315 Test #2

The Career Assessment Inventory

(CAI) used in career exploration, geared to clients seeking to enter the workforce and non-college training Useful for clients for whom direct placement of short term training are considerations Asks q's related to activities, school subjects, etc with each question having 5 responses ranging from "very much like" to "very much dislike"

steps of the criterion approach

1. determine distinguishing items from one sample of subjects to represent the criterion group 2. cross-validate 3. conduct additional research to ascertain empirically what it means when subjects endorse a large number of items on a particular scale

Ego Resiliency Scale Revised

A measure of ego resiliency or emotional intelligence

cooperative movement

A special type of movement response to the Rorshach is called cooperative movement. Such responses involve positive interaction between two or more humans or animals

Rorshach Form quality

Form quality is the extent to which the percept (what the subject says the inkblot is) matches the stimulus properties of the inkblot.

the most difficult aspect of Rorschach administration

Identifying the determinant

Faults of Rorschach

Imperfect norms, Overpathologizing, unreliable scoring, Lack of Relationship to Psychological Diagnosis, The Problem of "R"

J. Kerner

More than 25 years before the birth of Herman Rorschach, the originator of the test that bears his name, J. Kerner (1857) noted that individuals frequently report idiosyncratic or unique personal meanings when viewing inkblot stimuli.

Hope Scale

Snyder et al. proposed a cognitive model that characterizes hope as goal driven energy (agency) in combination with the capacity to construct systems to meet goals (pathways). The Hope Scale, also referred to as the Dispositional Hope Scale, was developed by Snyder et al. and measures the components of this cognitive model.

General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE)

The GSE was developed to measure an individual's belief in his or her ability to organize resources and manage situations, to persist in the face of barriers, and to recover from setbacks.

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)

The PANAS was developed to measure two orthogonal dimensions of affect. One of the most widely used measures of affect the instrument has two scales—one for positive affect (PA) and one for negative affect.

Strong Interest Inventory (SII)

The Strong SII represents a substantial revision of the previous measure and features a different item format.

Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)

The five-item SWLS was developed as a multi-item scale for the overall assessment of life satisfaction as a cognitive-judgmental process, rather than for the measurement of specific satisfaction domains. This simple and flexible instrument is one of the most widely used measures of life satisfaction or global well-being

structured or objective method of personality assessment

The general procedure in which the subject is asked to respond to a written statement. A clear and definite stimulus is provided, and the requirements of the subject are evident and specific.

Murray's need system

The human needs proposed by Murray include the need to accomplish (achievement), the need to conform (deference), and the need for attention (exhibition).

Deductive

The reasoning process by which a conclusion is drawn from set of premises and contains no more facts than these premises

the original MMPI's greatest source of criticism

The use of a control group of relatives and visitors of patients, excluding mental patients, in the University of Minnesota Hospital.

Core self-evaluations

a framework for understanding and evaluating a single core construct. This broad-based personality construct is composed of four specific traits: self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, neuroticism, and locus of control. the system not only describes the positive traits of individuals but also suggests ways in which these positive traits affect emotions and behaviors.

self-concept

a person's self-definition or an organized and relatively consistent set of assumptions that a person has about himself or herself

The Self-Directed Search

a self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted vocational interest inventory. The SDS attempts to simulate the counseling process by allowing respondents to list occupational aspirations, indicate occupational preferences in six areas, and rate abilities and skills in these areas. Then the test takers can score their own inventory and calculate six summary scores, which they can use to obtain codes that reflect the highest areas of interest.

statistical analyses

a set of techniques borrowed from mathematics that can be used to describe the data and to determine the probability that the results are due to chance

Five Factor Model of Personality

a trait theory of personality that identifies extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience as the fundamental building blocks of personality

Confabulatory responses to rorschach

also illustrate the idea behind qualitative interpretations. In this type of response, the subject overgeneralizes from a part to a whole. Although one such response has no clear or specific meaning, experts believe that the more confabulatory responses a subject makes, the more likely that she or he is in a disordered state.

Campbell Interest and Skill Survey (CISS)

asks respondents to assess their degree of interest in 200 academic and occupational topics. Furthermore, it assesses the degree of skill in 120 specific occupations. The CISS ultimately yields a variety of different types of scales. These are summarized in Table 16.2. For each of these scales, an interest level and a skill score are offered. uses the theoretical structure of John Holland. is a continuation of the research on the SVIB and the SCII but now shorter and more efficient than the older SCII.

The NEO Personality Inventory

consists of 240 items, which are designed to assess the Big Five personality factors, NEO-PI-3 attempts to provide a multipurpose inventory for predicting interests, health and illness behavior, psychological well-being, and characteristic coping styles.

Personality types

general descriptions of people; for example, avoiding types have low social interest and low activity and cope by avoiding social situations

Common set of assumptions shared by all structured personality tests

humans possess characteristics or traits that are stable, vary from individual to individual, and can be measured.

Alfred Binet

hypothesized that a person's pattern of intellectual functioning might reveal information about personality factors

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

introduced several innovations in the construction of structured personality tests, first major test to utilize criterion-group strategy. It is a true-false self-report questionnaire. The test was designed to aid in the diagnosis or assessment of the major psychiatric or psychological disorders.

The F or infrequency scale

is designed to detect individuals who attempt to fake bad, consists of those items endorsed by less than 10% of the control group. High F scores bring the validity of the whole profile into question.

MMPI Issues

item overlap intercorrelations among the clinical scales are extremely high.

personality characteristics

nonintellective aspects of human behavior, typically distinguished from mental abilities

Structured personality tests attempt to evaluate

personality traits, personality types, personality states, and other aspects of personality, such as self-concept.

the criterion-group approach

test designers choose items to distinguish a group of individuals with certain characteristics, the criterion group, from a control group

Which multidimensional procedures laid a foundation for the many modern tests that yield multiple scores rather than a single overall index?

the Bell Adjustment Inventory & the Bernreuter Personality Inventory

first personality test ever developed

the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet

Common variance

the amount of variance a particular variable holds in common with other variables. It results from the overlap of what two or more variables are measuring.

Empirical strategies comprise

the criterion-group and the factor analysis method

Neuroticism

the degree to which a person is anxious and insecure as opposed to calm and self-confident.

Openness to experience

the degree to which a person is imaginative and curious as opposed to concrete-minded and narrow in thinking.

Conscientiousness

the degree to which a person is persevering, responsible, and organized as opposed to lazy, irresponsible, and impulsive.

Extroversion

the degree to which a person is sociable, leader-like, and assertive as opposed to withdrawn, quiet, and reserved.

Agreeableness

the degree to which a person is warm and cooperative as opposed to unpleasant and disagreeable.

The logical-content strategy

uses reason and deductive logic in the development of personality measures. In the most general use of this strategy, the test designer tries to logically deduce the type of content that should measure the characteristic to be assessed. The principal distinguishing characteristic of this strategy is that it assumes that the test item accurately describes the subject's personality and behavior. (i.e. if someone says they're outgoing, its assumed they are actually outgoing) Initial efforts to measure personality used the logical-content approach as the primary strategy.

Leonardo da Vinci

used ambiguous figures to evaluate young art students.

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale .

used for diverse samples, this scale measures global feelings of self-worth using 10 simple and straightforward statements that examinees rate on a 4-point Likert scale.

Coping Intervention for Stressful Situations (CISS)

Active behavioral and cognitive coping strategies have been shown to be associated with measures of positive affect, and the strategy of coping by avoidance has been shown to be associated with high levels of negative affect. Endler and Parker (1990) created the CISS as a 48-item questionnaire that measures coping styles by asking subjects how they would respond to a variety of stressful situations and assesses individuals according to three basic coping styles: task-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping, and avoidance-oriented coping.

J. L. Holland's theory of vocational choice

After many years of study, Holland had postulated that interests express personality and that people can be classified into one or more of six categories according to their interests: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional

Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS)

Although the SCII is probably the most widely used interest inventory today, it competes with many other interest inventories. The Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS) ranks second in popularity. It is one of several interest scales that grew out of the original.

Binet

Binet proposed the idea of using inkblots to assess personality functioning when Rorschach was only 10 years old.

Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII)

Campbell's response to the shortcomings of the SVIB. Items from both the men's and women's forms of the SVIB were merged into a single form that included scales devoid of gender bias. Campbell also introduced more theory into the measurement strategy and was very interested in J. L. Holland's theory of vocational choice.

What the different classes of CPI measure

Class I scales measure poise, self-assurance, and interpersonal effectiveness. Individuals who score high on these scales tend to be active, resourceful, competitive, outgoing, spontaneous, and self-confident. They are also at ease in interpersonal situations. Individuals who score high on Class II scales, which evaluate socialization, maturity, and responsibility, tend to be conscientious, honest, dependable, calm, practical, cooperative, and alert to ethical and moral issues. Class III scales measure achievement potential and intellectual efficiency. High scores in this class tend to indicate organized, efficient, sincere, mature, forceful, capable, and well-informed people. Class IV scales examine interest modes. High scorers tend to respond well to the inner needs of others and adapt well socially.

The two phases of Rorschach administration

Each card is administered twice. During the free-association phase of the test, the examiner presents the cards one at a time. If the subject gives only one response to the first card, then the examiner may say, "Some people see more than one thing here." The examiner usually makes this remark only once. If the subject rejects the card—that is, states that he or she sees nothing—then the examiner may reply, "Most people do see something here, just take your time." The examiner records every word and even every sound made by the subject verbatim. In addition, the examiner records how long it takes a subject to respond to a card (reaction time) and the position of the card when the response is made (upside down, sideways). In the second phase, the inquiry, the examiner shows the cards again and scores the subject's responses. Responses are scored according to at least five dimensions, including location (where the perception was seen), determinant (what determined the response), form quality (to what extent the response matched the stimulus properties of the inkblot), content (what the perception was), and frequency of occurrence (to what extent the response was popular or original; popular responses occur once in every three protocols on average).

Problem with original MMPI

Experience with the MMPI rapidly revealed that only a relatively small number of disturbed subjects showed elevation on only a single scale. More often, elevation was found in two, three, four, or even all of the scales.

Criticisms of the Logical-Content Approach

In assuming that one can interpret test items at face value, the logical-content strategy also assumes that the subject takes a normal approach to the test, complies with the instructions, reads each item, and answers as honestly as possible. Even if this were all so, subjects might not be able to evaluate their own behavior objectively in the area covered by the test item. And even if subjects can provide accurate self-evaluation, they still may not interpret the test item in the same way as the test constructor or test user

Barnum effect

People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality. the tendency to accept certain information as true, such as character assessments or horoscopes, even when the information is so vague as to be worthless.

Strong Vocational Interest Blank

based on criterion-group approach it matches the interests of a subject to the interests and values of a criterion group of people who were happy in the careers they had chosen.

empirical

based on observation or experiment

the theoretical strategy

begins with a theory about the nature of the particular characteristic to be measured In the theoretical approach, unlike the logical-content strategy, items must be consistent with the theory. theoretical strategies demand that every item in a scale be related to the characteristic being measured

positive affect, from hope through resiliency, and negative affect are

best conceptualized as single constructs or dimensions.

Empirical strategies rely on

data collection and statistical analyses to determine the meaning of a test response or the nature of personality and psychopathology.

the two strategies for structured personality testing

deductive and empirical

Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS)

developed to measure "hardiness," which is defined as the ability to view stressful situations as meaningful, changeable, and challenging.

the Bell Adjustment Inventory

developed with the logical-content strategy the Bell attempted to evaluate the subject's adjustment in a variety of areas such as home life, social life, and emotional functioning.

the Bernreuter Personality Inventory

developed with the logical-content strategy the Bernreuter could be used for subjects as young as age 13 and included items related to six personality traits such as introversion, confidence, and sociability.

To qualify as cross-validated, a scale had to

distinguish the criterion group from the control group at the .05 level of significance

The restandardization of the MMPI has

eliminated the most serious drawback of the original version: the inadequate control group.

Personality states

emotional reactions that vary from one situation to another

Meehl

emphasized the importance of conducting research on individuals who showed specific two-point codes and other configural patterns. In this approach, the characteristics of a criterion group, consisting of subjects who showed elevation on two scales (e.g., the psychopathic deviate and hypomania scales), could be empirically determined.

The factor analytic strategy uses

factor analysis to derive empirically the basic dimensions of personality

Unique variance

factors uniquely measured by the variable. In other words, it refers to some construct measured only by the variable in question.

Rorschach location meanings

pg. 377 In scoring for location, the examiner notes whether the subject used the whole blot (W), a common detail (D), or an unusual detail (Dd). Location may be scored for other factors as well, such as the confabulatory response (DW). In this response, the subject overgeneralizes from a part to the whole. This type of information, in which scoring categories are summarized as a frequency or percentage, is known as the quantitative, structural, or statistical aspect of the Rorschach as opposed to the qualitative aspects, which pertain to the content and sequence of responses. Normal subjects typically produce a balance of W, D, and Dd responses. When a subject's pattern deviates from the typical balance, the examiner begins to suspect problems (Tarafder, Mukhopadhyay, & Basu, 2004). However, no one has been able to demonstrate that a particular deviation is linked to a specific problem

Ipsative scores

present results in relative terms rather than as absolute totals.

Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI)

proponent of the theoretical strategy, based on Murray's theory of needs, intended for use on normal individuals to assess various aspects of personality including interpersonal, cognitive, and value orientations

Personality Research Form (PRF)

proponent of the theoretical strategy, based on Murray's theory of needs, intended primarily for research purposes

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)

proponent of the theoretical strategy, utilized ipsative scores, the theoretical basis for the EPPS is the need system proposed by Murray, in developing the EPPS, Edwards selected 15 needs from Murray's list and constructed items with content validity for each, also utilized a forced-choice method, which requires subjects to select one of two items rather than to respond "True" or "False" ("yes" or "no") to a single item, is an interesting solution to the problem of faking and other sources of bias. Because each subject provides his or her own frame of reference, testers can determine the relative strength of needs as well as the internal consistency of each individual subject.

Deductive strategies use

reason and deductive logic to determine the meaning of a test response.

Personality traits

relatively enduring dispositions—tendencies to act, think, or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstance and that distinguish one person from another

Mooney Problem Checklist

relies extensively on the logical-content method of test construction and contains a list of problems that recurred in clinical case history data and in the written statements of problems submitted by approximately 4000 high-school students.

occupational interests

remain relatively stable overtime

cross-validate

replicate the results of one sample with those of another sample

California Psychological Inventory (CPI)

second example of a structured personality test constructed primarily by the criterion-group strategy.

The K scale

served the same purpose but was empirically constructed. It attempts to locate those items that distinguished normal from abnormal groups when both groups produced a normal test pattern.

Factor analytic procedures generally identify

sources of common variance at the expense of unique variance.

qualitative features of rorschach

specific content and sequence of responses

The TRIN attempts

to measure acquiescence. This scale consists of matched pairs of items with opposite content.

Rorshach determinants

the examiner must then determine what it was about the inkblot that led the subject to see that particular percept. This factor is known as the determinant. One or more of at least four properties of an inkblot may determine or lead to a response: its form or shape, its perceived movement, its color, and its shading. If the subject uses only the form of the blot to determine a response, then the response is scored F and is called a pure form response. Responses are scored for form when the subject justifies or elaborates a response by statements such as "It looks like one," "It is shaped like one," or "Here are the head, legs, feet, ears, and wings." In all of these examples, the response is determined exclusively on the basis of shape. In addition to form, a perception may be based on movement, color, shading, or some combination of these factors. These other determinants can be further subdivided. Movement may be human (M), such as two people hugging; animal (FM), such as two elephants playing; or inanimate (m), such as sparks flying. As you can see, the scoring can become quite complex.

Deductive strategies comprise

the logical-content and the theoretical approach

Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R)

the most widely used self-report measure of dispositional optimism, which is defined as an individual's tendency to view the world and the future in positive ways.

Whipple

the publication of the first set of standardized inkblots by Whipple (1910).

personality

the relatively stable and distinctive patterns of behavior that characterize an individual and his or her reactions to the environment

Projective method of personality assessment

the stimulus is ambiguous and the subject has few guidelines about what type of response is required

acquiescence

the tendency to agree or mark "True" regardless of content

Confirmation bias

the tendency to seek out and focus on information that confirms ardent beliefs and to disregard information that tends to contradict those beliefs, can mislead even the most honest and well-meaning clinicians.

projective hypothesis

this hypothesis proposes that when people attempt to understand an ambiguous or vague stimulus, their interpretation of that stimulus reflects their needs, feelings, experiences, prior conditioning, thought processes, and so forth.

VRIN attempts

to evaluate random responding. The scale consists of matched pairs of items that have similar content. Each time the pairs are marked in opposite directions, a point is scored on the scale.

task personality tests were developed for

to identify emotionally unstable military recruits for World War 1 & they used self-report questionnaires

Exner's Comprehensive System

uses the usual frequency of the occurrence of various responses to the rorschach in evaluating form quality, is more objective and thus more scientifically acceptable than the subjective method. In response to several studies in the late 1950s and early 1960s that served to debunk the greatness of Rorschach, Exner, as indicated, began to develop a system to remedy many of the problems with which the Rorschach was plagued. Exner attempted to address these problems with his creation of the Comprehensive System for scoring. Many scientifically minded evaluators of the Rorschach are in agreement that the Comprehensive System has failed to remedy the inadequacies of the Rorschach.

Error variance

variance attributable to error

The L, or lie, scale

was designed to detect individuals who attempted to present themselves in an overly favorable way.