231 Image production 3 Final
The positive beam limiting device (PBL) assures that the x-ray beam is collimated to __________________. a. the image receptor size b. the exact part size c. 1 cm outside image receptor size d. 1 cm inside image receptor size
1 cm outside image receptor size
An aluminum step wedge is placed on a tissue phantom that is 20 cm thick and a radiograph is made. Without a grid, analysis of the radiograph shows a 1.7% contrast. With a 8:1 grid, radiographic contrast is 2.4%. What is the contrast improvement factor of this grid? a. 2.6 b. 1.9 c. 1.4 d. 2
1.4
What is the typical number of projections in DRT? a. 10 to 25 b. 26 to 40 c. 41 to 60 d. 1 to 9
10 to 25
During digital radiographic tomosynthesis (DRT), what is the range of the sweep angle of the x-ray tube? a. 10 to 50 degrees b. 5 to 25 degrees c. 10 to 25 degrees d. 0 to 5 degrees
10 to 50 degrees
A perfect image processing system would have an MTF of Select one: a. 1%. b. 10%. c. 100%. d. 1000%.
100%.
A grid is constructed with 40-μm strips and a 250-μm interspace. What percentage of x-rays incident on the grid will be absorbed by its entrance surface? a. 11.5% b. 14% c. 10% d. 12.5%
14%
What size is the average CR or DR image file per image? a. 200 MB b. 10 KB c. 20 MB d. 100 KB
20 MB
What is the brightness gain for a 17-cm image-intensifier tube with a flux gain of 100 and a 2.5-cm output phosphor? a. 4,624 b. 4,000 c. 5,000 d. 3,654
4,624
A grid is fabricated of 25-μm lead grid strips sandwiched between interspace material that is 300-μm thick. The height of the grid is 1.2 mm. What is the grid ratio? a. 16:1 b. 8:1 c. 4:1 d. 12:1
4:1
What is the milliamperage used during fluoroscopy? a. 5 mA b. 50 mA c. 1 mA d. 100 mA
5 mA
Light produced at the output phosphor of the image intensifier has been increased __________ times in intensity. a. 100 to 300 b. 20 to 35 c. 50 to 75 d. 5 to 10
50 to 75
What is the typical source to image receptor distance in DRT? a. 41 to 59 cm b. 20 to 40 cm c. 60 to 100 cm d. 100 or more cm
60 to 100 cm
A grid is fabricated of 30-micrometer lead grid strips sandwiched between interspace material that is 300-micrometers thick. The height of the grid is 2.4 mm. What is the grid ratio? a. 12:1 b. 8:1 c. 10:1 d. 16:1
8:1
Which kVp selection would result in the most scattered x-rays in the image-forming beam? a. 50 kVp b. 75 kVp c. 60 kVp d. 90 kVp
90 kVp
Which two factors determine image receptor speed and patient radiation dose? a. Pixel size and atomic number b. Element thickness and pixel size c. Element thickness and image receptor d. Atomic number and element thickness
Atomic number and element thickness
The first full-scale PACS was installed in 1993 in Select one: a. Boston. b. Philadelphia. c. New York. d. Baltimore.
Baltimore.
A Bucky apparatus is required for DR. Select one: a. True b. False
False
Artifacts are an acceptable part of digital imaging. Select one: True False
False
Automatic rescaling can be substituted for appropriate technical factors. Select one: a. True b. False
False
It is a safe practice to keep CR cassettes in a "radiation safe" area of an x-ray suite during exams. Select one: True False
False
MTF is a way to quantify the contribution of each system component and the component's overall efficiency. Select one: a. True b. False
False
Shuttering removes the dark exposed border, reducing the amount of information to be stored. Select one: a. True b. False
False
Similar to CR, DR can use the existing diagnostic equipment found in today's imaging departments. Select one: a. True b. False
False
When switching from a conventional diagnostic radiography room to one that incorporates CR, major equipment changes are to be expected. Select one: a. True b. False
False
__________________ is done during preprocessing to correct for an irregular pattern over the image. a. Flatfielding b. Partitioning c. Signal erasure d. Lossy compression
Flatfielding
In reference to PSP image capture, to release the latent image, which of the following devices is scanned over the phosphor plate? Select one: a. Photomultiplier tube b. Fluorescent light c. Focused laser light d. Lithium crystal
Focused laser light
The measurement for radiation that was incident on the image receptor for a particular exposure is known as Select one: a. Gy. b. KSTD. c. KIND. d. KTGT.
KIND.
The first digital radiographic tomosynthesis (DRT) appeared in which modality? a. Surgery b. Pain management c. Mammography d. Computed tomography
Mammography
Air kerma is the measurement of radiation energy absorbed in a unit of air. Select one: a. True b. False
True
DICOM is a standard that allows imaging modalities and PACS to communicate in the same language. Select one: a. True b. False
True
Digital radiographic tomosynthesis (DRT) was not possible until the digital image receptor became available. Select one: True False
True
Digital radiographic tomosynthesis has its own artifacts-blurred ripple and truncation. Select one: True False
True
Indirect capture DR converts absorbed x-ray energy into visible light. Select one: a. True b. False
True
The reflection of ambient light can be problematic with monochromatic monitors. Select one: a. True b. False
True
The shape of the histogram is anatomy specific. Select one: a. True b. False
True
Which two modalities could easily be converted to digital imaging properties? Select one: a. CT and ultrasonography b. CT and MRI c. Ultrasonography and nuclear medicine d. Nuclear medicine and CT
Ultrasonography and nuclear medicine
How can you improve image contrast with a heavy patient without increasing patient dose? a. Lower kVp and raise mAs. b. Raise kVp and lower mAs. c. Use tight collimation. d. lower kVp and raise mAs and use tight collimation
Use tight collimation.
In a DR system, which of the following are needed to produce a radiographic image? Select one: a. X-ray absorber and a CCD b. Intensifying screen and a TFT c. Storage phosphor plate and a CCD d. Storage phosphor plate and a TFT
X-ray absorber and a CCD
Computed radiography cassettes can sit for ____________ between exposures. a. a few hours b. up to 1 year c. an unlimited time d. a few days
a few days
How many bytes are needed to store one alphanumeric character? Select one: a.1 b.8 c.32 d.64
a. 1
The range of kVp that can be used with PSP systems is Select one: a. 45-120. b. 55-130. c. 65-120. d. 75-130.
a. 45-120.
A device that acts like a camera in an indirect conversion detector is known as a Select one: a. CCD. b. field-effect transistor. c. CMOS d. thin-field transistor.
a. CCD.
The indirect conversion detector system that requires optical coupling and image size reduction is known as a Select one: a. CCD. b. field-effect transistor. c. CMOS. d. thin-field transistor.
a. CCD.
_______ turn semi-conductors into full electrical conductors. Select one: a. Dopants b. Amplifiers c. Positive transistors d. Negative transistors
a. Dopants
Loss of detail in a digitally processed image Select one: a. occurs because of the number of conversions. b. is extremely minimal compared with film/screen. c. is equal to film/screen. d. has almost no impact on the image.
a. occurs because of the number of conversions.
The ______ converts x-ray energy directly to a digital electrical signal. Select one: a. photoconductor b. photomultiplier c. scintillator d. TLD
a. photoconductor
Annual testing and acceptance testing should be performed by a Select one: a.physicist. b.technologist. c.physician. d.All of the above
a. physicist
Scintillators are phosphors that Select one: a. produce light when absorbing x-rays. b. produce x-rays when absorbing light. c. absorb light and produce electrical charges. d. absorb x-rays and produce electrical charges.
a. produce light when absorbing x-rays.
The most common types of noise that affects image quality include all of the following except Select one: a. quantum noise. b. statistical noise. c. "dark" current noise. d. amplification noise.
a. quantum noise.
Reestablishing baseline values is the responsibility of the Select one: a.radiation physicist. b.radiologist. c.technologist. d.service personnel.
a. rad physicist
The laser scans the imaging plate in a ______ pattern. Select one: a. raster b. horizontal c. circular d. random
a. raster
Demagnification is Select one: a. reducing the phosphor output image to the size of the active area of the CCD. b. reducing the field size of the CCD detector. c. reducing the amount of light spread from the scintillator. d. None of the above
a. reducing the phosphor output image to the size of the active area of the CCD.
Testing that can catch problems before they may become radiographically apparent is called ______ maintenance. Select one: a.routine b.acceptance c.error d.All of the above
a. routine
Benefits to gathering health information include Select one: a.storing information in an indestructible manner. b.sharing information for financial gain. c.decrease in workflow. d.willingness of users to learn new technology
a. storing information in an indestructible manner
The first line of defense in preventing, recognizing, and reporting QC is the Select one: a.technologist. b.radiologist. c.physicist. d.service personnel.
a. technologist
Testing the system display is the responsibility of the Select one: a.technologist. b.service engineer. c.radiation physicist. d.radiologist.
a. technologist ?
In an effort to display the pixels for the area of interest when exposure is greater or less than what is needed to produce an image, ______ occurs. Select one: a. overexposure b. underexposure c. automatic collimation d. automatic rescaling
automatic rescaling
Manufacturers make efforts to maintain a standard of less than ________ defective pixels. Select one: a. 0.01-0.02% b. 0.1-0.2% c. 1-2% d. None of the above
b. 0.1-0.2%
All flat-panel detector systems have the ability to take images faster than the detector can accommodate. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
Dry imagers use chemicals to process the films. Select one: a.True b.False
b. False
Grid lines projected onto the imaging plate will not interfere with the image. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
Images should be marked only with computerized markers. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
It is acceptable to replace collimation with shuttering. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
Less kVp is needed with conventional radiographic screens than is necessary for PSP systems. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
One major advantage of wet imagers is that they only require an electrical outlet and a network connection. Select one: a.True b.False
b. False
The 2-D array determines whether the imager is direct conversion or indirect conversion. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
The greatest advantage of a laser digitizer is its expense and service needs. Select one: a.True b.False
b. False
The polysilicon layer within a CCD acts as an insulator. Select one: a. True b. False
b. False
"Legislation providing data privacy and security for medical information" is the definition of Select one: a.HITECH. b.HIPAA. c.ARRA. d.None of the above
b. HIPPA
The system that contains patient information, billing records, and inpatient orders is the Select one: a.RIS. b.HIS. c.EMR. d.PACS.
b. HIS
Which of the following can be done to decrease the chance of having image lag occur in the next image? Select one: a. Decrease the amount of time between exposures. b. Increase the amount of time between exposures. c. Leave collimation open. d. Acquire the image requiring the highest technical factors first.
b. Increase the amount of time between exposures.
Which advanced function is used most often in computed tomography to visualize contrast medium-filled vessels separate from the surrounding tissue? Select one: a.MPR b.MIP c.MinIP d.SSD
b. MIP
Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Quantum efficiency and detective quantum efficiency are the same. b. Quantum efficiency will affect detective quantum efficiency. c. Quantum efficiency has no effect on detective quantum efficiency. d. Quantum efficiency is the absolute efficiency of the amount of light collected.
b. Quantum efficiency will affect detective quantum efficiency.
Which of the following statements about scintillators is true? Select one: a. All scintillators absorb the same amount of x-ray photons. b. The amount of x-rays absorbed depends on the type of scintillator. c. Structured phosphors produce more light spread. d. Unstructured phosphors are more efficient.
b. The amount of x-rays absorbed depends on the type of scintillator.
Which of the following is used as a photoconductor? Select one: a. Gd2O2S b. a-Se c. a-Si:H d. Cesium Iodide (CsI)
b. a-Se
The exposure indicator number is Select one: a. an accurate measure of the patient dose. b. an indication of radiation absorbed by the imaging plate. c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B
b. an indication of radiation absorbed by the imaging plate.
When insufficient light is produced by the imaging plate phosphor, the image will Select one: a. not be formed. b. be grainy. c. be dark. d. be detailed.
b. be grainy.
The imaging plate layer that absorbs stimulating light and reflects emitted light is the ______ layer. Select one: a. active b. color c. reflective d. backing
b. color
Clinical applications for CCDs include all of the following except Select one: a. digital fluoroscopy. b. computed tomography fluoroscopy. c. digital mammography. d. general radiography.
b. computed tomography fluoroscopy.
The ability of a digital system to display subtle changes in shades of gray is called Select one: a.image quality. b.contrast resolution. c.spatial resolution. d.dynamic range.
b. contrast resolution
Clinical applications for CCDs include all of the following except Select one: a.digital fluoroscopy. b.computed tomography fluoroscopy. c.digital mammography. d.general radiography.
b. ct fluoro
Which of the following is a CQI activity? Select one: a.Monitoring image transfer speeds b.Documenting nondiagnostic images c.Performing routine maintenance d.Monitoring testing
b. documenting nondiagnostic images
A device that acts like a switch to send electrical charges to the image processor in a direct conversion flat-panel detector is known as a ______ transistor. Select one: a. thin-field b. field-effect c. thin-film d. field-energy
b. field-effect
Image orientation can be difficult because of a lack of ______ the cassette. Select one: a.markers indicating the tube side of b.identification blocker on c.Both A and B d.Neither A nor B
b. id blocker on
Grid use for PSP examinations is more critical than in film/screen radiography because CR Select one: a. examinations produce more scatter. b. imaging plates record more densities. c. imaging plates record less scatter. d. examinations require much higher kVp values.
b. imaging plates record more densities.
A barcode reader is a type of _______ device. Select one: a.processing b.input c.output
b. input
On a weekly basis, a designated QC technologist may perform all of the following tests except Select one: a.image acquisition testing with phantoms. b.cassette integrity with special standardized cassettes. c.recording and reporting all problems immediately. d.cleaning air intakes on the image plate reader.
c
Which of the following measurements are commonly found on a PACS workstation?1. ROI2. Distance3. Angle Select one: a.1 and 2 b.1 and 3 c.2 and 3 d.1, 2, and 3
d. 1,2, and 3
When specialized pixels in a complementary metal oxide silicon system are struck with x-ray photons Select one: a. the x-ray photons are converted into light. b. light photons are stored in capacitors. c. light photons are converted into electrical charges. d. All of the above
d. All of the above
A Gd2O2S scintillator is known as what type of phosphor? Select one: a. Turbid b. Unstructured c. Structured d. Both A and B
d. Both A and B
All of the following statements are true except: Select one: a. As the detector ages, the number of dead pixels increases. b. Software programs identify and isolate dead pixels. c. Interpolation uses information from surrounding pixels to "fill in" missing information. d. Dead pixels at the edge of the detector are easily identified.
d. Dead pixels at the edge of the detector are easily identified.
Which function can be used to orient the image in the anatomic hanging position? Select one: a.Pan and zoom b.ROI c.Annotations d.Flip and rotate
d. Flip and rotate
Which statement best describes a charge-coupled device (CCD)? Select one: a. It is the oldest direct conversion technology that is still in use today. b. It is the oldest direct conversion technology with limited use today. c. It is the oldest indirect conversion technology that is no longer used in medical imaging. d. It is the oldest indirect conversion technology used in a variety of image capture applications.
d. It is the oldest indirect conversion technology used in a variety of image capture applications.
Some advantages to CCDs include Select one: a. less expensive to manufacture. b. module design makes repairs and upgrades easy. c. demagnification capabilities. d. a and c only. e. All of the above
d. a and c only.
Photoconductors are materials that Select one: a. produce light when absorbing x-rays. b. produce x-rays when absorbing light. c. absorb light and produce electric charges. d. absorb x-rays and produce electrical charges.
d. absorb x-rays and produce electrical charges.
Testing performed before newly installed or majorly repaired equipment can be accepted by the department is called ______ testing. Select one: a.routine b.error c.problem d.acceptance
d. acceptance
A conceptual model of data includes Select one: a.temperature. b.blood pressure. c.weight. d.All of the above
d. all of the above
Electronic health records (EHRs) include which of the following? Select one: a.Easy navigation through the patient's records b.Immediate availability of entered information c.Pull down selection lists d.All of the above
d. all of the above
Health informatics includes which of the following? Select one: a.Acquisition of health care information b.Storage of health care information c.Retrieval of health care information d.All of the above
d. all of the above
Information technology includes Select one: a.hardware. b.data algorithms. c.software. d.All of the above
d. all of the above
Positioning errors may be the cause of incorrect processing due to mistakes in Select one: a.part-to-plate position. b.collimation. c.alignment. d.All of the above
d. all of the above
TJC accreditation is necessary for a hospital to Select one: a.hold certain licenses. b.obtain reimbursements from insurance companies. c.receive malpractice insurance. d.All of the above
d. all of the above
The EHR may include Select one: a.patient risk information. b.vital signs. c.calculators. d.All of the above
d. all of the above
The purpose of a QC monitor test pattern is to evaluate Select one: a.image resolution. b.image distortion. c.artifacts. d.All of the above
d. all of the above
Where can QC standards be found for monitoring a PACS system? Select one: a.American College of Radiology b.American Association of Physicists in Medicine c.The equipment vendor d.All of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following describes a super user? Select one: a.Someone trained on all aspects of the system b.Someone prepared to train others c.Someone who sets up ongoing training programs d.All of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following is true regarding EHRs? Select one: a.Structured data b.Unstructured data c.Eliminates the issue of interpreting handwriting styles d.All of the above
d. all of the above
Three major categories of QC testing that can be used at various times include Select one: a.routine testing, acceptance testing, and problem maintenance. b.error testing, problem maintenance, and routine maintenance. c.acceptance testing, routine maintenance, and error maintenance. d.problem testing, acceptance maintenance, and routine maintenance.
c
How many bits make up four bytes? Select one: a.8 b.16 c.32 d.64
c. 32
Which of the following flat-panel detector technologies was developed by NASA? Select one: a. CCD b. Field-effect transistor c. CMOS d. Thin-field transistor
c. CMOS
A detector in which each pixel has its own amplifier is known as a Select one: a. CCD. b. field-effect transistor. c. CMOS. d. thin-field transistor.
c. CMOS.
A highly efficient indirect conversion system that takes up less fill space than CCDs is known as a(n) Select one: a. analog to digital converter. b. field-effect transistor. c. CMOS. d. thin-field transistor.
c. CMOS.
"The overall efficiency and effectiveness of imaging systems evaluated beyond the mechanics of producing radiographic images" is a definition of Select one: a.QC. b.QA. c.CQI. d.quality activities.
c. CQI
Another name for quality management is Select one: a.quality control (QC). b.quality assurance (QA). c.continuous quality improvement (CQI). d.None of these
c. CQI
Which function allows the user to move through a series of images frame by frame? Select one: a.Pan and zoom b.Hanging protocol c.Cine d.Both A and B
c. Cine
The almost universally accepted standard for exchanging medical images is known as Select one: a.NEMA. b.ACR. c.DICOM. d.TCP/IP.
c. DICOM
Health information "that can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one health care organization" is the definition of Select one: a.CMR. b.ECIS. c.EHR. d.All of the above
c. EHR
Which one of the following serves to protect against static build-up, dust collection, and mechanical damage to the imaging plate? Select one: a. Aluminum backing b. Lightweight plastic c. Felt material d. Cassette front
c. Felt material
All of the following are major operating systems except Select one: a.Windows. b.Macintosh. c.Hologic. d.UNIX/Linux.
c. Hologic
Which statement best describes a capacitor? Select one: a. It converts x-ray photons to light. b. It converts light to an electrical charge and stores it. c. It converts x-ray photons to light and stores it. d. It stores light and converts it from an analog to a digital signal.
c. It converts x-ray photons to light and stores it.
"Write once, read many" is represented by which of the following identifiers? Select one: a.ROM b.RO c.R d.RW
c. R
Which of the following should be considered when selecting the PSP cassette? Select one: a. Size and speed b. Type and speed c. Size and type d. None of these
c. Size and type
Which of the following is not considered a scintillator? Select one: a. Gd2O2S b. CsI c. a-Se d. None of the above
c. a-Se
The layer of the imaging plate that traps electrons during exposure is the ______ layer. Select one: a. protective b. reflective c. active d. support
c. active
Quantum efficiency is a measurement of the Select one: a. amount of electron-hole pairs held by the electrostatic force. b. percentage of light that is absorbed. c. amount of electrons produced relative to the incident light from the scintillator. d. total amount of light that is absorbed.
c. amount of electrons produced relative to the incident light from the scintillator.
Quality aspects to be evaluated in radiology include ______-centered characteristics. Select one: a.people b.product c.Both of the above d.Neither of the above
c. both of the above
Barriers to gathering health information include Select one: a.storing information in an indestructible manner. b.access to information by clinicians. c.cost of technology. d.access to information by patients.
c. cost of technology
Three general areas that define digital image quality include all but which one of the following? Select one: a.Contrast b.Resolution c.Distance d.Noise
c. distance
The purpose of a personal repeat rate log is to Select one: a.provide analysis of repeat cost. b.prevent repeats. c.establish error trends. d.prove poor technologist performance.
c. establish error trends
The most fragile type of network connection is Select one: a.coaxial. b.twisted pair. c.fiber optic. d.infrared.
c. fiber optic
The components that focus the signal from the scintillators to the CCD are called Select one: a. detector elements. b. capacitors. c. fiber optics. d. analog-digital converters.
c. fiber optics.
A look-up table maps Select one: a. latent images. b. subject contrasts. c. image grayscale values. d. optical density.
c. image grayscale values.
When compared with a CMOS, CCDs Select one: a. are less light sensitive. b. are more susceptible to noise. c. use more than 100 times the power. d. are inexpensive to manufacture.
c. use more than 100 times the power.
Another way to distribute digital images around the hospital is Select one: a.polaroid image. b.digital camera. c.wet/dry laser imagers. d.All of the above
c. wet/dry laser imagers
Storage capacity for early hard drives was Select one: a.10 GB. b.100 GB. c.10 MB. d.100 MB.
c.10 MB.
Which term describes the act of keeping a complete copy of the archive in another remote location? Select one: a.ASP b.SAN c.Disaster recovery d.All of the above
c.Disaster recovery
What term is used to describe a database that is running two identical databases simultaneously? Select one: a.Image manager b.Server c.Mirrored d.Striped
c.Mirrored
In which network type is each computer on the network considered equal? Select one: a.Server based b.Client based c.Peer to peer d.None of the above
c.Peer to peer
Which advanced function allows the user to put multiple images together into one single image, such as in a scoliosis series? Select one: a.Image post processing b.MPR c.Stitching d.VRT
c.Stitching
Which workstation is used to review images after acquisition but before being sent off for reporting? Select one: a.Primary reading b.Referring physician c.Technologist QC d.Image management
c.Technologist QC
Which advanced function uses a histogram-type graph to differentiate various structures using different colors that represent each of the intensities in the image? Select one: a.MPR b.MIP c.VRT d.SSD
c.VRT
A server is Select one: a.any computer that needs a server for task completion. b.a computer that works independently of the network. c.a computer that manages resources for other computers. d.All of the above
c.a computer that manages resources for other computers.
Other than printing films, another alternative would be to Select one: a.digitize the image into the PACS. b.have the physician come to the hospital to view the images. c.burn images to an optical disk. d.do both A and B.
c.burn images to an optical disk.
The system that holds a specific patient's lab results, radiology reports, and physician notes is the Select one: a.RIS. b.HIS. c.electronic medical record (EMR). d.picture archival and communication system (PACS).
c.electronic medical record (EMR).
The basic picture element is known as a Select one: a.matrix. b.dot. c.pixel. d.bit.
c.pixel.
If the number of ______ increase(s) on a monitor, resolution _______. Select one: a.pixels; decreases b.matrices; decreases c.pixels; improves d.dot pitch; improves
c.pixels; improves
The number of pixels contained on a display is known as Select one: a.matrix. b.pixel. c.resolution. d.dot pitch.
c.resolution
Lossy compression is used to Select one: a.increase image detail. b.decrease compression values. c.shrink file size. d.reduce image degradation.
c.shrink file size.
The system clock uses a Select one: a.lithium battery. b.quartz battery. c.vibrating quartz crystal. d.vibrating lithium crystal.
c.vibrating quartz crystal
Each anatomical part has an image histogram with a(n) _______________ shape. a. S-curve b. round c. identical d. characteristic
characteristic
The use of __________ improves contrast and reduces patient dose. a. high kVp b. less filtration c. low kVp d. collimation
collimation
The ability of the eye to detect differences in brightness levels is termed ___________. a. photopic vision b. visual acuity c. scotopic vision d. contrast perception
contrast perception
The ability of a digital system to display subtle changes in shades of gray is called Select one: a. image quality. b. contrast resolution. c. spatial resolution. d. dynamic range.
contrast resolution.
Window width controls the ratio of black and white, also known as Select one: a. window. b. level. c. contrast. d. matrix.
contrast.
Film and intensifying screens are primarily used in Select one: a. computed radiography (CR). b. digital radiography (DR). c. conventional radiography. d. picture archival and communication systems.
conventional radiography.
A clinical decision support system is designed to help clinicians make decisions by utilizing a large database for Select one: a.possible diagnosis. b.recommended treatments. c.recommended assessments. d.All of the above
d. all the above
Which of the following is a component of the EHR? Select one: a.Clinical Decision Support System b.Electronic calculations c.Patient lists and registries d.All of the above
d. all the above
The type of flat-panel detector that uses thin films of silicon integrated with arrays of photodiodes is known as a(n) Select one: a. CsI detector. b. charge-coupled device. c. CMOS. d. amorphous silicon detector.
d. amorphous silicon detector.
The active element in a storage phosphor is Select one: a.lithium. b.glutaraldehyde. c.europium. d.barium fluorohalide.
d. barium fluorohalide
General system inspection includes all of the following except Select one: a.cleanliness of cassettes. b.hinge and latch inspection. c.erasure of imaging plates. d.cleaning the CRT.
d. cleaning the crt
Lossless and lossy are different types of Select one: a.image transfer comparisons. b.monitor testing methods. c.PACS systems. d.compression ratios.
d. compression ratios
Detector performance is measured with all of the following except Select one: a. spatial resolution. b. observation of flow contrast objects in a phantom. c. DQE. d. contrast.
d. contrast.
Quantum mottle is caused by Select one: a. excessive mA-s. b. excessive kVp. c. insufficient distance. d. insufficient light
d. insufficient light
To make a valid performance measure in any QC activity, documentation must be Select one: a.written in ink. b.performed by the manager. c.kept in a notebook. d.kept up to date.
d. keep up to date
The topology on which the Internet is based is the Select one: a.hub. b.star. c.ring. d.mesh.
d. mesh
After you perform a test function for workstation processing speed, the next step is to measure and Select one: a.move to the next step. b.schedule the next test. c.evaluate the image quality. d.note the speed.
d. note the speed
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the EHR? Select one: a.Software requirements b.Workflow change c.Hardware requirements d.One-on-one interactions
d. one on one
High-pass filtering is useful for enhancing Select one: a.small structures. b.fine bone tissues. c.large bony structures. d.organs and soft tissue.
d. organs and soft tissue
Preventive maintenance is performed Select one: a.daily. b.weekly. c.monthly. d.semiannually.
d. semiannually
The reflective layer Select one: a. absorbs and reduces static. b. gives the imaging sheet strength. c. protects the back of the cassette. d. sends light in a forward direction.
d. sends light in a forward direction.
If the hinges of a cassette are broken, they can be fixed by the Select one: a.technologist. b.radiologist. c.radiation physicist. d.service personnel.
d. service personnel
Daily/monthly display monitor testing can be completed by Select one: a.physicists only. b.technologists only. c.physicists and physicians. d.technologists and physicists.
d. technologists and physicists
The readout process requires that _______ and _______. Select one: a. electrons flow freely when the gates are open; voltage stays consistent b. the flow of electrons is timed; voltage stays consistent c. electrons flow freely when the gates are open; multiple voltage changes occur d. the flow of electrons is timed; multiple voltage changes occur
d. the flow of electrons is timed; multiple voltage changes occur
Possible causes of image lag include all except Select one: a. rapid succession images. b. overexposure. c. lack of beam attention. d. underexposure.
d. underexposure.
Flat-panel detectors that use indirect conversion technology convert Select one: a. electrical signals to light. b. light to x-rays. c. x-rays to electrical signals. d. x-rays to visible light.
d. x-rays to visible light.
A PACS consists of 1. image acquisition. 2. display workstation. 3. archive servers. Select one: a.1 and 2 b.1 and 3 c.2 and 3 d.1, 2, and 3
d.1, 2, and 3
What factors might be used when determining the best type of monitor for each workstation? 1. Resolution 2. Size 3. Monitor orientation Select one: a.1 and 2 b.1 and 3 c.2 and 3 d.1, 2, and 3
d.1, 2, and 3
Which of the following would be considered categories of workstation functions?1. Navigation2. Image manipulation and enhancement3. Image management Select one: a.1 and 2 b.1 and 3 c.2 and 3 d.1, 2, and 3
d.1, 2, and 3
The information storage capacity of a DVD is ______ times more than that of a CD. Select one: a.1 b.3 c.5 d.7
d.7
Two or more objects sharing resources and information or computers, terminals, and servers interconnected by communication channels is a definition of a Select one: a.local area network (LAN). b.wide area network (WAN). c.computer network. d.All of the above
d.All of the above
Which component of the archive consists of the physical storage devices? Select one: a.Image storage b.Archive server c.Image manager d.Both A and B
d.Both A and B
Which is the most interactive part of a PACS? Select one: a.Archive b.Image manager c.Web server d.Display workstation
d.Display workstation
Which workstation might be used to print copies of images or burn images to a CD for outside use? Select one: a.Primary reading b.Referring physician c.Technologist QC d.Image management
d.Image management
Which picture archival and communication system (PACS) component interfaces with the radiology information system and hospital information system? Select one: a.Image storage b.Archive server c.Application service provider (ASP) d.Image manager
d.Image manager
The fastest and most versatile port is the Select one: a.parallel port. b.serial port. c.USB. d.SCSI.
d.SCSI.
Which advanced function allows the user to remove all tissue above and below a certain threshold and to show the object in three-dimensions for better visualization? Select one: a.MPR b.MIP c.MinIP d.SSD
d.SSD
Any computer that a health care worker uses to view a digital image is a(n) Select one: a.archive. b.Web server. c.image manager. d.display workstation.
d.display workstation.
A database that keeps track of how the images are related and provides search capability is a(n) Select one: a.workflow manager. b.security manager. c.image storage. d.image manager.
d.image manager.
The biggest advantages of wireless networks are Select one: a.the size and shape of transmitters. b.the cost and location from source. c.wall thickness and composition. d.mobility and convenience.
d.mobility and convenience.
In a bus network Select one: a.redundancy is built in with multiple connections. b.devices are connected to a central hub. c.a token is transmitted around the ring. d.no switches of hubs are necessary.
d.no switches of hubs are necessary.
A dot triad is a grouping of Select one: a.one red dot, one green dot, and one yellow dot. b.one green dot, one blue dot, and one yellow dot. c.one red dot, one blue dot, and one yellow dot. d.one green dot, one blue dot, and one red dot.
d.one green dot, one blue dot, and one red dot.
RAM is Select one: a.permanent for the CPU. b.long term for open programs. c.temporary for the CPU. d.short term for open programs.
d.short term for open programs.
During preprocessing, the digital output of the image receptor may need to be manipulated to correct for _________________. a. image blur b. ghost images c. radiation fatigue d. dead pixels
dead pixels
The improper algorithm application may result in Select one: a. enhanced contrast. b. improved resolution. c. repeat examinations. d. degradation of the image.
degradation of the image.
The number of bits per pixel is known as bit Select one: a. pitch. b. depth. c. height. d. width.
depth.
The efficiency of a system to convert x-ray input signal into a useful output image is known as Select one: a. dynamic range. b. spatial resolution. c. latitude. d. detective quantum efficiency.
detective quantum efficiency.
Multiple numeric values divided into an array of small elements capable of being processed is the definition of _____ images. Select one: a. analog b. digital c. medical d. radiographic
digital
Fluoroscopy was developed so that radiologists could view ______________ images. a. dynamic b. darkened c. magnified d. static
dynamic
Exposure latitude is to conventional radiography as _______ is to DR. Select one: a. characteristic response b. linear manner c. subject contrast d. dynamic range
dynamic range
A system's ability to respond to varying levels of exposure, resulting in more detail, is referred to as Select one: a. spatial resolution. b. dynamic range. c. contrast resolution. d. dynamic resolution.
dynamic range.
Amplification of the frequencies of the areas of interest is known as Select one: a. algorithm application. b. center enhancement. c. edge enhancement. d. masking.
edge enhancement.
Intensifying screens Select one: a. absorb light. b. emit light. c. absorb scatter. d. emit positive electrons.
emit light.
Factors that can adversely affect the pixel values expressed in the deviation index include all of the following except Select one: a. gonadal shielding within the image. b. a prosthesis within the image. c. failure of the system to recognize the exposure indicator. d. failure of the system to recognize the collimated border.
failure of the system to recognize the exposure indicator.
Meaningful Use is a Medicare/Medicaid program that penalizes the use of certified electronic health records (EHR) to improve patient care. Select one: a.True b.False
false
The American Association of Physicists in Medicine has established the set of QC parameters for all digital imaging systems. Select one: a.True b.False
false
Scatter radiation increases as ___________________ increases. a. contrast b. field size c. photoelectric absorption d. filtration
field size
Scatter radiation increases as ___________________ increases. a. photoelectric absorption b. field size c. contrast d. filtration
field size
The software correction that equalizes the response of each pixel to a uniform exposure of x-rays is called _______________. a. histogram selection b. flatfielding c. lossless compression d. lossy compression
flatfielding
Which is/are done to the image during preprocessing? I. Lossless compression II. Partitioning III. Flatfielding a. flatfielding b. partitioning c. Lossless compression d. Lossy compression
flatfielding
The ratio of x-rays incident on the input phosphor to light photons exiting the output phosphor is called _______ gain. a. brightness b. minification c. magnification d. flux
flux
Visual acuity in the eye is greatest at the ___________, where _____ are concentrated. a. fovea centralis; rods b. fovea centralis; cones c. retinal periphery; cones d. retinal periphery; rods
fovea centralis; cones
A graph of the frequency of occurrence versus digital value intervals is called a(n) ________________. a. algorithm b. histogram c. compression d. digitization
histogram
Data collected within the collimator are represented by a Select one: a. histogram. b. characteristic curve. c. pixel graph. d. matrix graph.
histogram.
The use of a compression device will increase __________. a. patient dose b. image contrast c. film fog d. scatter
image contrast
A look-up table maps Select one: a. latent images. b. subject contrasts. c. image grayscale values. d. optical density.
image grayscale values.
Compton scatter contributes to _____________. a. image contrast b. useful information c. useful information, image noise and image contrast d. image noise
image noise
The three classifications of digital imaging artifacts are _______________________. a. image receptor, software, and object b. processing, exposure, and handling/storage c. processing, image receptor, and exposure d. software, object, and exposure
image receptor, software, and object
Filtered back projection in DRT refers to ___________________. a. prepatient collimation b. spatial resolution c. image reconstruction d. beam filtration
image reconstruction
A ghost image can occur in digital imaging because of ____________________. a. incomplete erasure b. supernatural phenomena c. image blur d. backscatter
incomplete erasure
Lowering kVp ________ patient dose and _________ image contrast. a. lowers; increases b. lowers; decreases c. increases; decreases d. increases; increases
increases; increases
All of the following are components of a PACS except Select one: a. independent kilovoltage peak and milliampere-second stations. b. web access. c. multiple interfaces. d. reading stations.
independent kilovoltage peak and milliampere-second stations.
An image intensifier tube is identified by the diameter of its __________________. a. glass housing b. output phosphor c. focusing lenses d. input phosphor
input phosphor
Question text X-rays that exit the patient and enter the image intensifier first interact with the _____. a. anode b. input phosphor c. output phosphor d. photocathode
input phosphor
Storage phosphor plates are similar to Select one: a. intensifying screens. b. xeromammography cassettes. c. flat panel detectors. d. cardboard cassettes.
intensifying screens.
Photoelectric interactions increase when ___________ is decreased. a. filtration b. mAs c. patient thickness d. kVp
kVp
Photoelectric interactions increase when ___________ is decreased. a. kVp b. patient thickness c. filtration d. mAs
kVp
The three primary factors influencing the intensity of scatter in the image-forming beam are ___________________. a. filtration, patient thickness, and mAs b. kVp, field size, and patient thickness c. mAs, kVp, and collimation d. mAs, filtration, and grids
kVp, field size, and patient thickness
The range of exposure values the image detector is able to produce is known as Select one: a. dynamic range. b. modulation transfer. c. latitude. d. detective quantum efficiency.
latitude.
If too few pixels are sampled, the result will be Select one: a. high resolution. b. low resolution. c. high contrast. d. low contrast.
low resolution.
The more light spread, the ______ the MTF. Select one: a. higher b. lower c. more equal d. None of these
lower
Suppressing frequencies in the areas of interest is known as Select one: a. algorithm application. b. center enhancement. c. edge enhancement. d. masking.
masking.
The size of the pixel is determined by the Select one: a. bit. b. bit depth. c. matrix. d. byte.
matrix.
A histogram displays the useful signal by locating Select one: a. all pixel values. b. maximum and minimum signal. c. maximum signal only. d. minimum signal only.
maximum and minimum signal.
Failure of the reader to find the collimation edges of an image Select one: a. will result in image cutoff. b. may cause the image to be too bright or too dark. c. will eliminate all scatter. d. will have no effect on the resultant image.
may cause the image to be too bright or too dark.
With conventional radiography, optical density is primarily controlled by Select one: a. kilovoltage. b. milliamperage. c. line voltage. d. milliampere-seconds.
milliampere-seconds.
"The sum of the components in a recording system cannot be greater than the system as a whole" is a definition of Select one: a. modulation transfer function (MTF). b. enhanced visualization image processing. c. digital image contrast and density latitude. d. principles of contrast enhancement.
modulation transfer function (MTF).
High-pass filtering is useful for enhancing Select one: a. small structures. b. fine bone tissues. c. large bony structures. d. organs and soft tissue.
organs and soft tissue.
Electrons hit the _______________ after exiting the anode. a. tube housing b. output phosphor c. photocathode d. focusing lenses
output phosphor
A quality control program should include all of the following, except ___________. a. artifacts b. patient dose c. spatial resolution d. contrast resolution
patient dose
Decreasing the kVp will increase ___________. a. patient dose b. image noise c. Compton scatter d. optical density
patient dose
Blurred-ripple artifacts appear ______________. a. perpendicular to the x-ray tube sweep direction b. perpendicular to the sweep angle c. parallel to the sweep angle d. parallel to the x-ray tube sweep direction
perpendicular to the x-ray tube sweep direction
The ____________ in the image intensifier emits electrons when it is stimulated by light photons. a. photocathode b. output phosphor c. input phosphor d. electron gun
photocathode
The two elements needed to convert light signals into an electrical signal while using indirect capture DR are TFT and Select one: a. photodiodes. b. photoconductors. c. phototransistors. d. photostators.
photodiodes.
The x-ray interaction that contributes to the clear parts of the image is _____________. a. pair production b. coherent scatter c. Compton interaction d. photoelectric interaction
photoelectric interaction
Each square in a matrix is called a Select one: a. matrix element. b. picture element. c. bit. d. byte.
picture element.
The kinetic energy of photoelectrons in the image intensifier is greatly increased by the _____________________. a. mAs of the exposure b. potential difference across the tube c. cesium iodide at the input phosphor d. zinc cadmium sulfide at the output phosphor
potential difference across the tube
Image intensified fluoroscopy is performed at illumination levels similar to ________. a. night driving b. darkened theaters c. radiograph viewing d. star gazing
radiograph viewing
An advantage of DRT is to _______________. a. decrease patient dose b. image thicker body parts c. improve image noise d. reduce or eliminate tissue superimposition
reduce or eliminate tissue superimposition
The _______ in the retina are stimulated by _______ light; the _______ are stimulated by _______ light. a. rods; bright; cones; low b. rods; low; cones; bright c. rods; low; cones; low d. rods; bright; cones; bright
rods; low; cones; bright
Critical characteristics of a digital image include all of the following except Select one: a. contrast resolution. b. noise efficiency. c. sample resolution. d. dose efficiency of the receptor.
sample resolution.
The Nyquist theorem states that the Select one: a. sampling frequency must be equal to the input signal bandwidth. b. input signal bandwidth must be twice the sampling frequency. c. sampling frequency must be twice the input signal bandwidth. d. input signal bandwidth must be sampled twice.
sampling frequency must be twice the input signal bandwidth.
A wraparound image or image aliasing occurs when Select one: a. sampling occurs twice per cycle. b. spatial frequency is less than the Nyquist frequency. c. sampling occurs less than twice per cycle. d. spatial frequency is equal to the Nyquist frequency.
sampling occurs less than twice per cycle.
X-ray energy related to direct capture DR will stimulate a ______, which eventually is changed into an electrical signal. Select one: a. photodensitometer b. scintillator c. TFT array d. charge-coupled device
scintillator
Filtered backprojection is useful for ________________ because of the shorter reconstruction time. a. monitoring examinations b. diagnostic examinations c. follow-up examinations d. screening examinations
screening examinations
A look-up table is not used as a reference to Select one: a. set appropriate kilovoltage peak and milliampere-seconds values. b. evaluate raw luminance values. c. correct luminance values. d. provide appropriate brightness and contrast.
set appropriate kilovoltage peak and milliampere-seconds values.
An image manipulation process that fills in the background so that it is darkened is known as Select one: a. window. b. level. c. shuttering. d. collimation.
shuttering.
Low-pass filtering is also known as Select one: a. evening. b. smoothing. c. masking. d. marking.
smoothing.
The ability of an imaging system to demonstrate small details of an object is known as Select one: a. image quality. b. contrast resolution. c. spatial resolution. d. dynamic range.
spatial resolution.
The process of joining two or more images into one continuous image is known as image Select one: a. connection. b. annotation. c. stitching. d. lacing.
stitching.
Proper patient demographic input is the responsibility of the Select one: a. technologist. b. QC manager. c. radiologist. d. transporter.
technologist.
Contrast resolution is improved by _____________. a. lowering kVp b. tight collimation c. patient compression d. tight collimation, lowering kVp and patient compression
tight collimation, lowering kVp and patient compression
If all of the shades were left in an image after processing, the contrast would be Select one: a. too low. b. too high. c. sufficient. d. unaffected.
too low.
Image-forming x-rays include those which have been _________________. a. transmitted without interaction b. absorbed through photoelectric interaction c. transmitted without interaction and scattered through Compton interaction d. scattered through Compton interaction
transmitted without interaction and scattered through Compton interaction
The size and number of digital images have to be compressed to permit ___________. a. transmitting and archiving b. archiving c. transmitting d. viewing
transmitting and archiving
A computational model looks at the relationships between data. Select one: a.True b.False
true
Interoperability is a term used to describe the transmission of information and it must be consistent. Select one: a.True b.False
true
Unless manual input is required, it is difficult to identify the technologist when personal side markers are not used. Select one: a.True b.False
true
The x-rays that are transmitted through the patient without interaction contribute to ______________. a. image noise b. patient radiation dose c. useful information d. scatter radiation
useful information
The x-rays that are transmitted through the patient without interaction contribute to ______________. a. patient radiation dose b. image noise c. useful information d. scatter radiation
useful information
The most commonly used beam restricting device is the ____________. a. compression device b. extension cone c. aperture diaphragm d. variable collimator
variable collimator
Object artifacts in digital imaging can occur from errors in ___________________. a. histogram selection b. x-ray beam collimation, histogram selection, and patient positioning c. patient positioning d. x-ray beam collimation
x-ray beam collimation, histogram selection, and patient positioning
The input phosphor converts _________ to _________. a. electrons; light b. x-rays; light c. light; electrons d. x-rays; electrons
x-rays; light
The output phosphor of the image intensifier is composed of ___________________. a. antimony b. zinc cadmium sulfide c. graphite d. cesium iodide
zinc cadmium sulfide
Magnification of the entire image at the workstation is termed Select one: a. image intensification. b. macroradiography. c. enlargement. d. zoom.
zoom.
Approximately _______% of the x-ray beam incident on the patient is transmitted through the patient without interaction to become part of the image-forming beam. a. 1 b. 10% to 99 c. 90% to 99 d. 20% to 299
1
Which of the following statements is not true? Select one: a. Matrix size can change without affecting the FOV. b. FOV can change without affecting the matrix. c. Changing the matrix or the FOV will change the size of the pixel. d. Changing the matrix and the FOV will not change the size of the pixel.
Changing the matrix and the FOV will not change the size of the pixel.
Who was the first to incorporate digital imaging with the CT scanner? Select one: a. Paul Lauterbur b. Godfrey Hounsfield c. Sol Nudelman d. M. Paul Capp
Godfrey Hounsfield
Which of the following best describes the sequence for PSP image capture? Select one: a. Phosphor plate, focused laser light scanner, photomultiplier, digital-analog converter, review station b. Phosphor plate, focused laser light scanner, photodensitometer, digital-analog converter, review station c. Phosphor plate, focused laser light scanner, photodensitometer, analog-digital converter, review station d. Phosphor plate, focused laser light scanner, photomultiplier, analog-digital converter, review station
Phosphor plate, focused laser light scanner, photomultiplier, analog-digital converter, review station
DRT data projections are expressed in which units? a. Backprojection per projection b. Sweep angle per projections sampled c. Projections sampled per degree sweep d. Degree sweep per sweep angle
Projections sampled per degree sweep
Which advanced workstation function can reconstruct images into another plane? Select one: a.MPR b.MIP c.VRT d.SSD
a. MPR
Which function increases the size of an area on the image? Select one: a.Pan and zoom b.ROI c.Annotations d.Flip and rotate
a. Pan and zoom
"A comprehensive set of activities designed to monitor and maintain systems that produce a product" is the definition of Select one: a.QC. b.QA. c.CQI. d.TQM.
a. QC
Most health care institutions are accredited by Select one: a.The Joint Commission (TJC). b.the Hospital Association. c.the Workforce Commission. d.the National Healthcare Institute.
a. TJC
Air kerma is the measurement of radiation energy absorbed in a unit of air. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
CCD digitizers are slower than laser digitizers. Select one: a.True b.False
a. True
CCDs use more power than CMOS. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
Gain calibration will remove inherent detector artifacts from an image. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
Light exposing the film is in direct proportion to the amount and energy of the incident photon upon the screen. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
Offset correction is used to remove inherent signal that remains in a detector. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
The absorption material can be attached to the pixel array electrically or physically. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
The number of electron-hole pairs produced is related to the amount of light absorbed. Select one: a. True b. False
a. True
The operating system software acts as a bridge between applications and hardware. Select one: a.True b.False
a. True
Which function represents the range of gray values that are being viewed on the monitor? Select one: a.Window b.Level c.Contrast d.Density
a. Window
Which of the following is a responsibility of the radiation physicist? Select one: a.Analyzing repeat rate b.Testing image display c.Spatial frequency response testing d.Phosphor accuracy testing
a. analyzing repeat rate
Which of the following is not a monthly QC procedure for digital projection imaging systems? Select one: a.Clean reader air intakes. b.Reject analysis. c.QC out-of-standard images. d.Clean imaging plates.
a. clean reader air intakes
Detector elements are formed by voltage gates that _____ at readout to _____ the flow of electrons. Select one: a. close; allow b. open; allow c. close; stop d. open; stop
a. close; allow
How often should the luminescence of a monitor be checked? Select one: a.Daily b.Weekly c.Monthly d.Annually
a. daily
The transfer speed from the modalities is checked monthly until Select one: a.equipment or software is updated. b.a weekly pattern is established. c.Both of the above d.None of the above
a. equipment or software is updated
The higher the number of pixels in a matrix, the Select one: a. higher the image resolution. b. lower the image resolution. c. lack of effect on image resolution. d. smaller the image.
a. higher the image resolution.
Major artifacts should be noted and reported Select one: a.immediately. b.daily. c.weekly. d.monthly.
a. immediately
PSP imaging plates are erased by flooding the plate with Select one: a. light. b. radiation. c. electrons. d. phosphors.
a. light.
In a flat-panel detector, specialized silicon integrated circuits control Select one: a. line scanning sequence. b. readout. c. amplification. d. analog-to-digital conversion.
a. line scanning sequence
What is most often the weakest link in the digital imaging chain? Select one: a.Monitor b.Image retrieval c.Processing speed d.Data integrity
a. monitor
In CsI detectors Select one: a. there is very little light spread. b. crystalline needles block light from the detector. c. x-rays are converted into an electrical signal. d. light spread causes resolution to decrease.
a. there is very little light spread.
Which of the following are true regarding the image manager? 1. Contains the master database of all on the archive 2. Controls the receipt of all images 3. Stores images in its database Select one: a.1 and 2 b.1 and 3 c.2 and 3 d.1, 2, and 3
a.1 and 2
Which of the following describes a thin-client computer? Select one: a.Any computer that needs a server for task completion b.A computer that works independently of the network c.A computer that manages resources for other computers d.All of the above
a.Any computer that needs a server for task completion
Which device scans an analog film and produces numeric signals based on the appearance of the film? Select one: a.Film digitizer b.Film imager c.Burner d.Archive server
a.Film digitizer
Which set of functions is used to move through images, series, studies, and patients? Select one: a.Navigation b.Image management c.Image manipulation and enhancement d.Advanced workstation
a.Navigation
Early PACS radiologists believed that they needed four to six monitors to view images. Select one: a.True b.False
a.True
Binary code is a computer language based on Select one: a.ones and zeros. b.ones and tens. c.tens and zeros.
a.ones and zeros.
A level, layer, or division of something is known as a Select one: a.tier. b.RAID. c.stripe. d.mirror.
a.tier.
Deviation index is the difference between _____ and _____ expressed in logarithmic fashion. Select one: a. actual exposure (KIND); target exposure (KTGT) b. standard exposure (KSTD); actual exposure (KIND) c. standard exposure (KSTD); target exposure (KTGT)
actual exposure (KIND); target exposure (KTGT)
The continuous and varying levels of brightness and colors describe _____ images. Select one: a. analog b. digital c. medical d. radiographic
analog
Beam restriction with a(n) ____________ is only accurate at a fixed SID. a. PBL device b. cone c. aperture diaphragm d. collimator
aperture diaphragm
The ultimate focus in health care is to improve ______ and provide ______ so that patients will want to return. Select one: a.health risks; assistance with insurance b.patient care; high-quality services c.efficiency; high-quality services d.employee morale; assistance with insurance
b. patient care; high-quality services
A device used to measure the luminescence of areas on the monitor is a Select one: a.luminescence meter. b.photometer. c.photoluminescence meter. d.monitor meter.
b. photometer
A film imager is also known as a film Select one: a.digitizer. b.printer. c.duplicator. d.None of the above
b. printer
Errors in equipment performance are usually detected by poor Select one: a.equipment maintenance. b.quality outcomes. c.Both of the above d.None of the above
b. quality outcomes
Most QA activities produce ______ data. Select one: a.qualitative b.quantitative c.equivocal d.All of the above
b. quantitative
Cracks in the imaging plate can be caused by Select one: a. excessive kVp. b. removing and replacing the plate in the reader. c. improper erasure. d. scatter through the back of the cassette.
b. removing and replacing the plate in the reader.
X-ray energy related to direct capture DR will stimulate a ______, which eventually is changed into an electrical signal. Select one: a. photodensitometer b. scintillator c. TFT array d. charge-coupled device
b. scintillator
CsI detectors use Select one: a. rare-earth scintillators. b. thin crystalline needles. c. miniature cameras. d. specialized pixel sensors.
b. thin crystalline needles.
Kilovoltage peak (kVp) should be chosen Select one: a. to provide the least contrast possible. b. to provide penetration. c. for the type and amount of contrast desired. d. for the type of imaging plate phosphor.
b. to provide penetration.
Indirect conversion in flat-panel detectors is a ____-step process. Select one: a. one b. two c. three d. four
b. two
Frequent and consistent oversight of digital equipment is necessary to avoid Select one: a.increased cost. b.unnecessary patient exposure. c.quality images. d.QC.
b. unnecessary patient exposure
Which of the following devices would be considered PACS peripherals?1. Film digitizer2. Film imager3. Archive server Select one: a.1 only b.1 and 2 c.2 and 3 d.1, 2, and 3
b.1 and 2
Which of the following would be considered categories for display workstations?1. Primary reading2. Technologist QC3. Archive server Select one: a.1 only b.1 and 2 c.1 and 3 d.1, 2, and 3
b.1 and 2
Which of the following would be considered advantages of a client/server-based system?1. Any image can be seen anywhere without interventions.2. Even if the archive goes down, images can still be seen at all workstations.3. Only one person can open a study with the intent to read it, and others will be told that the study is being read by someone else. Select one: a.1 and 2 b.1 and 3 c.2 and 3 d.1, 2, and 3
b.1 and 3
Which of the following would be considered disadvantages of a distributed system?1. There is a heavy reliance that the images are being sent to the correct locations.2. The archive is considered a single point of failure.3. Each workstation has a different worklist. Select one: a.1 and 2 b.1 and 3 c.2 and 3 d.1, 2, and 3
b.1 and 3
Which of the following describes a thick-client computer? Select one: a.Any computer that needs a server for task completion b.A computer that works independently of the network c.A computer that manages resources for other computers d.All of the above
b.A computer that works independently of the network
A universally accepted standard for exchanging medical imaging via a networked set of display workstations, archive, and imaging modalities is Select one: a.HIPAA. b.DICOM. c.HL-7. d.All of the above
b.DICOM.
Digital annotations may be used to indicate the right or left side of the patient. Select one: a.True b.False
b.False
Incorrect patient demographic information is unimportant in a PACS. Select one: a.True b.False
b.False
The standard that oversees most computerized clinical and administrative data is known as Select one: a.DICOM. b.HL-7. c.RIS. d.HIS.
b.HL-7.
The least expensive network to install is a Select one: a.WAN. b.LAN. c.CT scanner. d.MRI scanner.
b.LAN.
Devices commonly referred to as roles include Select one: a.DICOM. b.SCU. c.ACR. d.MRI.
b.SCU.
The refresh rate controls the Select one: a.scan. b.flicker. c.resolution. d.reload.
b.flicker.
Real-time operating systems are commonly found on Select one: a.large company mainframes. b.modern x-ray equipment. c.personal computers. d.personal organizers.
b.modern x-ray equipment.
Any supplemental device connected to a PACS that performs a specific function is known as a(n) Select one: a.archive. b.peripheral. c.workstation. d.digital imaging modality.
b.peripheral.
The acronym PACS stands for ______ system. Select one: a.picture archival and control b.picture archival and communication c.physical archive and communication d.physical archive and compression
b.picture archival and communication
A handheld personal organizer is an example of a ______ operating system. Select one: a.real-time b.single-user, single-task c.single-user, multitask d.multiuser
b.single-user, single-task
The topology in which the bus is collapsed into a central box is the Select one: a.hub. b.star. c.ring. d.mesh.
b.star.
The simplest connection device is the Select one: a.hub. b.switch. c.bridge. d.router.
b.switch.
The active element in a storage phosphor is Select one: a. lithium. b. glutaraldehyde. c. europium. d. barium fluorohalide.
barium fluorohalide.
The image intensifier improved fluoroscopy by increasing image _________________. a. brightness b. magnification c. resolution d. contrast
brightness
The _______________ is the product of the minification gain and the flux gain. a. contrast resolution b. horizontal resolution c. brightness gain d. flux gain
brightness gain
The capability of an image intensifier to increase the illumination level of the image is called its _____________________. a. flux gain b. conversion factor c. veiling glare d. brightness gain
brightness gain
How dark or light a digital image appears on a display monitor is known as Select one: a. density. b. contrast resolution. c. brightness. d. spatial resolution.
brightness.
Early picture archival and communication systems were first developed Select one: a. in Canada. b. by the U.S. military. c. by Albert Jutras. d. by NASA.
by the U.S. military.
Histogram selection is done ____________________________. a. automatically during post-processing b. automatically during each exposure c. by the radiographer during post-processing d. by the radiographer before each exam
by the radiographer before each exam
Shuttering is a post-exposure image manipulation technique that Select one: a. is placed on the patient. b. is placed on the cassette. c. is added to the screen image. d. changes the amount of scatter.
c. is added to the screen image.
Whereas QA/QC programs focus on ______ quality, CQI focuses on ______ the process. Select one: a.verifying; recording b.recording; verifying c.maintaining; improving d.improving; maintaining
c. maintaining; improving
Amplifiers perform all of the following functions except Select one: a. readout. b. amplification. c. noise cancelling. d. analog-to-digital conversion.
c. noise cancelling.
Which of the following is not a part of daily/weekly QC for dry laser imagers? Select one: a.Ensure that each film printed is free from artifacts. b.Measure steps on the test pattern using a densitometer. c.Note chemical temperatures and levels. d.Make sure the preventive maintenance schedule is completed.
c. note chemical temperatures and levels
Milliampere-seconds (mA-s) is selected for the Select one: a. shortest time possible. b. longest time possible. c. number of electrons needed. d. amount of penetration needed.
c. number of electrons needed.
Which of the following is not a weekly procedure? Select one: a.Cleaning and inspecting receptors b.Image acquisition testing with phantoms c.Performing reject analysis d.Checking reader intake valves
c. performing reject analysis
Image acquisition is tested through the use of Select one: a.computers. b.patients. c.phantoms. d.densitometers.
c. phantoms
CQI tends to focus on ______ rather than the ______. Select one: a.QC; QA b.QA; QC c.process; people d.service; corrections
c. process; people
Grid ratio describes the Select one: a. number of grid lines per centimeter or lines per inch. b. angling of the lead strips to coincide with x-ray beam diversion. c. relationship between the height of the lead strips to the interspace. d. physical size of the grid to be used for each distance measured.
c. relationship between the height of the lead strips to the interspace.
Which of the following is not a QC activity that should be monitored in a PACS environment? Select one: a.Display quality b.Processing speed c.Repeat analysis d.Data integrity
c. repeat analysis
Critical characteristics of a digital image include all of the following except Select one: a. contrast resolution. b. noise efficiency. c. sample resolution. d. dose efficiency of the receptor.
c. sample resolution.
The Nyquist theorem states that the Select one: a. sampling frequency must be equal to the input signal bandwidth. b. input signal bandwidth must be twice the sampling frequency. c. sampling frequency must be twice the input signal bandwidth. d. input signal bandwidth must be sampled twice.
c. sampling frequency must be twice the input signal bandwidth.
To avoid interference from previous exposures, which of the following must be tested at least once a year? Select one: a.Spatial frequency b.Image display c.Screen erasure d.Image processing
c. screen erasure
The most popular base material used in integrated circuits is Select one: a. selenium. b. sulfur. c. silicon. d. tellurium.
c. silicon.
Defective pixels can result from all of the following except Select one: a. chemical corrosion. b. static discharge. c. software programs. d. age.
c. software programs.
All of the following are considered impurities except Select one: a. gallium arsenide. b. indium antimonide. c. tellurium. d. most metal oxides.
c. tellurium.
A device that includes a photosensitive array and small pixels that convert light into electrical charges is known as a ______ transistor. Select one: a. thin-field b. field-effect c. thin-film d. field-energy
c. thin-film