critiquing research can the nurse distinguish whether it is weak or strong. Conducting the research is not necessary to determine its strength. Neither an informal investigation nor dialogue with the author of a study would provide sufficient evidence to evaluate a study.
The process of considering an idea as a whole and then dividing it into smaller, more specific ideas is which? - Deductive reasoning - Inductive reasoning - Theory - Concept
Deductive reasoning Explanation: Deductive reasoning involves looking at an idea as a whole and then considering more specific ideas. Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Concepts are abstract ideas or objects and their relationships to one another. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to conclusions about a general idea.
When the mother of a pediatric client tells the nurse that she makes most of the health decisions for the family, the nurse indicates the information under which functional health pattern? - Sleep-rest - Exercise-activity - Nutrition-metabolism - Health perception-health management
Health perception-health management Explanation: The client's family may play an important part in the client's health perception and health management if one family member makes major health decisions for all members.
The statement, "More frequent handwashing will significantly lower the rate of infection in hospitalized clients," is an example of what research component? - Research question - Hypothesis - Implication - Proposal
Hypothesis Explanation: Research is defined as a formalized process of systematic investigation designed to test a research question or hypothesis. This statement is testable and is not formulated as a question - it is therefore a hypothesis statement.
A nurse researcher is studying female clients who have survived breast cancer. The nurse asks each client to describe her experience and then analyzes the data for the meaning of the experience within each person's own reality. This nurse has used what type of qualitative research method? - Grounded theory - Phenomenology - Ethnography - Historical
Phenomenology Explanation: The purpose of phenomenology is to describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied. Studying a group of female clients who have survived breast cancer is an example of phenomenology. The basis of grounded theory is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene. Ethnography research is based on examining issues of a culture that are of interest to nursing. Historical research examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today.
Which skill is foundational for a nurse's participation in the evidence-based practice process? - Become involved in evidence-based practice research. - Publish an article on evidence-based practice findings. - Read and understand a research article. - Critically analyze research articles and the findings.
Read and understand a research article. Explanation: The use of evidence-based research requires critical analysis and extensive, systematic reviews of research articles and findings. However, a beginning nurse has not acquired the knowledge to complete that task nor to conduct and publish new research. The first stop for a nurse is to be able to read and understand a research article.
A nurse is planning to participate in a research project and is looking for information about what is already known about the topic. The nurse is involved in which step of the research process? - Scientific literature review - Problem area identification - Identification of theoretical framework - Problem statement formulation
Scientific literature review Explanation: The nurse is engaged in a review of the scientific literature to find out what is already known about the subject and to prevent duplication of effort if the subject is already well studied. Identifying the problem area is completed first. This then guides the literature review. From there the nurse identifies the theoretical framework as a guide to identify and study systematically the logical relationships between variables. The problem statement identifies the direction the project will take.
Following the identification of a researchable problem, what must the nurse do? - Determine a source appropriate to collect data. - Evaluate the number of ways to collect data. - Obtain a list of possible outcomes. - Select literature relevant to the problem.
Select literature relevant to the problem. Explanation: Literature review is the process of selecting published materials that have relevance to the potential research. The nurse would consider data collection methods, sources, and outcomes later in the research process.
A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client? - Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian. - Set up diabetic home meal delivery for the client. - Authorize an unlicensed nursing personnel to cook for the client. - Assist the spouse with online grocery shopping.
Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian. Explanation: According to Dorothea Orem's theory, the role of the nurse is to facilitate self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects. Arranging an evaluation appointment with a dietitian facilitates self-care because the nurse is providing a service that assists the client and spouse to progressively maximize their self-care potential. People learn behaviors that they perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being. The other options are providing care for the client, not facilitating self-care.
Knowledge gained from someone with a great deal of perceived experience is which type of knowledge? - Philosophy knowledge - Traditional knowledge - Authoritative knowledge - Scientific knowledge
Authoritative knowledge Explanation: Authoritative knowledge comes from an expert or someone who has perceived experience. Traditional knowledge is passed from one generation to another, and scientific knowledge is provided by way of the scientific method. Philosophy is a specific type of knowledge, not a source.
The nurse researcher is aware that the type of variable that can be manipulated in a study is which type of variable? - Quantitative - Qualitative - Dependent - Independent
Independent Explanation: The independent variable is presumed to have an effect on the dependent variable. It may be manipulated if the researcher is doing an experimental study; in a nonexperimental study, it is assumed to have occurred naturally before or during the study. The dependent variable may not be manipulated. Quantitative and qualitative are types of research, not types of variables.
A nurse would like to study the effect that a new hand washing technique has on client infection rates. What is the independent variable? - New hand washing technique - Nurse - Client infection rates - Wearing gloves
New hand washing technique Explanation: The independent variable is the presumed cause or influence on the dependent variable. In this case, the independent variable is a new hand washing technique; the dependent variable is client infection rates. The nurse and wearing gloves are not variables in this study.
Which group of nurses would be least likely involved in direct research? Select all that apply. - Clinical Nurse Specialists - Student nurses - Nurses at the PhD level - Nurse Practitioners - Novice nurses
Novice nurses Student nurses Explanation: Direct research, except in the role of data collection or administration of medications and treatments as a protocol in a research project, usually does not involve student nurses and novice nurses. Master's prepared nurses such as clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners, as well as nurses at the PhD level, can be involved in direct research.
Which activity systematically inquires about the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care? - Outcome criteria - Nursing research - Scientific inquiry - Managed care
Nursing research Explanation: Nursing research is defined as a systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care, such as support and comfort, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, health education, health appraisal, and coordination of health care. Managed care is an overarching aspect of nursing practice not directly involved with nursing practice or modalities of client care. Outcome criteria are a component of the nursing process which incorporates scientific inquiry into its structure.
The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic? - Qualitative research - Methodologic survey - Delphi study - Quantitative research
Qualitative research Explanation: Attitudes on spirituality and health care require the nurse to interview clients or informants to obtain qualitative research. Qualitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of more subjective, narrative materials using procedures in which there tends to be minimal researcher-imposed control. Quantitative research is based more on collecting numerical data and would not be suitable for this type of study. Delphi is a type of quantitative research that would also not produce the desired data. Methodologic surveys focus on method and not on the subjects' experience.
The nurse is preparing to submit a research project to the institutional review board (IRB). The nurse understands that if the IRB were to reject the research project, it would most likely be for which reason? - The research is unlikely to be publishable in a peer-reviewed journal. - The proposed data collection method is invalid. - The project lacks sufficient safeguards to protect human subjects. - The estimated cost of conducting the research is excessive.
The project lacks sufficient safeguards to protect human subjects. Explanation: Research involving human subjects needs approval by an IRB before implementation. The primary role of such boards is to ensure that the rights of participants are protected and ethical standards are maintained with research subjects. The IRB does not assess the proposed research project in terms of validity, cost, or ability to publish.
A group of concepts and the relationships among them is what? - Deductive reasoning - Theory - Evidence-based practice - Inductive reasoning
Theory Explanation: Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Evidence-based practice is clinical practice that is informed by the best and most current evidence available in the literature. Deductive reasoning provides a basis for theory development as one studies a general idea to more specific properties. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to make conclusions about a general idea.
Which types of knowledge are subjective? (Select all that apply.) - Scientific knowledge - Authoritative knowledge - Evidence-based practice - Scientific method - Traditional knowledge
Traditional knowledge Authoritative knowledge Explanation: Traditional and authoritative knowledge are practical but may be subjective. Scientific knowledge, the scientific method, and evidence based practice are all rooted in research and are unlikely to be subjective.
Which is the theory that describes the maturation of humans through stages? - Adaptation theory - Developmental theory - Nursing theory - Systems theory
Developmental theory Explanation: Developmental theory describes maturation of humans through stages. Nursing theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. Systems theory describes how parts interact together. Adaptation theory describes adjustment of living things to other living things and the environment. Reference:
The scientific process and nursing research have the same methodologies for investigating and solving problems. Place the steps of the scientific process and nursing research in order. 1Assessing the outcomes 2Implementing the plan 3Identifying what one needs to know or is curious about 4Deciding the approach to seeking the answer 5Devising a plan
Identifying what one needs to know or is curious about Deciding the approach to seeking the answer Devising a plan Implementing the plan Assessing the outcomes Explanation: The first step for the practicing nurse is to assess a problem; for the researcher, the first step is to recognize the general problem area. The next step for the practicing nurse is to make a nursing diagnosis, and defining the specific problem is the second step in the research process. The clinical nurse then proceeds with planning and intervention, whereas the researcher proposes hypotheses, tests these hypotheses through experimental and nonexperimental approaches, and manages data. In the final step, the clinician evaluates outcomes; the researcher analyzes the data collected, and disseminates the findings in relation to the patterns uncovered.
A nurse researcher is involved in an experimental research study. Which component would the nurse researcher manipulate? - Research design - Independent variable - Dependent variable - Data analysis
Independent variable Explanation: An independent variable has the presumed effect on the dependent variable. It may be manipulated if the researcher is doing an experimental study; in a nonexperimental study, it is assumed to have occurred naturally before or during the study. The dependent variable is what you believe might be influenced or modified by the independent variable, or is the consequence or presumed effect that varies as changes occur in the independent variable. The dependent variable is the one that the researcher is interested in understanding and explaining. The research design is the overall plan for the collection and analysis of data. Data analysis involves evaluating the raw form of the information in an orderly, planned manner.
A nurse providing care has a personal philosophy that nursing interventions should be instituted for clients when the clients demonstrate ineffective adaptive responses. This nurse's philosophy is based on the theory of: - Jean Watson - Imogene M. King - Madeline Leininger - Sister Callista Roy
Sister Callista Roy Explanation: Sister Callista Roy is a nursing theorist whose work focused on the central theme that humans are biopsychosocial beings existing within an environment. Needs are created within interrelated adaptive modes: physiologic self-concept, role function, and interdependence. When individuals demonstrate ineffective adaptive responses, nursing interventions are required. Madeline Leininger is a nursing theorist whose work focused on caring as the central theme of nursing care, nursing knowledge, and nursing practice. The theory, when applied to clinical practice, provides the foundation of transcultural nursing care. Caring improves human conditions and life processes. Imogene M. King is a nursing theorist whose work focused on the central theme that the client is a personal system within a social system; the nurse and the client experience each other and the situation, act and react, and transact. This theory is exhibited in clinical practice: nursing is a process of human interactions, as nurses and clients communicate to mutually set goals, and explore and agree on the means to reach those goals. Jean Watson is a nursing theorist who is known for her focus on caring. The central theme of her work is that nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. Caring is universal and is practiced through interpersonal relationships.
A nursing theorist studies health care systems in communities. Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of these systems? - Boundaries separate health care systems both from each other and from the environment. - The system is an entity in itself and cannot communicate with, or react to, its environment. - The system is independent of its subsystems in that a change in one element does not affect the whole. - The system is closed in that it does not allow energy, matter, or information to move between it and its boundaries.
Boundaries separate health care systems both from each other and from the environment. Explanation: The nursing theorist is using the general systems theory to study health care systems in communities. The general systems theory emphasizes relationships between the whole and the parts and describes how parts function and behave. This concept can be used to describe different kinds of systems. Health care systems would fit into this category. None of the other characteristics would describe the general health care system found in communities.
A nurse researcher ensures that a research subject's privacy is protected by which method? Select all that apply. - Confidentiality - Justice - Anonymity - Autonomy - Beneficence
Anonymity Confidentiality Explanation: Clients involved in research must be assured that their privacy is being protected. Privacy is protected in two general ways. Anonymity is the protection of the subject so that not even the researcher can link the subject to the information provided. Confidentiality ensures that the subjects' identities will not be linked with the information they provide and will not be publicly divulged. The ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice serve as guides in maintaining the rights of research participants when the specific goals of research projects are determined.
What is the process of considering a group of specific ideas and then drawing conclusions that relate to a general idea? - Concept - Inductive reasoning - Deductive reasoning - Theory
Inductive reasoning Explanation: Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to draw conclusions about a general idea. Deductive reasoning involves considering an idea as a whole and then considering more specific ideas. Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Concepts are abstract ideas or objects and their relationships to one another.
A nurse is reviewing nursing theory for usefulness in a home healthcare setting. Which is the appropriate application of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model in a home healthcare setting? - Counsel client on methods to adapt to current state to reduce stress. - Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions. - Assist the client to conserve and maintain principles of personal and social integrity. - Monitor therapeutic interventions in the client's home.
Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions. Explanation: According to Orem's Self-Care Model, a nurse assists clients with self-care to improve or to maintain health, as well as to progressively maximize self-care potential. Helping a client find appropriate support at home demonstrates this theory. The other options do not demonstrate this model.
How are the first stages of the nursing process and nursing research linked? - The nurse assesses problems initially. - Each begins with goal development. - There is a period of evaluation. - They will answer a posed question.
The nurse assesses problems initially. Explanation: The first step for the practicing nurse is to assess a problem; for the researcher, the first step is to recognize the general problem area. Answers, goals, and evaluation will follow these activities.
Which could be considered an example of a qualitative research project? - A nurse is a member of the wound care team on an inpatient floor in the hospital. The nurse is collecting data for a research project that is interested in uptake of information given to clients by nurses. The nurse is giving clients a quiz about the information both before client education occurs and afterward. - A member of a nursing research team is interested in the prevalence of anemia in a group of clients with Crohn disease. This researcher is looking at the serum hemoglobin and ferritin levels of these clients. - A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic. - A BSN student is looking at the prevalence of alcohol hand sanitizer use on an adult medical floor. The student is collecting data by observing nurses going in and out of rooms and noting how often they use hand sanitizer and how often they do not.
A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic. Explanation: Qualitative research is the systematic collection of subjective data. Information such as thoughts or feelings that this population might have regarding the care that they receive cannot be quantified, and very little control is imposed on the research participants by the researcher. The PhD nursing student working with Somali immigrants is a good example of this type of research. Although the BSN student has not placed a lot of control over the research subjects (nurses), the student is collecting numeric data that can be analyzed statistically. This would be considered a quantitative research project. Because the nurse on the wound care team is measuring a change in knowledge by analyzing quiz scores, this would be considered a quantitative experiment. The member of the nursing research team is relying on serum levels to look for a statistical correlation between Crohn disease and iron deficiency anemia, which would be considered quantitative.
A nurse observes that the past five clients referred from a community clinic have been treated for drug and/or alcohol overdose. Based on this information, the nurse assumes that the clinic specializes in the treatment of substance use. This is an example of what type of reasoning? - Deductive reasoning - Nursing process - Inductive reasoning - General systems theory
Inductive reasoning Explanation: Inductive theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems." It emphasizes relationships between the whole and its parts and describes how parts function and behave. Reasoning is when the research builds from a specific idea or action to conclusions about general ideas. Deductive reasoning is the opposite of inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is research where a general idea is the starting point, then considers specific actions or ideas. General systems theory is an example of an interdisciplinary base for a nursing theory. The nursing process is a five step systematic method used to direct the nurse and client as they work together to develop a plan of care.
A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and chooses a mixed method of research. The nurse chooses this method based on the understanding that the results will: - be more holistic. - identify the problem more succinctly. - provide a more complex level of understanding. - reveal gaps in data analysis.
provide a more complex level of understanding. Explanation: A mixed method uses both quantitative and qualitative approaches to research inquiry. The key to the combination is integrating the two forms of data collected to illuminate research findings. The assumption in this approach is that by examining two sets of data, the results will yield a more complex level of understanding. This method is not associated with being more holistic, revealing gaps, or identifying the problem more succinctly.
A nurse is searching the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for information about evidence-based practice related to pain control measures. The nurse searches this database based on the understanding that these reviews reflect which type of research? - reports of expert committees - descriptive qualitative studies - opinions of authorities - randomized, controlled trials
randomized, controlled trials Explanation: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), located at the Cochrane Collection (http://www.cochrane.org/) is a full-test database containing systematic reviews and protocols (reviews still in progress) of the effects of health care interventions. Most of the reviews available on the CDSR are randomized, controlled trials; they are considered the gold standard of high quality, systematic reviews. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews does not include descriptive qualitative studies, opinions of authorities, or reports of expert committees.
Why is it important for the findings of a research study to be disseminated? Select all that apply. - to allow the nurse researcher to receive notoriety for the findings - because graduate-level nurses must conduct a specific number of research studies to maintain nursing licensure - for research replication by other nurses to take place - to strengthen and validate conclusions by similar findings in more than one research study - so that clinical application can occur
so that clinical application can occur for research replication by other nurses to take place to strengthen and validate conclusions by similar findings in more than one research study Explanation: The study and its findings must be dispersed to validate the findings through clinical practice and through replication of the study; hopefully, these actions produce similar findings. There is not a specified number of studies required for graduate-level nurses to conduct, and the nurse researcher should never conduct a study for the purpose of being recognized.
