20th Century Midterm Packets
The text states that after the Versailles Peace Conference, that Japan "learned the lesson that the West regarded imperialism very differently if it was the imperialism of an Asian nation rather than a European power." Explain what this means.
Imperialism meant putting yourself first to the United States. In the West they believed it meant conquer and impose your way of life upon everyone. They believed that they were superior and everyone should conform to their ways of life.
What is blitzkreig? Why was it a successful military tactic?
It means "lightning war" and it was repeated quick strikes on a country to take it over. It was very successful.
What were the effects of the Manchurian incident for the Chinese? For the Japanese?
It resulted in the Chinese losing a lot of people, and sparked conflict that they were not necessarily in favor of. The Japanese got what they wanted, land from the Chinese, but because of the Chinese allies they eventually paid the price.
According to Mein Kampf, what were Hitler's views on "racial purity"?
It was necessary for a renewed Germany and wanted to create a Germanic, blonde hair, blue eyed Aryan "master race".
Why was it important for Hitler to target youth?
It would ensure that his legacy would live on beyond him, and there would become an "Aryan super race".
The islands of Japan, unlike most countries in Europe, did not naturally have the raw materials needed to industrialize further. What do you predict Japan will do to support industrialization?
Japan did not have the necessary natural resources to industrialize, and they began trading for more. When the Depression hit, they were unable to trade due to economic hardship in the US and Britain. They will take resources from neighboring countries and do whatever necessary to support the development of Japan.
Why did Japan become an imperial nation in the 20th century?
Japan had always wanted to create an empire and become an imperialist nation. They became an imperial nation in the 20th century because it was the perfect time, they had no resources, were facing economic hardship, and they felt that they needed to conquer more people in order to be "equal" with other world powers at the time.
How did Japan acquire the natural resources needed for industrialization before the Great Depression?
Japan traded goods like steel and silk stockings, which were very popular in the United States, for raw materials
What natural resources did Japan need to support the process of industrialization?
Japan was lacking coal, iron, timber, and copper and almost every other raw-material like it. They needed them to fuel their factories, so they traded for them. Also, their land was not suitable for farming and they couldn't feed their population.
What were the effects of Japanese imperialism?
Japanese imperialism caused the Western powers to oppose them. The Japanese were willing to do anything to promote themselves, but Western powers did not support this. They became very powerful, but they had a vision of them taking over the world that was unrealistic. The world saw the Japanese as a threat and it forced them to use force in stopping Japan from trying to invade surrounding countries and even beyond that.
What impact did the Nuremberg laws have on Jewish people in Germany?
Jewish people were greatly affected and they could no longer vote, serve in the military, and marry any non-Jew.
What occurred at the Nanking Massacre?
Mass killing and ravaging of Chinese citizens and surrendering of some of the Chinese Army.
What was Kristallnacht?
Means "Night of Broken Glass" mob like event that began the Holocaust.
What did Hitler write during his incarceration?
Mein Kampf
After Sudetenland, what was Hitler's next target? How did Russia, Britain, and France respond?
Poland
How did Poland's location make the country particularly vulnerable to attack by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union?
Poland split parts of Germany's territory from Germany, and also was between Germany and Russia. They were surrounded by enemy countries.
Which country did Hitler invade on September 1, 1939? How did Britain and France react?
Poland. Britain and France declared war just two days later.
Who were the SS and Gestapo protecting? Who were the SS and Gestapo targeting?
Protecting members of the Nazi party and targeting Jewish people and any threats to the Nazi Party.
Which countries/regions did Japan conquer between 1894 and 1940?
Taiwan and Korea
How could the unresolved issues of the Treaty of Versailles have led to the beginning of World War II in 1939?
The Germans united during their struggles after World War I. They wanted to break away from the Treaty of Versailles and what it had made them do in the past.
What was the effect of the Great Depression on Japan's ability to trade for raw materials?
The Great Depression prevented the Japanese from trading with Europe and the US. They no longer had extra money to spend on Japanese goods, so they weren't willing to trade anymore.
Who was involved in the Nanking Massacre?
The Japanese Imperial Army and Chinese Army and citizens
What was the impact of the Beer Hall Putsch?
The Nazi party was banned, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927 because his speeches were considered too inflammatory and agitating. In April 1924, he was sentenced to 5 years in jail for treason. While the takeover was unsuccessful, the attempt brought Hitler and the Nazis national attention.
How was Germany able to experience a period of prosperity between 1924 and 1929?
The United States loaned them money in order to pay their reparations.
Why did Germans begin to look to extremist leaders during these times of political and economic trouble?
The Weimar Republic was doing nothing for them and these leaders were making promises to do the opposite of the republic.
How did the Great Depression impact European nations?
The creation of the international debt circle in n attempt to pay back reparations. There was high unemployment across Europe, and many relied of the government to support themselves.
What was the SS and Gestapo
The military and police force of the Nazi party.
According to Hitler, what is the purpose or "task" of propaganda?
The task of propaganda is to attract followers; the task of organization to win members.
How did Hitler's Youth indoctrinate the youth?
The younger mind is gullible and the children were taught only Hitler's ideas from the age of 10.
What caused the Great Depression?
There was more than just one cause, but poor economic choices and the stock market crash are often attributed to the Great Depression.
A primary reason for Japan's involvement in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War was to (1) acquire natural resources in Manchuria and Korea (2) control trade and markets in Southeast Asia (3) end Japan's policy of isolationism (4) remove foreign invaders from Japanese soil
1
After World War I, the rise of Benito Mussolini in Italy and the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany are most closely associated with (1) the development of fascism (2) the desire for containment (3) an emphasis on democratic traditions (4) a return to conservative religious practices
1
During the 1930s and 1940s, Nazis in Germany and Fascists in Italy promoted policies that emphasized (1) national and racial supremacy (2) worldwide Communist revolutions (3) international peacekeeping efforts (4) economic cooperation in Europe
1
What was a major reason for Adolf Hitler's rise to power? (1) provisions of the Treaty of Versailles (2) Germany's military support of Poland and France (3) strong German economy (4) refusal by the League of Nations to admit Germany as a member
1
Which political leader gained power as a result of the failing economy of the Weimar Republic? (1) Adolf Hitler (2) Francisco Franco (3) Benito Mussolini (4) Charles de Gaulle
1
". . . The key-stone of the Fascist doctrine is its conception of the State, of its essence, its functions, and its aims. For Fascism the State is absolute, individuals and groups relative. Individuals and groups are admissible in so far as they come within the State. Instead of directing the game and guiding the material and moral progress of the community, the liberal State restricts its activities to recording results. The Fascist State is wide awake and has a will of its own. For this reason it can be described as ethical'. . . ." — Benito Mussolini, Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions, Howard Fertig, 1932 Which statement expresses the main idea of the passage? (1) The people have a right to overthrow ineffective governments. (2) The state is more important than the individuals within it. (3) The state gets its authority from the power of individuals. (4) The establishment of an empire will cause division and chaos.
2
During the 1930s, the Nazi (National Socialist) Party received support from the German people because it promised to (1) abide by the Versailles Treaty (2) improve economic conditions in Germany (3) promote policies that ensured ethnic equality (4) utilize international organizations to solve problems
2
What was a key cause for the rise of fascism in nations such as Italy and Germany? (1) collectivization (2) economic hardship (3) genocide (4) secret treaties
2
The major impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany was that the treaty led to (1) an era of peace and international good will in Germany (2) a stable Germany that was both democratic and strong (3) an increase in Germany's desire to regain its power and prestige (4) a leadership position for Germany in the League of Nations
3
Which event occurred first and led to the other three? (1) rise of fascism in Europe (2) Bolshevik Revolution (3) WWI (4) signing of the Treaty of Versailles
3
Which statement regarding the impact of geography on Japan is most accurate? (1) Large plains served as invasion routes for conquerors. (2) Arid deserts and mountains caused isolation from Asia. (3) Lack of natural resources led to a policy of imperialism. (4) Close proximity to Africa encouraged extensive trade with Egypt.
3
Which term is defined as payment for damages? (1) mandate (2) armistice (3) reparation (4) militarism
3
One major reason the League of Nations failed was that it (1) was not included in the Versailles Treaty (2) was controlled by communist Russia (3) frightened many nations with its large military force (4) lacked the support of many of the major world powers during crises
4
• Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 • Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 • Annexation of Korea 1910 These events in the history of Japan reflect its (1) resistance to trade (2) abundance of natural resources (3) vulnerability to attack by neighbors (4) emergence as an imperialist country
4
What impact did Kristallnacht have on Jewish people in Germany?
91 Jews were murdered, over 25,000 were arrested and transported to camps, and 1000 synagogues were destroyed.
What form of government emerged after Germany's defeat in World War I?
A democratic government known as the Weimar Republic.
What was the Beer Hall Putsch? Why did Hitler do this?
A failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany. He did this because he was still angered by the economic and political problems of inflation and poor leadership.
What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact? Why was the Nazi-Soviet Pact surprising?
A nonaggression pact that publicly stated that the rival nations would maintain peaceful relations
What did Hitler want?
Germany and Austria
What were the unresolved issues of the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany was very restricted. They were responsible for the cost of WWI, they lost territory, were forced to take responsibility, and had to demilitarize.
Why is it significant that Hitler gained power this way?
He came to power legally and was able to slowly implement his ideas onto the German people.
After Hitler was appointed as Chancellor, how did he gain even more control over Germany?
He immediately ended democracy and created a totalitarian state.
How did Hitler justify his attack of Poland?
He staged an attack on the German border.
Identify three political problems in the Weimar Republic.
There were too many small political parties. Conservatives thought the Weimar Republic was too weak. Leftists and communists demanded the changes they'd heard Lenin brought to Russia.
Why did these nations appease Hitler and Nazi Germany?
They allowed Hitler to take neighboring countries.
How did the League of Nations respond to the crisis in Manchuria (1931) and Abyssinia (1935) and Hitler's violation of the Treaty of Versailles?
They did nothing
Why did Britain and France declare war on Hitler after the invasion of Poland?
They each said that they would if Poland was invaded.
After Poland surrendered, what did Germans begin to do to Jewish people?
They gathered them and brought them to specific areas.
What did Western democracies do in response to the Anschluss? What message might this send to Hitler?
They had no response and that is why Hitler was able to further carry out his plan.
Some forms of indoctrinating young people included textbooks and children's books. Why would the Nazi party choose textbooks and children's books to spread Nazi beliefs?
They minds were shaped by Nazi ideals, and what you learn in school is thought to be credible so a child would obviously believe it to be true.
Why did the scapegoating of Jewish people happen during these times of political and economic trouble in Germany?
They needed an explanation for their political and economic problems.
Which other country invaded Poland? Why?
They sided with Germany and ended up splitting the country between themselves.
How could the failures of the League of Nations have led to the beginning of World War II in 1939?
They took no action against violations of their policies which eventually disturbed the peace.
What techniques did the SS and Gestapo use to maintain control in Germany?
They used intimidation and excessive force.
What was the purpose of Hitler's Youth?
They were central to the Nazis' plan to create a nation of Aryan 'supermen' by indoctrinating [brainwashing] children into their twisted racist worldview from the age of 10.
What caused the rise of dictators during the interwar period? What was the main focus of these dictators?
They were claiming to have the fix to the country's problems if they were followed.
What advantages did the German military have?
They were more prepared for war.
How could these dictators have caused the beginning of World War II in 1939?
They were power hungry and making complicated alliances.
What was secret in the Nazi-Soviet pact?
They would end up splitting Poland.
What was the name of the Japanese period of industrialization that started in the late 1800s?
This period was known as the Meiji Restoration from 1868 to 1890.
In the 1900s, before the Great Depression, how did Japan acquire raw materials for industrialization?
Through trading
What is appeasement?
To give someone compensation to prevent conflict.
What was the purpose of the League of Nations after World War I?
To keep the peace
What was the purpose of the Nuremberg laws?
To take citizenship away from Jews. Dehumanize them.
What is the difference between a totalitarian communist government and a totalitarian fascist government? What are the similarities?
Totalitarianism is a political system in which all authority is in the hands of the state. In a totalitarian society, all control of public and private life are government run. In Stalin's totalitarian communist government there was no ownership of private property. In Mussolini's totalitarian fascist there is private property and free enterprise with often severe restrictions.
Under Weimar Republic what three new freedoms were Germans granted?
Under this new democratic government, women were allowed to vote, there was a bill of rights and political parties were able to form.
Japanese Imperialism
Why did Japan become an imperial nation?
Why was Hitler banned from public speeches until 1927?
Because his speeches were considered too inflammatory and agitating
How did Hitler imagine the future of Germany
An Aryan nation that conquered the world. A glorious future at the expense of everyone who wasn't German.
What was the Manchurian Incident? Why did it happen?
An event staged by the Japanese military that made it look like China had sabotaged one of their railroads. The Japanese staged it, so they could justify their invasion of China.
What forms of media did Hitler and the Nazi party used to propagandize?
Anything from children's books, to movies, to posters, to paintings.
When did the Nanking Massacre take place?
December 1937-January 1938
What did the Treaty of Versailles require Germany to do?
Deprived Germany of various territories, demilitarized the country, and forced Germany to pay heavy reparations.
How did Hitler's incarceration impact his decision about how he would gain power in Germany?
During his incarceration, he decided that the success of the Nazis lie not in a violent overthrow of the Weimar Republic, but by winning power through constitutional means. Once he legally gained power, he could transform Germany into a nation that aligned with his doctrine.
Describe Japan in the 1920s before the Great Depression in 1929.
During the time before the Great Depression Japan's economy was not great. They did not have much growth, an unsettled financial system, but they were trading with Western powers in order to promote their industrialization.
Which nations appeased Hitler and Nazi Germany?
England and France
In terms of access to natural resources, how did Japan differ from England?
England differs from Japan because they have so many more natural resources. Britain's industrialization was fueled by raw materials in Britain, but Japan had to get their resources from outside the country.
What did European countries do starting in the mid-1800s to acquire more natural resources?
European countries began trading with each other. The Japanese had items that were popular in the US and Europe and they would trade them for natural resources.
How did the Great Depression lead to the rise of totalitarian leaders?
European governments seemed unable to handle the crisis and people were drawn to leaders who made promises about economic recovery
Hitler began delivering speeches with his political organization. What was the topic of his speeches? Why did this draw in crowds?
His speeches spoke against the Treaty of Versailles, Marxists and Jewish people. His speeches brought large crowds because of the economic crisis and the continued anger over the WWI defeat and the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
According to Mein Kampf, what were Hitler's views on Jewish people?
Hitler blamed Germany's problems on the parliament of the Weimar Republic, the Jews, and Social Democrats, as well as Marxists. He believed that all of these people were all working for Jewish interests. He wrote about the Jews as corrupters of the nation that should be subjected to poison gas
What does the Nazi-Soviet pact reveal about appeasement and Chamberlain's argument that the Munich Agreement would bring "peace for our time"?
Hitler had no intentions of making peace, or stopping what he was doing.
What type of political group did Hitler join when the war ended? Why?
Hitler joined a the German Workers Party, a right-wing extreme nationalist party in Munich. This party focused on creating a scapegoat for the outbreak of the war and Germany's defeat.
According to Mein Kampf, what were Hitler's views on "undesirables"?
Hitler stated that the destruction of the weak and sick is far more humane than their protection. Hitler believed in destroying "the weak" in order to provide the proper space and purity for the "strong".
How did Hitler become the chancellor of Germany?
In the July 1932 elections, the Nazis won 33 percent of the votes. After months of negotiations, the president of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg, decided to appoint Hitler as the chancellor of Germany.
Identify two (2) economic problems in the Weimar Republic.
Inflation and inability to pay reparations
Where did the Nanking Massacre take place?
Nanking, China
Was the Manchurian incident justified?
No it was not, the Japanese staged this event so that they would be able to give a reason for invading Manchuria in China. They didn't want the rest of the world and their own people thinking that they mindlessly invaded China, but it was for a reason.
Why were broadcasters and journalists required to receive prior approval before their works were disseminated?
Nothing was released that would make the Nazi party look bad.
