3

Refers to the notion that the "private sphere: is as strutted by power relations involving gender, sexuality, race, class and age as the "public sphere"

"The personal is the political"

Formal organizations have 5 main characteristics

1. Hierarchy of authority 2. Clear division of labor 3. Explicit rules 4. Impersonality 5. Meritocratic

The origin of the term terrorism, the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, began in ______ and was initiated by the revolutionary government. During this period agents of the Committee of Public Safety and the National Convention were referred to as terrorists.

1795

According to the socialization view of terrorism, what percentage of terrorists come from upper or middle class backgrounds?

75%

Self-control

A strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms

Commitment to conformity

A strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals, and processes that prevents people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements

The political criminal and political crimes may stem from religious or ideological sources. They often occupy a gray area between conventional and outlawed behavior. While common criminals may be motivated by greed, vengeance, or jealousy, political criminals have a somewhat different agenda. There is no set pattern or reason why someone becomes a political criminal. Some use political crime as a stepping stone to public office while others use it as a method to focus their frustrations.

Assess the cause of political crime

the use of biological toxins to inflict mass casualties

Bioterrorism

A policy related to labeling theory, which proposes less harsh punishments for some minor offenses, such as the possession of small amounts of marijuana.

Decriminalization

The federal agency that oversees U.S. counterterrorism efforts and is charged with keeping the U.S. safe from all hazards

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

coined the term "white collar crime" by studying the 70 largest US manufacturers, miners, and retail corps. in the 1940's and found ________ violations; this was ignored for how many more years??

Edwin Sutherland; 980; 20 yrs

Revolutionary terrorists use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in order to replace the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views. Political terrorism is directed at people or groups who oppose the terrorists' political ideology or whom the terrorists define as "outsiders" who must be destroyed. Nationalist terrorism promotes the interests of a minority ethnic or religious group that believes it has been persecuted under majority rule and wishes to carve out its own independent homeland. Retributive terrorists want to impose their social and religious code on others. State-sponsored terrorism occurs when a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities, and stifles political dissent. Sometimes terrorist groups become involved in common-law crimes such as drug dealing and kidnapping, even selling nuclear materials.

Enumerate the various forms of terrorism.

State sponsored terrorism is violent criminal behavior designed to generate fear in the community for political purposes.

False

Supreme Court decision that ruled the George W. Bush administration's policy of treating terrorists as enemy combatants without due process was unconstitutional

Hamdan v. Rumsfield

Which of the following statements is true concerning the psychological state of terrorists?

Mental illness is not a critical factor in explaining terrorist behavior.

Neutralization techniques

Methods of rationalizing deviant behavior, such as denying responsibility or blaming the victim

According to Turk, the ideological position of political utilities o theories are irrelevant when assessing ht validity of knowledge claims; truth should be independent of political ideology or personal values.

Nonpartisan conflict perspective

Among other things, this 1970 federal act established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and made it a misdemeanor to cause the death of a worker by willfully violating safety laws.

Occupational Safety and Health act

Sometimes defined through a typology, such as the means of obtaining the goals and the reasons for engaging in such activity; an economic objective or a political objective.

Organized crime

According to Quinney, provides a theory ad practice with the purpose of changing the world; associated with political objective.

Partisan conflict perspective

The idea of ________ denotes that women need to be protected for their own good. _________ is a social, legal, and political climate founded on male dominance and hierarchy.

Paternalism Patriarchy

A social, legal and political climate based on male dominance and hierarchy. A key aspect to this ideology is that omens nature is biologically, not culturally determined.

Patriarchy

Criminal acts committed for ideological purpose are ____________?

Political

Ecoterrorism is a form of ______________ terrorism

Political terrorists

According to your text, all of the following are true except: a. Prosecutions for treason have been a very common occurrence in the history of the United States. b. The number of terrorist attacks has dropped in the last five years. c. Before 1996, there was no federal statute that explicitly penalized industrial espionage. d. Treason is the only specific crime mentioned in the United States Constitution.

Prosecutions for treason have been a very common occurrence in the history of the United States.

Which goal of political criminals includes a plot to overthrow the existing government and replace it with one that holds views they find more acceptable?

Revolution

What type of terrorists use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in order to replace the existing government with a regime that holds acceptable political or religious views?

Revolutionary Terrorists

A notorious Democratic political machine in New York City from the 1790s through the 1960s with major influence in city and state politics.

Tammany Hall

the federal agency responsible for developing programs to help victims of terrorism, mass violence, and other transnational crimes

Terrorism and International Victims Unit (TIVU)

How does white collar crime compare with traditional street crimes in terms of property damage and damage to society? In terms of physical damage, such as injuries and death?

The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports have put the cost of all street crimes at close to 17 billion in 2002. While just one act of corporate crime cost an estimated 60 billion. The conservative estimate to the total economic costs of white collar crimes each year is about 500 BILLION, and about 30 times greater than the total for combined street crimes. White collar crimes average loss of about 1,800 dollars per person annually, while street crimes have an estimated loss of about 60 dollars per person annually. Corporate crime kills, and injures more people as well, and are more serious than the common wounds suffered by street crimes. Corporate crimes cause about 7 TIMES (and likely 10 times) more deaths than street crimes. There are 1,000 5 more deaths from corporate, than from street. Street crimes have been cut in half over the past 25 years, while white collar crimes have risen.

How does white collar crime differ from traditional street crime?

The first difference is that the offenders are at the top of the socioeconomic structure, which is inherent due to the requirement of having a "white collar job". Another key element is that offenses by upper- class individuals are only considered white collar crime only if they are employment related. Finally the definition notes that this term refers "principally" to business executives, but that word is vague. But it is clear that the person must have a white collar position to qualify, even if not that of a manger or high ranking officer in the corporation.

Neutralization theory

The view that law violators learn to neutralize conventional values and attitudes, enabling them to drift back and forth between criminal and conventional behavior

According to the text, white collar / corporate crimes cost US society far more each year in terms of injuries/ deaths than all street crimes combined. True or false?

True

Federal legislation passed in 2015 that extended parts of the expired USA PATRIOT Act and eliminated controversial parts such as bulk data collection by government agencies

USA Freedom Act

Federal legislation passed in 2005 that revised the USA Patriot Act of 2001, enhancing the powers of the U.S. criminal justice system to combat crime and terrorism

USA PATRIOT Act Improvement and Reauthorization Act

Federal legislation that broadened the surveillance and investigate powers of criminal justice agencies to combat terrorism and removed barriers between military, intelligence, and criminal justice entities so that they could share info on terrorist suspects and threats

USA Patriot Act

The global armed conflict between radical Islamic terrorist groups, such as al-Qaeda and ISIS/ISIL, and the developed world, principally the G8 nations (canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Russian Federation).

War on Terrorism

Which agency is responsible for screening passengers and baggage at airports? a. Customs and Border Protection b. Federal Bureau of Investigation c. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Which agency is responsible for screening passengers and baggage at airports? a. Customs and Border Protection b. Federal Bureau of Investigation c. Immigration and Customs Enforcement d. Transportation Security Administration

Which agency is responsible for screening passengers and baggage at airports? a. Customs and Border Protection b. Federal Bureau of Investigation c. Immigration and Customs Enforcement d. Transportation Security Administration

illegal acts characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust & which are not dependent on the application/threat of physical force/violence

White-collar crime

____________ and _________ maintained that law enforcement agencies are connected to the powerful and wealthy political structure.

William Chambliss and Robert Seidman

Moral entrepreneur

a person who creates moral rules that reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective, universal standards of right and wrong

Which of the following statements reflects a basic similarity between white-collar crime and street crime? a. Both types of crime involve stealing and violence. b. Both types of crime involve government cooperation. c. Only one involves stealing and violence. d. Both types of crime have similar economic costs.

a. Both types of crime involve stealing and violence.

The FBI took part in a counterintelligence program called _________, begun in 1941 to target the Communist and Socialist Workers parties. a. COINTELPRO b. INTERPOL c. UNGHC d. WNASA

a. COINTELPRO

Which of the following best describes the term occupational crime? a. It is committed by individuals in the course of their occupation for personal gain. b. It is a very recent activity, only occurring in the last decade. c. It is committed only by corporations. d. It is a product disorganized neighborhoods and poverty.

a. It is committed by individuals in the course of their occupation for personal gain.

According to your text, all of the following are true except: a. Only nonviolent acts can be considered political crimes. b. Political crimes can include both violent and nonviolent acts. c. One goal of political crime is profit: selling state secrets for personal enrichment or trafficking in stolen arms and munitions. d. Political criminals may be motivated by principle, faith, or conviction.

a. Only nonviolent acts can be considered political crimes.

When did organized crime's power and wealth increase enormously? a. Prohibition b. World War I c. World War II d. Civil War

a. Prohibition

A related form of political violence is political _______, or the amount of public figures for political reasons. a. assassination b. impeachment c. indictment d. aggression

a. assassination

This view, often called the _____ or the Mafia mystique, was popularized in important congressional hearings beginning in the 1950s. a. emigrant inversion concept b. alien conspiracy model c. migrant invasion principle d. immigrant transnational

a. emigrant inversion concept

Despite some recent publicized prosecutions of prominent individuals accused of corporate crime, the legal treatment of corporate criminals continues to be _____. a. fairly lenient b. fairly tough c. extremely lenient d. extremely tough

a. fairly lenient

The United States declared a War on Terrorism to fight against: a. radical Islamic terrorist groups that want to destroy the United States and its allies. b. white supremacy groups that target racial and religious minorities. c. state-sponsored terrorism. d. terrorist groups seeking an independent homeland.

a. radical Islamic terrorist groups that want to destroy the United States and its allies.

Under what is called extraordinary _____, the CIA arrested or kidnapped suspected terrorists in several nations and transported them to secret prisons in the Middle East. a. rendition b. retention c. regression d. repatriating

a. rendition

The ______________ view of terrorism compares terror groups to urban street gangs, which provide a family like environment than can nurture an emotionally underprivileged youth.

alienation

The largest investigative agency responsible for the identification and mitigation of threats at the nation's borders is: a. Customs and Border Protection b. Immigration and Customs Enforcement c. Directorate for Preparedness d. Transportation Security Administration

b. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

Which of the following involves the aiding and abetting of a country's enemy by, for example, providing the enemy military secrets or other important information that puts the country at risk? a. Vigilantism b. Treason c. Impeachment d. Fracking

b. Treason

The most powerful criminal justice policy makers are from the ______. a. middle class b. upper class c. lower class d. impoverished clas

b. upper class

The most infamous case of corporate violence is probably that of the _____, which was put on the market in 1971 even though the company knew it could easily explode in minor rear-end collisions. a. Toyota Tacoma b. Chrysler Spartan c. Ford Pinto d. Kia Rio

c. Ford Pinto

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. U.S. Customs and Border Protection is the largest investigative branch of the Department of Homeland Security. b. The Office of Intelligence and Analysis serves as the research and development arm of the Department of Homeland Security c. Local law enforcement officers are now trained to make risk assessments regarding critical infrastructure and likely targets for terrorist attacks in their communities. d. Only federal courts can be involved in the prosecution and deportation of criminal offenders found to be in violation of immigration laws.

c. Local law enforcement officers are now trained to make risk assessments regarding critical infrastructure and likely targets for terrorist attacks in their communities.

Which of the following reflects a misuse of office for political power and influence? a. Vietnam b. World War II c. Watergate d. The civil rights movement

c. Watergate

The story of Rosa Parks is an example of ____. a. corporate crime b. civil disobedience c. state violence d. vigilante terrorism

c. state violence

___________contributions are funds that are given to friends that are often contributed to a specific campaign in order to circumvent election laws.

conduit

Political crimes can be lumped into three categories. These include all of the following except:a. independent b. consolidated c. organizational d. occupational

consolidated

Some political criminals are motivated by altruism; they truly believe their crimes will benefit society and are willing to violate the law and risk punishment in order to achieve what they see as social improvement. As such, their goal is:

conviction

Some political criminals conceal conventional criminal motivations behind a mask of __________ and _________. These criminals are particularly dangerous because they convince followers to join them without fully revealing their true motivations. This type of motivation is termed pseudo-conviction.

conviction, altruism

Terrorist groups that become involved in common-law crimes such as drug dealing and kidnapping, even selling nuclear materials.

criminal terrorists

terrorism that involves threats or attacks on computer or information systems linked to critical infrastructure with the intent to cause grave harm and destruction

cyber-terrorism

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the USA Patriot Act? a. Increased legal penalties for terrorist crimes b. Allowed roving wiretaps c. Prohibited bioterrorism crimes d. Increased screening of baggage at airports

d. Increased screening of baggage at airports

How has the American criminal justice system been used throughout history to protect the interests of the powerful? a. CEOs were allowed to indefinitely detain their employees b. The poor were not allowed to be released on bail. c. Politicians could not be arrested for financial fraud. d. Police forces were summoned to repress dissent.

d. Police forces were summoned to repress dissent.

What theory best explains political crimes?

differential association theory

Political terror groups involved in violent actions to protect the environment.

eco-terrorists

The practice of obtaining information about a government, organization, or society that is considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information is referred to as _______________.

espoinage

According to the text, "white collar/ corporate crime" has a clear definition?

false

Some political criminals conceal conventional criminal motivations behind a mask of conviction and altruism. These criminals are particularly dangerous because they convince followers to join them without ______________. This type of motivation is termed pseudo-conviction.

fully revealing their true motivations

Unethical or illegal activity such as bribing employees to reveal trade secrets (like computer codes or product formulas) is an example of _______________.

industrial espionage

Who represents a popular movement and seeks external support from other nations to bring pressure on the government?

insurgents

__________ are organized into covert groups who engage in an organized campaign of extreme violence with a distinct political agenda.

insurgents

According to Randy Borum, a political crime expert, the first stage in the pattern of thinking of political criminals is the __________ stage.

its not right

terrorism that involves the use of violence to destroy a capitalist system and replace it with a communist or socialist regime

left-winged terrorirsm

Individuals who carry out terror acts without guidance from a group or organization. They are motivated by a variety of reasons and beliefs, including feelings of alienation, racial hatred, and religious oppression.

lone-actor terrorist

early 1900's __________ criticized business or political corruption and condemned cruel treatment of workers

muckrakers

What type of terrorism promotes the interests of a minority ethnic or religious group that believes it has been persecuted under majority rule and wishes to carve out its own independent homeland?

nationalist terrorists

Unlike Quinney, Turk argued that the political use of a theory is irrelevant when assessing the validity of that theory; this has been designated as the __________ conflict perspective.

nonpartisan

Paul taplan had historic debate with Sutherland

on whether the white collar crime should only refer to acts committed by higher status individuals and institutions.

Some political criminals conceal conventional criminal motivations behind a mask of conviction and altruism. These criminals are particularly dangerous because they convince followers to join them without fully revealing their true motivations. This type of motivation is termed ______________.

pseudo-conviction

Terrorists are generally motivated in one of 4 ways that are seen as the terrorists view: 1. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________ 4. __________________

psychological view, alienation view, socialization view, religious/ideological view

The Nature of Political Crimes are generally categorized into two types: 1. ______________ 2. ______________

religious, ideological

Which type of terrorists use unconventional military tactics like secrecy and surprise, and target civilians, including women and children?

retribution

Which form of radical political group engages in civil war to gain independence from an existing government?

revolutionaries

ndividuals or groups that attack liberal democratic governments

right-wing terrorism

Guerillas are armed military bands, typically located in ________ areas.

rural

What type of terrorism occurs when a repressive government regime forces its citizens into obedience, oppresses minorities, and stifles political dissent?

state sponsored terrorism

_____________ is the illegal use of force against innocent people to achieve a political objective.

terrorism

Parental Efficacy

the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in non-coercive ways

A scenario where some experts argue that torture can perhaps be justified if the government discovers that a captured terrorist knows the whereabouts of a dangerous explosive device that is set to go off and kill thousands of innocent people.

ticking bomb scenario

_________ is defined as an act of disloyalty to one's nation or state.

treason

According to the text, there were numerous studies of corporate crime prior to the above theorist's presidential address in the 1930s. True or false

true

According to the text, white collar / corporate crimes cost US society far more each year in terms of injuries/ deaths than all street crimes combined.

true

Terrorist attacks have been increasing every year; the world is becoming more dangerous.

true

Politically motivated attacks designed to compromise the electronic infrastructure of an enemy nation and disrupt its economy.

warez

Which of the following would not be considered a political crime?

white-collar