2.13 complex carbohydrates

Starch is

a complex carbohydrate made of hundred of units of glucose linked together in a specific way

cellulose is

a complex carbohydrate made up of many molecules of glucose linked together

plants do not use cellulose to store energy, they use it as

a structural molecule that forms the cell wall that gives plant cells shape and support

glycogen

another complex carbohydrate

in times of energy shortage, enzymes

attack the ends of the starch molecule, releasing glucose molecules one at a time for use by cells

after enzymes break down the starch into glucose, those molecules are then

available to enter the process of cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose into usable chemical energy

animals like cows have

cellulose busting bacteria that live in their stomachs

Cellulose is sometimes called

dietary fiber

different types of plants make

different types of starches

in times of energy demand, glycogen is

easily broken down into individual glucose molecules which can be then further broken down, so their stored energy can be converted into usable forms

when you eat plants where starch is stored, such as oats, potatoes, or rice grains, you

eat this starch and your body breaks it down into individual glucose molecules

amylase

enzyme that breaks down starch

some species of fungi produce

enzymes that break down cellulose

when glucose is released from starch molecules, it is

free to enter the chemical reactions that transform chemical energy in a glucose molecule into forms of energy your body can use for growth, development, and maintenance

the branching structure of starch relates to the

function of starch as a storage molecule

plants often make more ____________ that they need

glucose

animals, including humans, store glucose in a molecule called

glycogen

cecropia trees produce

glycogen, which is mainly found in animals

the glucose molecules in cellulose are

held together with a different type of chemical bond that the glucose molecules in starch which makes the bonds more difficult to break down

cellulose is an important part of your diet specifically because

it is not digested; it passes through your digest systems and helps you system function effectively

cellulose is an ideal structural molecule because

it's bonds are hard to break down

starch, cellulose, and glycogen are

large molecules made of hundreds, even thousands, of glucose molecules held together in different ways

like starch, glycogen is made up of

many glucose molecules bonded together

complex carbohydrates are made up of

many simple carbohydrate molecules linked together

branches of glucose chains provide

more ends where the enzyme can break down, or digest the starch, thus quickly releasing more glucose molecules

unlike starch, glycogen is a

more highly branched molecule

humans and animals store glycogen mainly in

muscle cells and liver cells

each type of starch consists of a different

number of glucose molecules and different patterns of branching, in which one chain of glucose molecules branches off of another

many of the fruits and vegetables you eat contain

organic molecules called complex carbohydrates which are polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates are

polysaccharides

fungi that can break down cellulose play an important role in

recycling dead trees and other plants in the forest

plants store extra glucose as a molecule called

starch

when energy is abundant, plants store __________

starch

cellulose gives plants

strength and support

glucose is

the sugar that is the key molecule in delivering chemical energy to cells

most animals can't use cellulose as a source of energy because

they don't have the enzymes to break down the bonds holding the molecule together

complex carbohydrates do what?

they store energy and provide strength and support to living things

termites have

bacteria in their guts that break down cellulose

most starch molecules have a

branching structure

when energy is scarce plants may

break down their stored starch, releasing glucose that then becomes available for the process of cellular respiration

specific enzymes in your body, such as amylase,

break the type of chemical bond that links glucose molecules together in starch molecules