20 nutrition reading assignment
children hunger worldwide
, 34 million children suffer from severe malnutrition (this is just severe malnutrition, not very low-to moderate food insecurity. One out of every six children is underweight). This malnutrition causes 15% of child deaths worldwide. Approximately 12 million children younger than 5 die each year in developing countries from preventable causes such as diarrhea, measles, and malaria. Malnutrition is linked to more than half these childhood deaths.]
hunger
Hunger is the physical discomfort caused by food insecurity, but some people are not necessarily going hungry per se.
stunting
Malnutrition can cause stunting and wasting. Stunting is primarily manifested in early childhood and includes malnutrition during fetal development. Once it occurs, it is usually permanent.
malnutrition starvation
Malnutrition is the long term consequence of inadequate (or excessive) nutrient intake. Starvation is the condition when food deprivation becomes so severe that the body turns to its own tissues to provide fuel.
government policy
USDA spends billions of dollars on commodity crops like corn and soy products but it doesn't suppor the production of fruits and vegetables. commodity crops support for like hot dogs, syrup sweetened beverages, and chips easier to access than full foods.
wasting nutritional edema
wasting (also called marasmus) or nutritional edema, (also called kwashiorkor). Wasting is characterised by rapid weight loss and in its severe form can lead to death. Nutritional edema is caused by insufficient protein in the diet.
food insecurities
when the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe food or the ability to acquire such food is limited or uncertain
farming income issues biofuels competition for land and crop issues
-Around 2 billion people are currently employed in agriculture, many of them poor. We need to close the food gap in ways that enhance the livelihoods of farmers, especially the poorest. -Another major challenge is biofuels' competition for land and crops. Producing 10 percent of all transport fuels from biofuels by 2050, as planned by some governments, would require 32 percent of global crop production but produce only 2 percent of global energy. It would also increase the food gap to roughly 100 percent. Conversely, eliminating the use of crop-based biofuels for transportation would close the food gap by roughly 14 percent.
solutions to global food crisis
-emporer woman farmers in developing countries -freeze agriculture foot print -grow more on the land that we have -use our finite resources effectively -emphasize plant based diets in developing countries -reduce food waste -
why malnutrition matters
-malnurtion can cause permanent imprints in growth and development -places people at risk for infectious disease which only causes further malnutrition -maulnutriton increases the rates of maternal, infant, and child mortalitlity -
what causes global food insecuries
-poverty is still a cause, -nautral diasters -natural resource limits -poor economic development -rapid population growth without an adequate human base -civil strife -abscence of government structure
Three very important micronutrient deficiencies in terms of health consequences for poor people in developing countries are:
-ron In developing countries every second pregnant woman and about 40% of preschool children are estimated to be anemic. In many developing countries, iron deficiency anemia is aggravated by worm infections, malaria and other infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis. The major health consequences include poor pregnancy outcome, impaired physical and cognitive development, increased risk of morbidity in children and reduced work productivity in adults. Anemia contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths.
micronutrient (vitamin and mineral) deficiency
. This is not the type of malnutrition that is referred to when world hunger is discussed, though it is certainly very important. Specific examples of micronutrient deficiency such as Vitamin A are discussed below.
the food security scale
1. high food security- households have no problems with accessing health food 2. marginal food secures-have problems at time accessing quality food. or have anxiety accessing but the quality, variety and quantity have not been reduced 3. low food insecurities -have reduced quality, variety, and desirability but the quantity is still there but normal eating patterns were not disrupted 2. very low food insecurities-eating pattern of one or more were disrupted and food intake reduced because lack money or resources.
1. The inability to satisfy basic food needs due to lack of financial resources or other problems. 2. The long term outcome of consuming a diet that does not meet nutritional needs. 3. Physical discomfort that results from lack of food associated with food insecurity. 4. A state in which the body breaks down its own tissues for use as fuel. 5. No reported indications of food access issues or limitations. 6. One or two reported indications of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house but little or no indication of changes in diets or food intake 7. Reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet but little or no indication of reduced food intake. 8. Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns & reduced food intake.
1H 2E 3D 4F 5G 6A 7B 8C
food insecurities
A person is food insecure when access to food that is both nutritious and safe is limited, uncertain, and/or unavailable.
since there is enough food why so many people go hungry
A principal problem is that many people in the world still do not have sufficient income to purchase (or land to grow) enough food or access to nutritious food. This is an element of "food access".
The "Great Balancing Act"
Achieving a sustainable food future, then, requires meeting three needs simultaneously: closing the food gap, supporting economic development, and reducing agriculture's environmental impact
agriculture environment foodprint
Agriculture contributes nearly one-quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions, uses 37 percent of landmass (excluding Antarctica), and accounts for 70 percent of all freshwater withdrawn from rivers, lakes, and aquifers.
Shift to Healthier Diets
Beef is the least efficient source of calories and protein, generating six times more greenhouse gas emissions per unit of protein than pork, chicken, and egg production. Shifting just 20 percent of the anticipated future global consumption of beef to other meats, fish, or dairy could spare hundreds of millions of hectares of forest and savannah.
Boost Crop Yields
Boosting yields is particularly important in sub-Saharan Africa, which currently has world's lowest cereal yields but will account for one-third of all additional calories needed in 2050.
working poor doesn't know how to
But most of the working poor don't have the time or know-how required to eat well on little. Often working multiple jobs and night shifts, they tend to eat on the run. Healthful food can be hard to find in so-called food deserts—communities with few or no full-service groceries.
problems with food aid
Food aid can benefit the populations intended to serve if it is dispensed at the appropriate time, to the appropriate recipients (e.g. the neediest receive the aid, both male and females receive the benefits of the aid, etc.), and when it benefits local food producers (such as purchasing the food itself directly from local farmers). If food aid is dispensed inappropriately, it can actually put local farmers out of business and/or benefit only those who least need it, making future food crisis down the road certain
shifting diets
In addition to population growth, world's per capita meat and milk consumption is also growing—especially in China and India—and is projected to remain high in the European Union, North America, Brazil, and Russia. These foods are more resource-intensive to produce than plant-based diets
cycle of lack of healthy food and proper nutrition
Lack of healthy food and proper nutrition affects every stage of life trapping people in a cycle that passes hunger from one generation to the next
is land grab legal?
Land grabs can be perfectly legal, done entirely illegally, or can be carried out in the murky waters somewhere in between. For example, indigenous peoples can inhabit land for generations but since it technically belongs to colonizers and it can be legally sold out from under them and the indigenous inhabitants legally (and often violently) evicted when it is sold to the highest bidder (TNI, 2013). Because land grab also involves resource control, inhabitants 'downstream' from a land grab can lose resources, too, such as water.
homeless insecurity
On average, there are nearly 600,000 homeless people in the US on a given night, nearly 200,000 were individuals in a homeless family. Nearly 40,000 of homeless individuals are veterans of the armed services. Around 7% of the homeless are unaccompanied youth.
Achieve Replacement Level Fertility
Reducing population growth can help hold down food demand. While most regions are projected to reach replacement level fertility—or the rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next—sub-Saharan Africa's population is on course to more than double between now and 2050
reduce food waste
Roughly one-quarter of world's food calories are lost or wasted between field and fork. Cutting this rate in half could close the food gap by about 20 percent by 2050.
food gap form
The Food Gap Taking into account a growing population and shifting diets, the world will need to produce 69 percent more food calories in 2050 than we did in 2006. We can't just redistribute food to close the food gap. Even if we took all the food produced in 2009 and distributed it evenly amongst the global population, the world will still need to produce 974 more calories per person per day by 2050.
Does the world produce enough food to feed everyone?
The world produces enough food to feed everyone. For the world as a whole, per capita food availability has risen from about 2220 kcal/person/day in the early 1960s to 2790 kcal/person/day in 2006-08, while developing countries even recorded a leap from 1850 kcal/person/day to over 2640 kcal/person/day. This growth in food availability in conjunction with improved access to food helped reduce the percentage of chronically undernourished people in developing countries from 34 percent in the mid 1970s to just 15 percent three decades later.
what countries have food insecurities
There is no country in the world which does not have citizens with some level of food insecurity. There is no state and no county in the US that does not have residents with some level of food insecurity.
food desert:
They're more than half a mile from a supermarket and don't own a car, because of poverty, illness, or age. Public transportation may not fill the gap.
food aid
When communities are suffering from food insecurity, they may receive food aid from international and governmental organizations. Food aid is simply aid given to needy countries and/or communities to provide food for its citizens. It can be in the form of food directly or in the form of money to purchase food. While this seems to be a simple solution to the problem of hungry people, it is actually rife with challenges and controversy
are three groups at risk of hunger.
Worldwide the rural poor in developing nations who also lack access to electricity and safe drinking water; the urban poor who live in expanding cities and lack the means to buy food; and victims of earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural and man-made catastrophes;
hungry children in America
[H]unger particularly affects infants and children [due to their elevated nutrient needs for growth and development]. In America, nearly one out of four children, or 21.6 percent of all children, lives in a food-insecure household and spends at least part of the year hungry.
Which of the following nutrients are of critical concern in developing countries? [mark all correct answers] a. Iron b. Iodine c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin A
a b d
Which of the following are where food waste is most likely to occur in high income (developed) countries? [mark all correct answers] a. homes b. restaurants c. agricultural storage facilities d. supermarkets
a b d correct Right! Good job! "An estimated 25 percent of the world's food calories and up to 50 percent of total food weight are lost or wasted before they can be consumed. In rich countries most of that waste occurs in homes, restaurants, or supermarkets. In poor countries food is often lost between the farmer and the market, due to unreliable storage and transportation. Consumers in the developed world could reduce waste by taking such simple steps as serving smaller portions, eating leftovers, and encouraging cafeterias, restaurants, and supermarkets to develop waste-reducing measures. Of all of the options for boosting food availability, tackling waste would be one of the most effective,"
Which country's (countries') agricultural production is (are) most likely to be negatively effected by climate change? [mark all correct answers] a. Australia b. Brazil c. Canada d. Norway
ab correct Right! Good job! According to the map provided in Ranganathan (2013), Australia and Brazil are two countries (marked in dark red) whose agricultural production likely to suffer negative effects of climate change.
According to the article, which of the following agricultural approaches could forestall the coming food crisis? [mark all correct answers] a. Modern agriculture b. Slash-and-burn agriculture c. Sustainable agriculture d. Organic agriculture
and correct Right! Good job! "Those who favor conventional agriculture talk about how modern mechanization, irrigation, fertilizers, and improved genetics can increase yields to help meet demand. And they're right. Meanwhile proponents of local and organic farms counter that the world's small farmers could increase yields plenty—and help themselves out of poverty—by adopting techniques that improve fertility without synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. They're right too. But it needn't be an either-or proposition. Both approaches offer badly needed solutions; neither one alone gets us there. We would be wise to explore all of the good ideas, whether from organic and local farms or high-tech and conventional farms, and blend the best of both," Foley, 2015. Another key to combating global hunger is by empowering women farmers. A mix of big and small farms will be needed to feed the world.
Which of the following BEST fits the definition of land grab? a. The Land Rush in the American Midwest and West in the 1800's. b. When global investors or countries lease or buy land in another country to grow food for their own country. c. When houses are built on farmland due to urban sprawl. d. When a landfill corporation attempts to build a garbage dump in a neighborhood that opposes it.
b correct Right! Good job! Land grab is when countries lease and/or buy agricultural land in other countries (though one could argue that all of the available answer options represent some form of land grab).
Which of the following solutions would be the BEST option to bring fresh (and affordable) produce to food desert neighborhoods? a. Encourage high-end grocery stores such as Whole Foods to open a store in those areas. b. Start a grower's market in the area--especially one that supports local farmers. c. Give people bus vouchers so they can ride the bus further in order to get groceries. d. Tell people to move out of the food desert neighborhoods into ones with stores.
b correct Right! Good job! One proposed solution to food deserts is bringing in grower's markets into these areas. Some states allow WIC and SNAP funds to be used in farmer's markets as well which can increase fruit and vegetable consumption amongst participants. Another benefit of a local farmer's market is that it could possibly support local farmers and growers as well. There are multiple causes and therefore multiple solutions to food insecurity. One is urban farming. Communities can become more food sufficient by utilizing rooftops and abandoned spaces for gardens--then locals can sell excess produce at the local market.
The problem can't be fixed by merely telling people to eat their fruits and vegetables,
because at heart this is a problem about wages, about poverty."
2050 food crisis?
by 2050 the worlds populations is expected to reach 9 billion right now 1/3 well fed, 1/3 starving, 1/3 underfed Northern Africa and middle east have the highest number of population incase and they have land that is the driest putting them in harms way of high risk of a food crisis The world's population is projected to grow from about 7 billion in 2012 to 9.6 billion people in 2050. More than half of this growth will occur in sub-Saharan Africa, a region where one-quarter of the population is currently undernourished.
Producing % of total global energy from biofuels will require % of global crop production. (Numerical answer. Enter the numeral only).
correct 2 correct 32 Right! Good job! "Producing 10 percent of all transport fuels from biofuels by 2050, as planned by some governments, would require 32 percent of global crop production but produce only 2 percent of global energy. It would also increase the food gap to roughly 100 percent. Conversely, eliminating the use of crop-based biofuels for transportation would close the food gap by roughly 14 percent," (Ranganathan, 2013).
By 2050, the world needs to produce % more calories than it does now. (Numerical answer. Enter the numeral only).
correct 69 Right! Good job! "Taking into account a growing population and shifting diets, the world will need to produce 69 percent more food calories in 2050 than we did in 2006," (Ranganathan, 2013).
Agriculture uses % of the world's fresh water supply. (Numerical answer. Enter the numeral only).
correct 70 Right! Good job! "Agriculture contributes nearly one-quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions, uses 37 percent of landmass (excluding Antarctica), and accounts for 70 percent of all freshwater withdrawn from rivers, lakes, and aquifers," (Ranganathan, 2013).
What is the federal poverty level for a family of 4? (numeric answer, enter the numerals only)
correct Right! Good job! The federal poverty level for a family of 4 is less than or equal to an annual income of $24,600.00.
Which of the following countries has had the MOST hectares of land acquired in land grab? a. South Sudan b. Mozambique c. Indonesia d. Papua New Guinea
d. Papua New Guinea correct Right! Good job! Papua New Guinea, per the map from landmatrix.org, has the highest amount of large-scale land acquisitions in hectares.
In order to have enough food available by 2050, it is best for the low-to-middle income (developing) countries to limit their meat consumption. True False
f correct Right! Good job! "Finding more efficient ways to grow meat and shifting to less meat-intensive diets—even just switching from grain-fed beef to meats like chicken, pork, or pasture-raised beef—could free up substantial amounts of food across the world. Because people in developing countries are unlikely to eat less meat in the near future, given their newfound prosperity, we can first focus on countries that already have meat-rich diets," (Foley, 2015).
Nutrition education plays no role in ensuring food security. True False
f correct Right! Good job! Nutrition education and culinary education are both important for helping people understand what is healthy & how to cook it.
Land grab is illegal. True False
false correct Right! Good job! "Land grabbing today is marked by variation across different agro-ecological contexts and property rights regimes. It is affecting contexts as diverse as peri-urban corridors, highly productive floodplains, forested uplands, and remote rural outposts. It is unfolding in diverse land rights regimes, including private, public, and community land and land reform settlements, and regardless of whether existing rights and arrangements are recognised by state law or not. And actual reallocation processes are taking place under diverse political-legal conditions, with some illegal and others 'perfectly legal', and still others somewhere in between the two. In many instances the pre-existing formal-legal frameworks are being bent, altered, or redefined and reinterpreted to accommodate land grabbing in a way that gives the appearance of legality. Some of the most prominent cases involve physical harassment, intimidation and violence; but others do not,
land grab
land grab is when outside investors grab or purchase land that will be used to grow crops for exports only often land gets sold right out from farmers this means that the food that a country grows does not go to its people
Food aid has the potential hurt local economies by reducing the profits of local farmers. True Fals
true Food Aid is certainly not sent to other countries to make their problems worse but to alleviate the immediate need for food. However, when cheap grain and other agricultural products flood a country's market, it has the potential to put current, local farmers out of business. When farmers go out of business, this further depresses a country's ability to grow their own food, further worsening the food insecurity crisis.
identify those populations that are at greatest risk for experiencing food insecurities and describe the negative health benefits
-pregnant woman -lactating woman -children -older adults -terminally ill -infants
What are the causes of hunger?
Conflict. For 2012, the first and latest year for which its estimates are available, the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) estimates that more than 172 million people were affected by conflict worldwide
woman nutritional needs
During the child-bearing years, women have elevated nutrients needs, most especially for folate, calcium, Vitamin D, and iron. These issues are compounded when they are still growing when they become pregnant and start breastfeeding (e.g. teenage mothers). However, due to persistent gender inequalities across the globe, women offer suffer the most from food insecurity.
head start
Head Start is a health and development program for children ages three to five, from low-income families. The philosophy behind the organization is that early intervention can help address the educational, social, and nutritional deficiencies that children from lower-income families often experience. Launched in 1965, it is one of the longest-running, poverty-related programs in the United States. Today, Head Start programs include education, meals, snacks, and access to other social services and health guidance.
USDA's labels describe ranges of food security Food Security .
High food security (old label=Food security): no reported indications of food-access problems or limitations. Marginal food security (old label=Food security): one or two reported indications—typically of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house. Little or no indication of changes in diets or food intake
Land grab'
Land grab' refers countries to obtaining control of land in other countries in order to produce food for themselves or to have control over the resources provided by that land
seniors food insecurity
Senior citizens are also a major at-risk group. Many elderly people are frail and isolated, which affects their ability to meet their dietary requirements. In addition, many also have low incomes, limited resources, and difficulty purchasing or preparing food due to health issues or poor mobility. some food-insecure seniors actually have adequate finances to cover the cost of food, but poor health and/or limited access to transportation can make shopping and food preparation difficult
arguments for land grab
Supporters of international, and/or corporate investment in large-scale land use in developing countries argue that such use allows developing countries to make better use of their land ignoring the fact that "the bulk of investment in agriculture is undertaken by farmers themselves, with smallholder farmers producing most of the food consumed locally in many developing regions,
incomes that contribute to food insecurities
Though all three adults work full-time, their income is not enough to keep the family consistently fed without assistance. The root problem is the lack of jobs that pay wages a family can live on, so food assistance has become the government's—and society's—way to supplement low wages.
hunger in America today
Today more working people and their families are hungry because wages have declined." nited States more than half of hungry households are white, and two-thirds of those with children have at least one working adult—typically in a full-time job. In 1980 there were a few hundred emergency food programs across the country; today there are 50,000. Finding food has become a central worry for millions of Americans. One in six reports running out of food at least once a year. In many European countries, by contrast, the number is closer to one in 20.
our dimensions of food security,
all of which must be fulfilled simultaneously, for food security to exist. The four dimensions are: 1) physical availability of food, 2) economic and physical access to food, 3) food utilization, and 4) the stability of those other dimensions over time.
why talk about nutrition food insecutries in a class
all the nutrition education in the world does not help you if you cannot afford healthy food and/or cannot access healthy food in the first place
Summer Food Service Program provides meals to
children during summer break. Sponsors include day camps and other recreation programs where at least half of the attendees live in households with incomes below the federal poverty level. These and other programs help to fill in the gaps during the typical day of a food-insecure child
The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) ensure that
children in elementary and middle schools receive at least one healthy meal each school day, or two if both the NSLP and SBP are provided. [T]hese programs operate in over 101,000 public and nonprofit private schools and residential child-care institutions. [In 2016, the programs provided meals to an average of 29.6 million children each school day. Sixty-six percent of the lunches served were free, and an additional 7 percent were provided at reduced prices.]
Food security has been identified as a problem in a. developed nations only. b. developing nations only. c. underdeveloped nations only. d. all nations.
d correct Right! Good job! Food insecurity is a worldwide problem. There is no country in the world which does not have citizens with some level of food insecurity. There is no county in the US that does not have residents with some level of food insecurity.
solution for land deserts
figure out ways to bring super markets, farmers market, and community gardens to low income areas.
stunting
is a slow, cumulative process and is caused by insufficient intake of some nutrients. It is estimated by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) to affect 161 million children world wide (UNICEF Nutrition). Stunted children may have normal body proportions but look younger than their actual age. Stunting develops over a long period as a result of inadequate nutrition or repeated infections
n the United States, [those] more likely than others to face hunger and malnutrition include
low-income families and the working poor, who are employed but have incomes below the federal poverty level.
high food securities
means no reported indications of food access issues and limitations
marginal food securities
means one or two reported indications, typically anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house but with little or no changes in the diet of food intake
very low food insecurity
means there are report of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake
low food security
menas reports of reduced quality, variety or desirability of diet, but wth little or no indication of reduced food intake
other forms of assistance
ocally-operated charitable organizations, such as food banks and food pantries, which acquire food from local manufacturers, retailers, farmers, and community members to give to low-income families. Neighborhood soup kitchens provide meals to the homeless and other people in need. These and other organizations are run by nonprofit groups, as well as religious institutions, to provide an additional safety net for those in need of food.
the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP)
offers meals and snacks at child-care centers, daycare homes, and after-school programs
formerly known as the Food Stamp Program, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides
provides monthly benefits for low-income households to purchase approved food items at authorized stores. Clients qualify for the program based on available household income, assets, and certain basic expenses. In an average month, SNAP provides benefits to more than forty-six million people in the United States. the program provides Electronic Benefit Transfers (EBT) which work similarly to a debit card. Clients receive a card with a certain allocation of money for each month that can be used only for food. [The average SNAP benefit is currently about $126.00 per person per month. In 2016, the cost of the SNAP program was over $70 billion.
first 1000 days
starts from when conceived till 2 years of age. if a child is deprived it will stunt their mental and physical growth. this can not be reversed. malnutrition is the cause of 35% deaths in children under 5 years old.
Once growth stunting occurs from malnutrition, it is permanent. True False
t Right! Good job! One of the reasons treating food insecurity during the first 1000 days of life is so important, is that some of the consequences of poor nutrition during such important growth periods are permanent.
food securities
the ability to satisfy basic food needs because adequate financial resources and access
death
the inevitable results when starvation is not treated
malnutrition
the long term outcome of consuming a diet that does not meet nutritional needs
hunger
the physical discomfort that results from the lack of food associated with food insecurities
hunger is
the uneasy feeling or pain in stomach caused by lack of food. you can't really measure because people fill all different so government has uses food security to measure hunger,
those in the usa with the greatest risk of food insecurity
those living in poverty (headed household woman ) household color household with children live in inner cities have poor heath
starvation
to suffer severely from he lack of food and into a state which the body breaks down its own tissue for use of fuel
refugee displaced person
A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee their country of citizenship due to threat of persecution due to religion, ethnic group, race, political affiliation, etc. In order to preserve their life and/or freedom, they must leave their country. An internally-displaced person is basically a refugee who has not yet left their own country but have fled their homes due to natural disaster, war, civil strife, or one of the reasons cited above for refugees.There are about 65 million displaced (internally displaced plus refugees) persons globally—nearly 11 million are children.
It can be tempting to ask families receiving food assistance, If you're really hungry, then how can you be—as many of them are—overweight?
The answer is "this paradox that hunger and obesity are two sides of the same coin," says Melissa Boteach, vice president of the Poverty and Prosperity Program of the Center for American Progress, "people making trade-offs between food that's filling but not nutritious and may actually contribute to obesity."
wasting
Wasting is a condition caused by extremely low energy intake from too little food--sometimes referred to as acute malnutrition.
the Special, Supplemental Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) provides
food packages to pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as to infants and children up to age five, to promote adequate intake for healthy growth and development. Most state WIC programs provide vouchers that participants use to acquire supplemental packages at authorized stores. [WIC packages are for specific foods only and may include allotments of milk, cheese, bread, eggs, juice, fish, fruits, vegetables, dry legumes, and peanut butter. Infants not receiving human milk will get an allotted amount of infant formula. 7.9 million participate
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).
It is basically a lack of calories and protein. Food is converted into energy by humans, and the energy contained in food is measured by calories. Protein is necessary for key body functions including provision of essential amino acids and development and maintenance of muscles. Protein-energy malnutriton is the more lethal form of malnutrition/hunger and is the type of malnutrition that is referred to when world hunger is discussed.
Food Insecurity
Low food security (old label=Food insecurity without hunger): reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet. Little or no indication of reduced food intake. Very low food security (old label=Food insecurity with hunger): Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake.
Which of the following is a group (or groups) at increased risk for undernutrition? [mark all correct answers] a. infants b. pregnant women c. men ages 21-30 d. children
a b d correct Right! Good job! Pregnant and lactating women, infants, children, and the critically ill are all at high risk for food insecurity due to elevated nutrient needs and increased risk for infection. Older adults are at higher risk for food insecurity due to being less likely to be employed and being at higher risk for chronic illness.
The fastest rising group of food insecure individuals are those living in... a. ...urban areas. b. ...suburban areas. c. ...rural areas. d. ...isolated areas.
b correct Right! Good job! "Hunger has grown faster in America's suburbs than in its cities over the past decade, creating a class of "SUV poor,'"
Which food assistance program in the United States specifically helps safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children? a. Meals on Wheels b. WIC Program c. National School Lunch Program d. Commodities Program
b correct Right! Good job! The WIC program provides food voucher packages (along with healthcare referrals and nutrition education) to low income pregnant women, post-partum women, breastfeeding women, infants, and children up to five years of age.
population growth 2050
by 2050 the population will have increased by another 35% while we currently can feed the population by what we grow today the agriculture will need to double to meet 2050 needs
Which of the following events could be considered the most likely to cause food insecurity? a. extreme snowfall in Aspen, Colorado b. increase in birth rate in Japan c. loss in World Cup Soccer championship d. earthquake in Haiti
d correct Right! Good job! Global food insecurity is caused by regional issues including discrimination (against biological gender and/or racial and ethnic groups), political sanctions, armed conflicts, crop failure, natural disasters, wasteful agricultural practices, and population overgrowth. These issues are most likely to affect developing countries who do not have the infrastructure to combat nation-wide issues.
Meals on Wheels
delivers meals to elderly people who have difficulty buying or making their own food because of poor health or limited mobility. It is the oldest and largest program dedicated to addressing the nutritional needs of senior citizens. Each day, Meals on Wheels volunteers deliver more than one million meals across the United States. serves over 200 million meals a year
The National School Lunch program provides monetary payments to families with children in school so they can buy food for their children to take to school. True False
f correct Right! Good job! A school that participates in the NSLP receives reimbursment from the federal government for providing free or reduced-price meals to qualifying school children (based on income). In order to receive federal funding, schools must meet certain nutritional standards.
challenge land use
what arable land that we have is already in use further land clearing is destructive to the environment and rarely solves food shortage the arable land that is already in use is losing its soil quality and nutrients we lose a lot of topsoil to land run off and errosions much of the agriculture goes to feeding animals
food deserts
while you might have access to fast food, liquid store or convince store you don't have access to supermakerts or healthy fresh food is limited
Very low food security can be characterized in terms of the conditions that households in this category typically report in the annual food security survey.
98 percent reported having worried that their food would run out before they got money to buy more. 97 percent reported that the food they bought just did not last, and they did not have money to get more. 95 percent reported that they could not afford to eat balanced meals. 97 percent reported that an adult had cut the size of meals or skipped meals because there was not enough money for food. 88 percent reported that this had occurred in 3 or more months. 95 percent of respondents reported that they had eaten less than they felt they should because there was not enough money for food. 68 percent of respondents reported that they had been hungry but did not eat because they could not afford enough food. 44 percent of respondents reported having lost weight because they did not have enough money for food. 33 percent reported that an adult did not eat for a whole day because there was not enough money for food. 26 percent reported that this had occurred in 3 or more months.
how government creates food insecurities
These are the very crops that end up on Christina Dreier's kitchen table in the form of hot dogs made of corn-raised beef, Mountain Dew sweetened with corn syrup, and chicken nuggets fried in soybean oil. They're also the foods that the U.S. government supports the most. In 2012 it spent roughly $11 billion to subsidize and insure commodity crops like corn and soy, with Iowa among the states receiving the highest subsidies. The government spends much less to bolster the production of the fruits and vegetables its own nutrition guidelines say should make up half the food on our plates. In 2011 it spent only $1.6 billion to subsidize and insure "specialty crops"—the bureaucratic term for fruits and vegeta
food insecurities can look deceiving
They drive cars, which are a necessity, not a luxury, here. Cheap clothes and toys can be found at yard sales and thrift shops, making a middle-class appearance affordable. Consumer electronics can be bought on installment plans, so the hungry rarely lack phones or televisions.
food insecurities aren't all about doing hungry
They may, however, have limited access to nutritious foods (e.g. they're relying on cheap, ultra-processed foods), safe foods (example, they are getting food from dumpsters), worry about being able to provide enough food for the family (example, they may need financial assistance, food banks, government programs, etc. to make ends meet), and/or be unable to acquire the money to purchase food in socially acceptable ways (example, they have to panhandle to get money for food).
how government helps with food insecurities
They provide low-income households with access to food, the tools for consuming a healthy diet, and education about nutrition. The USDA monitors the extent and severity of food insecurity via an annual survey. This contributes to the efficiency of food assistance programs as well as the effectiveness of private charities and other initiatives aimed at reducing food insecurity.
food aid and commodity dumping
agriculture surplus in developed countries is often purchased for aid in developing countries while this does help farmers in developed countries get rid of their excess commodities, it hurts farmers in developing countries by completing with their products this drives local farmers out of business which exacerbates the food crisis
Which of the following are risk factors for food insecurity in the US? [mark all correct answers] a. Households headed by a single woman. b. Households with children. c. Low income household where at least one adult works full time. d. Drug and/or alcohol abuse by a member of the household. e. Untreated mental health disorder in a member of the household f. Chronic illness and/or disability in a member of the household
all correct Right! Good job! All of these are risk factors! Those most at risk for food insecurity in the US include those who live in households headed by a single woman, those with children, those with members in a minority group, and those located in the inner city. Poor health, mental illness, and drug abuse also all contribute to food insecurity.
According to the FAO hunger map, what were some of the reasons that countries failed to meet food security goals? [mark all correct answers] a. Poverty increased b. Natural disasters c. Political instability d. Government corruption
bc correct Right! Good job! "In many countries that have failed to reach the international hunger targets, natural and human-induced disasters or political instability have resulted in protracted crises, with increased vulnerability and food insecurity among large segments of the population," (Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2016).
Food insecurity is on the rise in working families in the US because... a. ...they do not work hard enough. b. ...they do not work long enough. c. ...wages have declined. d. all of these are true
c correct Right! Good job! "'Today more working people and their families are hungry because wages have declined.' In the United States more than half of hungry households are white, and two-thirds of those with children have at least one working adult—typically in a full-time job," (McMillan, 2015).
The primary effect of food insecurity on individuals in the US is... a. underweight. b. scurvy. c. obesity. d. stunting.
c correct Right! Good job! In developed countries, food insecure individuals are more likely to be overweight than underweight. This in the US is due to multiple factors: food insecure people may live in a food desert where access to healthy foods is limited, food insecure people may choose filling, cheap foods over healthier foods, and healthier foods are often perceived to be more expensive (or actually are) than unhealthy foods.
For the world as a whole, per capita food available is kcals/person.
correct 2790 Right! Good job! "The world produces enough food to feed everyone. For the world as a whole, per capita food availability has risen from about 2220 kcal/person/day in the early 1960s to 2790 kcal/person/day in 2006-08, while developing countries even recorded a leap from 1850 kcal/person/day to over 2640 kcal/person/day. This growth in food availability in conjunction with improved access to food helped reduce the percentage of chronically undernourished people in developing countries from 34 percent in the mid-1970s to just 15 percent three decades later. The principal problem is that many people in the world still do not have sufficient income to purchase (or land to grow) enough food or access to nutritious food," (World Hunger Education, 2016).
