2222 final

All of the following are common post-processing features with digital fluoroscopy EXCEPT a. last image hold (LIH). c. window level and width. b. digital subtraction. d. edge enhancement.

a

All of the following are true of the bone remodeling process EXCEPT: a. It is a balanced activity between the action of osteocytes and chondrocytes. b. It is influenced by hormones. c. Osteoclast activity in excess can result in a loss of bone mass. d. Osteoblast activity equals osteoclast activity in a healthy individual.

a

Cassette-based spot filming has been replaced by a. digital photospots. c. dry laser films. b. CCD chips. d. CR cassettes.

a

Fluoroscopy is a ____ x-ray examination. a. dynamic, real-time c. therapeutic b. static d. all of the above

a

Focal spots measuring 0.3 mm or less should be measured with a a. star test pattern. c. spinning top. b. pinhole camera. d. all of the above

a

Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT scanners offer tremendous clinical utility as a result of a. the fusion of high-resolution CT images with PET images showing functionality. b. the integration of CT images with the planar images from the gamma camera. c. no motion and contrast agent artifacts. d. none of the above

a

In mammography, the kVp commonly used in clinical practice varies between ____ kVp. a. 25 and 28 c. 35 and 40 b. 30 and 34 d. 55 and 60

a

Nearly all contemporary tomography currently is a. linear. c. multidirectional. b. polytomography. d. stratotomography.

a

Phantoms most commonly occur when the tube motion is ____ to the long axis of the structure. a. parallel c. tangential b. perpendicular d. all of the above

a

Radiopharmacies located within a hospital a. are commonly called "hot labs." b. need not conduct quality control as they know what they are producing as an eluate. c. require daily quality control testing by a NRC representative. d. all of the above

a

Radiotherapy treatment plans require a. an informed consent. b. a psychological examination. c. an assessment by a physical therapist. d. the patient to take a leave of absence from work.

a

The ____ is how well the detectors receive photons from the patient. a. capture efficiency c. conversion efficiency b. absorption efficiency d. response time

a

The amount of heat load an anode can tolerate for a sequence of exposures is known as a. short-term loading ability. c. tube-rate loading ability. b. continuous heat-loading ability. d. dose-dependent loading.

a

The likelihood of a bone fracture and bone integrity is best measured by a. assessing the bone mineral density (BMD). b. cortical thickness. c. the ratio between compact bone and spongy bone. d. basal metabolic rate (BMR).

a

The most common solution for quantum mottle is to a. increase the fluoro tube mA. b. decrease the fluoro tube mA. c. decrease the efficiency of the input screen. d. decrease the efficiency of the flux gain.

a

The principle of DXA scanning relies upon the a. attenuation of two discrete photon energy levels through soft tissue and bone. b. measurement of scatter energy from the patient at two energy levels. c. measurement of scatter photon energy subtracted from primary photon energy. d. ratio of Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation production.

a

Tomographic systems should be tested for each of the following EXCEPT a. automatic brightness control. b. completeness of motion. c. section depth indicator accuracy. d. section thickness accuracy.

a

What is required for an analog image intensifier to produce a digital image? a. CCD c. DICOM b. PACs d. LAN

a

A ____ artifact is caused by detector error. a. beam-hardening c. star b. ring d. streak

b

A generator must be recalibrated when the kVp drifts beyond ____ kVp of the labeled setting. a. 2 c. 10 b. 5 d. 12

b

All of the following are true of alpha and beta emissions EXCEPT: a. They produce ionizations. b. They are highly penetrating. c. They are unable to penetrate the outer layers of the skin. d. They have a mass and a charge.

b

Contemporary CT scanners use solid state detectors. These detectors utilize a. sodium iodide crystals. c. xenon gas. b. rare earth ceramic scintillators. d. freon gas.

b

DXA scanning relies on the assessment of BMD for an individual and compares this value to a. similar persons in the same age group. b. persons with peak bone mass in their twenties. c. persons with similar lifestyles and ethnicity. d. the BMD value from early childhood.

b

Digital detectors with a higher DQE will a. require more dose to image adequately. b. produce better images of small objects with low subject contrast. c. produce a higher S:N ratio. d. are not preferred for mammography due to dose.

b

During fluoroscopy, the SOD on a fixed unit cannot be less than ____ inches. a. 12 c. 20 b. 15 d. 40

b

Eighty percent of human skeletal mass is made up of a. cancellous bone. c. spongy bone. b. cortical bone. d. trabecular bone.

b

Flux gain a. improves image resolution due to the small penumbra created by the output phosphor crystals. b. deals with the gain resulting from the conversion of light at the output phosphor. c. is directly related to the input phosphor conversion efficiency. d. all of the above

b

Focal spots measuring 0.3 mm or more should be measured with a a. star test pattern. c. spinning top. b. pinhole camera. d. all of the above

b

Photoemissive materials absorb ____ and emit ____. a. x-ray photons; light photons c. light photons; x-ray photons b. light photons; electrons d. x-ray photons; electrons

b

Radiotherapy of the prostate is particularly difficult due to its a. small size. b. anatomical position between the rectum and bladder. c. radioresistance to high energy x-rays. d. inability to be visualized using IGRT.

b

Routine quality management procedures should be performed by the a. radiation physicist. c. chief radiologist. b. qualified radiographer. d. maintenance personnel

b

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is most effective with a. breast lesions. b. surgically inaccessible lesions. c. superficial tumors. d. colon cancers.

b

The ____ is how well the detectors convert incoming photons. a. capture efficiency c. conversion efficiency b. absorption efficiency d. response time

b

The amount of heat an anode can tolerate during a fluoroscopic exposure is known as ____ loading ability. a. short-term c. pulsed fluoro b. continuous-heat d. intermittent fluoro

b

The greater the distance from the fulcrum, the ____ the blurring. a. lesser c. thinner b. greater d. thicker

b

The largest hospital accreditation agency is the a. MSQA. c. SMDA. b. The Joint Commission. d. FDA.

b

The most commonly used fluoroscopic viewing system is a. mirrors. c. dry laser images. b. real-time video monitors. d. videotape.

b

The most recent generation of CT scanners use a ____ motion. a. translate-rotate c. linear b. helical d. elliptical

b

The scintillation crystal in an Anger camera is a. calcium tungstate. b. sodium iodide. c. sodium chloride-thalium activated. d. amorphous selenium.

b

The unit of radioactivity commonly used in nuclear medicine is the a. Becquerel. c. Tesla. b. Curie. d. Coulomb.

b

Unused radionuclides must be disposed of a. immediately after a patient injection. b. when the activity reaches background radiation levels. c. after the hospital RSO inspects the unused portion. d. after one additional half-life.

b

When using automatic brightness control (ABC), it is important to remember that a. image brightness is not dose related. b. a dark video image indicates photon starvation to the receptor. c. collimation and part placement do not impact video image quality. d. none of the above

b

A ____ artifact is caused by the presence of metal in the patient. a. beam-hardening c. star b. ring d. streak

c

A significant loss of bone mass and bone density results in the condition of a. osteopetrosis. b. osteochondritis dissecans. c. osteoporosis. d. osteoid osteoma.

c

All of the following are true of the fluoroscopic lead apron drape EXCEPT: a. It should be 0.25 mm Pb equivalent. b. It is designed to absorb a large percentage of patient scatter. c. It covers the Bucky slot in the table. d. It may be detached for specific cases.

c

Breast compression is applied at ____ pounds of force. a. 1 to 5 c. 25 to 45 b. 5 to 20 d. 50 to 60

c

CT scan pitch uses all of the following technical parameters EXCEPT a. slice thickness. c. acquisition mAs . b. 360-degree gantry rotation. d. table increment.

c

Electrostatic lenses are used to accelerate and focus a. light photons. c. electrons. b. x-ray photons. d. scattered photons.

c

For nuclear medicine personnel, the greatest source of occupational exposure to radiation comes from the a. hot lab. b. gamma camera. c. injected patient. d. radionuclide waste container.

c

Imaging gives the radiation therapist and oncologist a. a perspective of the shrinkage of the tumor as radiation is being administered. b. an opportunity to see if the patient's vital structures are being damaged during treatment sessions. c. the ability to compare the planned treatment field with the anatomy of the patient. d. the flexibility to adjust dosages during treatment sessions.

c

Most AECs utilize ____ ion chambers in various combinations. a. one c. three b. two d. four

c

Osteopenia occurs with a T-score of a. +1.9. c. -2.0. b. +2.5. d. -2.7.

c

Palliative treatment plans a. are intended to cure the patient's cancer condition. b. are administered in a single massive dosage. c. require fewer treatment sessions than curative plans. d. do not consider exposure reproducibility.

c

Presently, the only radiography examination fully regulated by the federal government is a. angiography. c. mammography. b. fluoroscopy. d. CT scanning.

c

The accuracy of single-phase generator time settings can be measured with a a. sensitometer. c. spinning top test. b. densitometer. d. penetrometer.

c

The anode material of choice for a mammography machine is a. lead. c. molybdenum. b. tungsten. d. none of the above

c

The biological half-life of a radionuclide takes into account its a. physical decay scheme. b. physical half-life. c. metabolism within the human body. d. effective half-life.

c

The exposure time during tomography must at least match the a. fulcrum height. b. section thickness. c. length of time required for the x-ray tube to complete the tomographic amplitude. d. interrogation time of the AEC.

c

The input screen is ____ in shape. a. oval c. concave b. elliptical d. convex

c

The localization image produced by the CT scanner is technically called a/an a. volume rendered image. c. scanogram. b. scout film. d. FOV image.

c

The nuclear medicine device used to determine the location and activity of a possible radionuclide spill is a/an a. dose calibrator. c. Geiger-Mueller counter. b. uptake probe. d. well counter.

c

The radiation dose during DXA studies a. is less for fan-beam scanners. b. is comparable to mammography. c. permits easy compliance with ALARA principles. d. requires lead protection in the walls of the exam room.

c

The range of CT numbers or Hounsfield Units varies from a. 100 to 300. c. -1000 to +3000. b. -100 to +300. d. 1000 to +3000.

c

The treatment planning process is typically completed a. using a linear accelerator. b. using a Cobalt radiotherapy unit. c. using a simulator. d. using an MR simulator.

c

The very first successful use of radiation energy to treat and cure a disease process was with a case of a. acne. c. retinoblastoma. b. psoriasis. d. melanoma.

c

To achieve coronal or sagittal sections, a. the gantry is repositioned. b. the patient is repositioned. c. reconfiguration software is implemented. d. none of the above

c

Tomography causes the blurring of nearly all recorded detail of objects outside the a. area above the fulcrum. c. focal plane. b. area below the fulcrum. d. amplitude.

c

What type of image acquisition is used mainly for cardiac catheterization? a. digital angiography b. digital subtraction angiography c. digital cineradiography d. cineangiographic imaging

c

When the backup time is reached during a breast exposure, the radiographer should select a ____ setting for the repeat radiograph. a. lower mAs c. higher kVp b. higher mAs d. lower kVp

c

Which of the following will permit a greater volume of contrast injection per unit of time? a. lower psi injection rates b. longer catheter lengths c. catheter side-holes d. higher viscosity of contrast media

c

A ____ artifact is caused by motion. a. beam-hardening c. star b. ring d. streak

d

Breast compression a. provides a more uniform film density. c. reduces magnification. b. improves visualization. d. all of the above

d

Breast tissue is made up of a. fatty tissue. c. fibrous tissue. b. glandular tissue. d. all of the above

d

Computed tomography sections are available as a. coronal. c. sagittal. b. transverse. d. all of the above

d

DXA scanning systems a. are classified as fan beam or pencil beam. b. may use a rare-earth filtered x-ray source. c. may employ a synchronous, high frequency generator to switch between photon energies. d. all of the above

d

Digital fluoroscopy is typically a. a progressive, pulsed fluoroscopic exposure. b. capable of producing higher contrast images. c. capable of 256 shades of gray through 8-bit processing. d. all of the above

d

Digital tomosynthesis in mammography a. uses a 40-degree rotation angle. b. acquires ten images of the breast per sweep. c. uses digital detector technology. d. all of the above

d

Electrostatic lenses are actually a. concave optical lenses. c. planar lenses. b. convex optical lenses. d. charged electrodes.

d

Flat panel digital detectors used for fluoroscopy use a. amorphous silicon as the digital detector. b. a cesium iodide scintillator. c. TFT technology. d. all of the above

d

Fluoroscopy is commonly used for observation of a. cardiovascular structures. c. the GI tract. b. a surgical procedure. d. all of the above

d

Input for the purchase of new radiographic equipment should include the a. radiologists. c. administrators. b. radiographers. d. all of the above

d

Mammography grids are a. linear. c. very low ratio. b. moving. d. all of the above

d

Mobile fluoroscopic systems are different from fixed systems in that they a. do not have a primary barrier. b. do not use video displays. c. have separate fluoroscopy and radiographic tubes. d. have a minimum SOD of 12 inches.

d

PET/CTs are considered a. hybrid machines. b. essential to fusion imaging. c. integral to treatment planning and staging. d. all of the above

d

Proton radiotherapy is particularly beneficial because of a. protons depositing their total energy within the target tissue. b. the positive charge of protons. c. the minimal scatter radiation produced with protons. d. all of the above

d

Radiotherapy treatments a. are treated as prescriptions. c. start with a consultation. b. require a physician's order. d. all of the above

d

Terms used to refer to the tomographic image include a. cut. c. slice. b. section. d. all of the above

d

Test tools for focal spot size estimation include each of the following EXCEPT a a. pinhole camera. c. line pair resolution tool. b. star test pattern. d. motorized synchronous top.

d

The CT console provides the radiographer access to a. the software program. c. data display. b. data acquisition. d. all of the above

d

The CT radiation beam is collimated a. at the tube exit. c. pre-patient and post-patient. b. at the detector entrance. d. all of the above

d

The isotope of choice for most nuclear medicine medical procedures is a. Gallium-67. c. Fluorine-18. b. Iodine-131. d. Technetium-99m.

d

The major quality problem of linear tomography is changing a. SID. c. SOD. b. OID. d. all of the above

d

The most common therapy unit is the a. Cobalt-60 gamma unit. c. tomotherapy unit. b. CT simulator. d. linear accelerator.

d

The most commonly measured anatomical structures in DXA scanning are the a. wrist and shoulder. c. pelvis and spine. b. ankle and knee. d. hip and spine.

d

The object tomographed at the area located at the fulcrum is a. minified. c. streaked. b. blurred. d. sharp.

d

The primary ____ occurs from the acceleration and focusing of the electron beam. a. phosphorescence c. magnification b. minification d. brightness gain

d

The primary mathematical method used in the creation of computerized medical images is the ____ transformation. a. interpolation c. algorithm b. Hounsfield d. Fourier

d

The resorption of bone is carried out by the action of a. osteocytes. c. osteoblasts. b. lacunae. d. osteoclasts.

d

The type of generators used in dedicated mammography machines allows very precise control of a. kVp. c. time. b. mA. d. all of the above

d

Vascular imaging generators should have the capacity to deliver ____ mA. a. 50 c. 300 b. 100 d. 1,000

d