2017 Fall Exam 2 histo review questions

What type of muscle has visible cross striations? a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Smooth muscle d. Both "a" and "b" e. "a" "b" and "c"

*d*

What is the dark band in muscle? a. A band b. I band c. Z line d. H band e. M line

*a The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band. A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

What is another term for a platelet? a. Thrombocyte b. Monocyte c. Lymphocyte d. Basophil e. Erythrocyte

*a*

What is a single neuron and the aggregation of muscle fibers innervated by that single neuron called? a. Motor unit b. Motor neuron c. Motor end plate d. Neuromuscular spindle e. Neurotransmitter

*a* A single motor neuron and the aggregation of muscle fibers innervated by that single neuron is called the motor unit. A motor neuron is a neuron which innervates a muscle cell. The point of contact where a neuron contacts a muscle is the motor end plate. A neuromuscular spindle is a receptor which is sensitive to stretching of the muscle. A neurotransmitter is the chemical released by a nerve at a synapse.

Which of the following is not considered a "formed element"? a. Plasma b. Erythrocytes c. Platelets d. Leukocytes e. Red blood cells

*a* Blood is composed of the formed elements and plasma. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood. The formed elements consist of the cells and cell fragments. The erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets, and leukocytes (white blood cells) are all considered formed elements.

Which leukocyte is the second most abundant in a peripheral smear of blood? a. Lymphocytes b. Basophils c. Neutrophil d. Monocytes e. Eosinophils

*a* Lymphocytes are the second most abundant leukocyte. Leukocytes are the white blood cells. The order of frequency of the leukocytes is: neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil. Histology hint fom Sarah Bellham: The order of frequency of the leukocytes can be remembered by the mnemonic: "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas".

What is actin? a. Myofilament b. Myosin c. Muscle fibers d. Myofibrils e. Myocardium

*a* Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin. The thin filaments are actin and the thick filaments are myosin. The muscle cell is a muscle fiber. The term "muscle cell" and "muscle fiber" are synonymous. A myofibril is a longitudinal bundle of myofilaments within a muscle cell. Myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart. Thus, the myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle.

Which of the following is the largest neuroglia cell? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

*a* Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia. Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier. Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal. Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages. Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Which of the following is the most abundant neuroglia cell? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

*a* Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia. Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier. Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal. Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages. Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Which of the following forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

*a* Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

What type of muscle is always multinucleated? a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Smooth muscle d. Both "a" and "b" e. "a" "b" and "c"

*a* Skeletal muscle is multinucleated. The nuclei are seen on the periphery. Occasionally, cardiac muscle is bi-nucleated.

Which of the following is not a granulocyte? a. Lymphocytes b. Neutrophil c. PMN d. Eosinophils e. Basophils

*a* The granulocytes are named because of the presence of visible cytoplasmic granules. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. "PMN" is an abbreviation for polymorphonuclear neutrophil. Thus, it is a neutrophil, which is a granulocyte. The non-granulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes.

Which leukocyte has a multi-lobed (3-5 lobes) nucleus? a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophil e. Basophils

*a* The leukocytes consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus. The lobes are separated by a thin strand. Because of the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called "polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph. Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Lymphocytes can be categorized by three sizes: small, medium, and large. The small lymphocytes are the smallest leukocyte, being only slightly larger than an erythrocyte. Monocytes are agranulocytes. They are the largest leukocyte. Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orange pink granules. The nucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed. Basophils are granulocytes. Basophils have large blue granules, which often obscure the nucleus. The granules are basophilic, therefore they are blue.

What is the outer connective tissue covering of a muscle? a. Epimysium b. Sarcoplasm c. Perimysium d. Sarcolemma e. Endomysium

*a* The outer connective tissue covering of a muscle is the epimysium. Within the muscle, there are subdivisions called fascicles. The perimysium surrounds these muscle fascicles. The endomysium is the covering around an individual muscle fiber. The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell. The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

What is the name of the tissue which surrounds muscle fascicles? a. Perimysium b. Periosteum c. Perichondrium d. Perineurium e. Endosteum

*a* The perimysium is the connective tissue sheath which surrounds muscle fascicles. The periosteum is the connective tissue covering of a bone. The perichondrium is the connective tissue which surrounds cartilage. The perineurium is the covering of nerve fascicles. The endosteum is the lining of the inner bone (the side which abuts the medullary cavity).

What type of muscle has intercalated discs? a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Smooth muscle d. Both "a" and "b" e. "a" "b" and "c"

*b*

What is the cell body of a neuron called? a. Ganglion b. Perikaryon c. Astrocyte d. Nissl e. Terminal bouton

*b* A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

What type of muscle has branching cells? a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Smooth muscle d. Both "a" and "b" e. "a" "b" and "c"

*b* Branching cells are seen in cardiac muscle.

What are the thick filaments composed of? a. Myofilaments b. Myosin c. Muscle fibers d. Myofibrils e. Myocardium

*b* Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin. The thin filaments are actin and the thick filaments are myosin. The muscle cell is a muscle fiber. The term "muscle cell" and "muscle fiber" are synonymous. A myofibril is a longitudinal bundle of myofilaments within a muscle cell. Myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart. Thus, the myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle.

Which of the following lines the ventricles? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cell

*b* Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia. Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier. Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal. Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages. Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

What is the light band in muscle? a. A band b. I band c. Z line d. H band e. M line

*b* The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band. A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

What region is made of thin filaments? a. A band b. I band c. Z line d. H band e. M line

*b* The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band. A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

Which of the following is a granulocyte? a. Lymphocyte b. Neutrophil c. Monocyte d. Erythrocyte e. Thrombocyte

*b* The granulocytes are named because of the presence of visible cytoplasmic granules. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The non-granulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes. Erythrocytes are red blood cells. A thrombocyte is a platelet.

Which is the smallest leukocyte? a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophil e. Basophils

*b* The leukocytes consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus. The lobes are separated by a thin strand. Because of the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called "polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph. Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Lymphocytes can be categorized by three sizes: small, medium, and large. The small lymphocytes are the smallest leukocyte, being only slightly larger than an erythrocyte. Monocytes are agranulocytes. They are the largest leukocyte. Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orange pink granules. The nucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed. Basophils are granulocytes. Basophils have large blue granules, which often obscure the nucleus. The granules are basophilic, therefore they are blue.

What is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell called? a. Endomysium b. Sarcolemma c. Sarcoplasm d. Perimysium e. Epimysium

*b* The outer connective tissue covering of a muscle is the epimysium. Within the muscle, there are subdivisions called fascicles. The perimysium surrounds these muscle fascicles. The endomysium is the covering around an individual muscle fiber. The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell. The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell

What type of muscle is composed of spindle shaped cells? a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Smooth muscle d. Both "a" and "b" e. "a" "b" and "c"

*c*

Which of the following is supporting cell of the central nervous system? a. Ganglion b. Perikaryon c. Astrocyte d. Nissl e. Terminal bouton

*c* A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

What is another term for the cell body of a neuron? a. Tracts b. Islets c. Soma d. Cortex e. Nuclei

*c* A group of fibers traveling together to a destination is a tract. Islets of Langerhans are seen in the pancreas. Soma is another term for a neuron cell body. The outer part of the brain is gray matter called the cortex. The conglomerations of gray matter deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum are called nuclei.

What is the point that a neuron contacts a muscle called? a. Motor unit b. Motor neuron c. Motor end plate d. Neuromuscular spindle e. Neurotransmitter

*c* A single motor neuron and the aggregation of muscle fibers innervated by that single neuron is called the motor unit. A motor neuron is a neuron which innervates a muscle cell. The point of contact where a neuron contacts a muscle is the motor end plate. A neuromuscular spindle is a receptor which is sensitive to stretching of the muscle. A neurotransmitter is the chemical released by a nerve at a synapse.

Which of the following is the most abundant in a peripheral smear of blood? a. Neutrophils b. Basophils c. Erythrocytes d. Leukocytes e. Platelets

*c* Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are the most abundant formed element in a peripheral smear of blood.

What are the thin filaments? a. Myocardium b. Myofibrils c. Myofilaments d. Muscle fibers e. Myosin

*c* Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin. The thin filaments are actin and the thick filaments are myosin. The muscle cell is a muscle fiber. The term "muscle cell" and "muscle fiber" are synonymous. A myofibril is a longitudinal bundle of myofilaments within a muscle cell. Myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart. Thus, the myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle.

What is another term for muscle cells? a. Myofilaments b. Myosin c. Muscle fibers d. Myofibrils e. Myocardium

*c* Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin. The thin filaments are actin and the thick filaments are myosin. The muscle cell is a muscle fiber. The term "muscle cell" and "muscle fiber" are synonymous. A myofibril is a longitudinal bundle of myofilaments within a muscle cell. Myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart. Thus, the myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle.

Which of the following forms myelin in the central nervous system? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

*c* Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia. Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier. Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal. Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages. Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Which leukocyte is the most abundant in a peripheral smear of blood? a. Lymphocytes b. Basophils c. Neutrophil d. Monocytes e. Eosinophils

*c* Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte. Leukocytes are the white blood cells. The order of frequency of the leukocytes is: neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil. Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: The order of frequency of the leukocytes can be remembered by the mnemonic: "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas".

What is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system called? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

*c* Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

A sarcomere is defined as the segment from _____ to ____? a. A band b. I band c. Z line d. H band e. M line

*c* The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band. A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

What is line that bisects the light band in muscle? a. A band b. I band c. Z line d. H band e. M line

*c* The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band. A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid? a. Between the dura mater and bone b. Subdural space c. Subarachnoid space d. Between the pia mater and brain e. None of the above

*c* The cerebrospinal fluid is found in the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater.

What surrounds a nerve? a. Neurium b. Perineurium c. Epineurium d. Endoneurium e. None of the above

*c* The endoneurium surrounds a nerve fiber. The perineurium surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. The epineurium surrounds a nerve.

Which of the following is a granulocyte? a. Thrombocyte b. Lymphocyte c. Eosinophil d. Monocyte e. Erythrocyte

*c* The granulocytes are named because of the presence of visible cytoplasmic granules. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The non-granulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes. Erythrocytes are red blood cells. A thrombocyte is a platelet.

Which is the largest leukocyte? a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophil e. Basophils

*c* The leukocytes consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus. The lobes are separated by a thin strand. Because of the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called "polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph". Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Lymphocytes can be categorized by three sizes: small, medium, and large. The small lymphocytes are the smallest leukocyte, being only slightly larger than an erythrocyte. Monocytes are agranulocytes. They are the largest leukocyte. Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orange pink granules. The nucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed. Basophils are granulocytes. Basophils have large blue granules, which often obscure the nucleus. The granules are basophilic, therefore they are blue.

What is the covering of an individual muscle fiber? a. Sarcoplasm b. Perimysium c. Endomysium d. Epimysium e. Sarcolemma

*c* The outer connective tissue covering of a muscle is the epimysium. Within the muscle, there are subdivisions called fascicles. The perimysium surrounds these muscle fascicles. The endomysium is the covering around an individual muscle fiber. The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell. The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

What are the gaps that occur within the myelin sheath? a. Meninges b. Myelinated nerve fibers c. Cell bodies d. Nodes of Ranvier e. Neurofilaments

*d* A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell bodies. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons.

What are the basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum seen in neurons called? a. Ganglion b. Perikaryon c. Astrocyte d. Nissl e. Terminal bouton

*d* A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the central nervous system. The cell body of a neuron is called a perikaryon or soma. An astrocyte is a supporting cell seen in the central nervous system. The basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic seen in neuron cell bodies is called Nissl, Nissl bodies or Nissl substance. The terminal bouton is the end portion of an axon. It is also called an axon terminal or end bulb. The terminal bouton will be associated with another neuron in a synapse.

What type of muscle contains sarcomeres? a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Smooth muscle d. Both "a" and "b" e. "a" "b" and "c"

*d* Both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle have sarcomeres. Smooth muscle has no sarcomeres.

What are most neurons in the body? a. Unipolar b. Pseudounipolar c. Bipolar d. Multipolar e. Both a and b

*d* Most neurons in the body (over 99%) are multipolar. Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar. A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell. Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

What are motor neurons? a. Unipolar b. Pseudounipolar c. Bipolar d. Multipolar e. Both a and b

*d* Motor neurons are multipolar. Neurons can be classified based on the number of axons and dendrites stemming off of the cell body. A unipolar neuron has one process which branches off of it This process then immediately divides into two. Thus, a unipolar neuron is sometimes also called a pseudounipolar neuron. Sensory neurons are unipolar. A bipolar neuron has two process that branch from it: an axon and a dendrite. Bipolar neurons are not very common and are found in some of the organs for special senses. Bipolar neurons are found in the retina, inner ear, and the region of the nose involved with smell. Multipolar neurons have one axon and many (at least two) dendrites that branch off of it. Most neurons are multipolar. Motor neurons and interneurons are multipolar.

What are the bundle of longitudinal contractile elements within a muscle cell called? a. Myofilaments b. Myosin c. Muscle fibers d. Myofibrils e. Myocardium

*d* Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin. The thin filaments are actin and the thick filaments are myosin. The muscle cell is a muscle fiber. The term "muscle cell" and "muscle fiber" are synonymous. A myofibril is a longitudinal bundle of myofilaments within a muscle cell. Myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart. Thus, the myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle.

What is myosin? a. Muscle fibers b. Myofibrils c. Myocardium d. Myofilament e. Muscle cell

*d* Myofilaments are the contractile protein within a muscle cell. The myofilaments are actin and myosin. The thin filaments are actin and the thick filaments are myosin. The muscle cell is a muscle fiber. The term "muscle cell" and "muscle fiber" are synonymous. A myofibril is a longitudinal bundle of myofilaments within a muscle cell. Myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart. Thus, the myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle.

Which of the following is the CNS macrophage? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

*d* Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia. Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier. Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal. Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages. Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

All of the following are properties of neurons, except: a. High metabolic rate b. Longevity c. Specialized for conduction d. High mitotic rate e. Limited ability for oxygen deprivation

*d* Neurons do not divide; therefore they do not have a high mitotic rate. Neurons have a high metabolic rate. They are unable to survive long without oxygen. They have an extremely long longevity, lasting a lifetime. Neurons are specialize for conduction. They send signals via a nervous impulse.

On a cross section of a muscle, how many thin filaments surround each thick filament?

*d* On a cross section of a muscle, each thick filament is surrounded by 6 thin filaments.

What are the supporting cells in the central nervous system called? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

*d* Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

What type of muscle contains centrally placed nuclei? a. Smooth muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Skeletal muscle d. Both "a" and "b" e. "a" "b" and "c"

*d* Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated. The nuclei are located on the periphery of the cell. In cardiac muscle, the nucleus is located centrally. In smooth muscle, there is also a centrally placed nucleus.

What is line that bisects the dark band in muscle? a. A band b. I band c. Z line d. H band e. M line

*d* The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band. A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

What is the covering of a nerve fiber? a. Neurium b. Perineurium c. Epineurium d. Endoneurium e. None of the above

*d* The endoneurium surrounds a nerve fiber. The perineurium surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers. The epineurium surrounds a nerve.

Which of the following is not a granulocyte? a. PMN b. Basophils c. Neutrophil d. Monocytes e. Eosinophils

*d* The granulocytes are named because of the presence of visible cytoplasmic granules. The granulocytes consist of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. "PMN" is an abbreviation for polymorphonuclear neutrophil. Thus, it is a neutrophil, which is a granulocyte. The non-granulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes.

Which leukocyte usually has a bi-lobed nucleus? a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophil e. Basophils

*d* The leukocytes consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus. The lobes are separated by a thin strand. Because of the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called "polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph". Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Lymphocytes can be categorized by three sizes: small, medium, and large. The small lymphocytes are the smallest leukocyte, being only slightly larger than an erythrocyte. Monocytes are agranulocytes. They are the largest leukocyte. Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orange pink granules. The nucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed. Basophils are granulocytes. Basophils have large blue granules, which often obscure the nucleus. The granules are basophilic, therefore they are blue.

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell? a. Epimysium b. Sarcolemma c. Endomysium d. Sarcoplasm e. Perimysium

*d* The outer connective tissue covering of a muscle is the epimysium. Within the muscle, there are subdivisions called fascicles. The perimysium surrounds these muscle fascicles. The endomysium is the covering around an individual muscle fiber. The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell. The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

What is tissue which surrounds a nerve fascicle? a. Perimysium b. Periosteum c. Perichondrium d. Perineurium e. Endosteum

*d* The perimysium is the connective tissue sheath around fascicles of muscle. The periosteum is the connective tissue covering of a bone. The perichondrium is the connective tissue which surrounds cartilage. The perineurium is the covering of nerve fascicles. The endosteum is the lining of the inner bone (the side which abuts the medullary cavity).

What is the primary component of myelin? a. Amino acids b. Protein c. Carbohydrate d. Lipid e. Both b and c

*d* The primary component of myelin is lipid. It is formed by the cell wrapping itself around the axon. Thus, it is primarily the plasma membrane of either the Schwann cells or the oligodendrocytes.

What is another term for a red blood cell? a. Thrombocyte b. Monocyte c. Lymphocyte d. Basophil e. Erythrocyte

*e*

What is released at a synapse? a. Motor unit b. Motor neuron c. Motor end plate d. Neuromuscular spindle e. Neurotransmitter

*e* A single motor neuron and the aggregation of muscle fibers innervated by that single neuron is called the motor unit. A motor neuron is a neuron which innervates a muscle cell. The point of contact where a neuron contacts a muscle is the motor end plate. A neuromuscular spindle is a receptor which is sensitive to stretching of the muscle. A neurotransmitter is the chemical released by a nerve at a synapse.

Which of the following is described as having a "central pallor"? a. Leukocytes b. Monocytes c. Eosinophils d. Platelets e. Erythrocytes

*e* Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are described as biconcave discs. When stained, this phenomenon results in the central portion of the cell staining lighter, thus the "central pallor".

Which cell is a macrophage found in the central nervous system? a. Kupffer cells b. Histiocyte c. Dust cell d. Langerhans cell e. Microglia

*e* Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Many tissues have resident (fixed) macrophages. Fixed macrophages are given a unique name, depending on the tissue that they are located in. Kupffer cells are the hepatic macrophages. Histiocytes are macrophages seen in connective tissue. Dust cells are alveolar macrophage found in the respiratory tract. Langerhans cells are macrophages seen in the skin. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages.

Which of the following is found in the peripheral nervous system? a. Astrocytes b. Ependymal cells c. Oligodendrocytes d. Microglia e. Schwann cells

*e* Neuroglia are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are all neuroglia. Of the neuroglia cells, astrocytes are the most abundant and the largest. These are star shaped cells involved in the blood brain barrier. Ependymal cells line the ventricles and spinal canal. Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system. Microglia are the central nervous system macrophages. Schwann cells are seen in the peripheral nervous system and are not considered neuroglia. Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

What comes from a megakaryocyte? a. Lymphocytes b. Basophils c. Erythrocytes d. Monocytes e. Platelets

*e* Platelets are cell fragments. They are fragments from megakaryocytes within the bone marrow. Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: The prefix "mega" is from the Greek "megas" which means great or big. For example: megaphone, megalomaniac, megabyte, and megakaryocyte.

Which of the following is a supporting cell found in the ganglia? a. Schwann cells b. Basket cells c. Ganglion d. Neuroglia e. Satellite cells

*e* Schwann cells are responsible for the myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Basket cells are a type of neuron seen in the cerebellum. A ganglion is a collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS. Neuroglia are the supporting cells in the central nervous system Sometimes, neuroglia called glial cells or glia. Satellite cells are found in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

What bisects the H band a. A band b. I band c. Z line d. E band e. M line

*e* The A band is the darker staining band. The I band is the light band. The I band is made of thin filaments. The Z line runs through the I band. The H band bisects the A band. The M line runs through the H band. A sarcomere is the segment that runs from Z line to Z line.

What is the buffy coat? a. Leukocytes b. Platelets c. Erythrocytes d. Plasma e. Both a and b

*e* The buffy coat is seen in a sample of centrifuged blood. It is the thin layer above the red blood cells, but below the plasma. It consists of the leukocytes and platelets.

Which cell has large blue granules, often obscuring the nucleus? a. Neutrophil b. Lymphocytes c. Monocytes d. Eosinophil e. Basophils

*e* The leukocytes consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus. The lobes are separated by a thin strand. Because of the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called "polymorphonuclear neutrophils", "poly's", "PMN", or "polymorph". Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Lymphocytes can be categorized by three sizes: small, medium, and large. The small lymphocytes are the smallest leukocyte, being only slightly larger than an erythrocyte. Monocytes are agranulocytes. They are the largest leukocyte. Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orange pink granules. The nucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed. Basophils are granulocytes. Basophils have large blue granules, which often obscure the nucleus. The granules are basophilic, therefore they are blue.

What provides tensile strength to a neuron? a. Meninges b. Myelinated nerve fibers c. Cell bodies d. Nodes of Ranvier e. Neurofilaments

*e* The meninges are composed of the three connective tissue covers which surround the brain and spinal cord. White matter is myelinated nerve fibers. Gray matter is essentially neuron cell bodies and associated dendrites or unmyelinated axons. Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. Neurofilaments are a type of intermediate filaments seen in neurons which provide rigidity and tensile strength.

What is the connective tissue covering of a muscle fascicle? a. Sarcolemma b. Endomysium c. Epimysium d. Sarcoplasm e. Perimysium

*e* The outer connective tissue covering of a muscle is the epimysium. Within the muscle, there are subdivisions called fascicles. The perimysium surrounds these muscle fascicles. The endomysium is the covering around an individual muscle fiber. The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell. The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

Which leukocyte is the least abundant in a peripheral smear of blood? a. Lymphocytes b. Basophils c. Neutrophil d. Monocytes e. Eosinophils

Basophils are the least abundant leukocyte. Leukocytes are the white blood cells. The order of frequency of the leukocytes is: neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil. Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: The order of frequency of the leukocytes can be remembered by the mnemonic: "Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas".