3710 Exam 2

Within Dr. Emerson's study on loneliness, who in the sample was more likely to report being lonely?

female, not married, and have more health problems, 60+

What may be a reason as to why older adults who report loneliness are more likely to seek out medical assistance?

someone to talk to

Diabetes can be traced to the abnormal functioning of which bodily organ?

Pancreas

In ________________ disease, the individual primarily suffers from disturbances in motor functioning, including having tremors, shuffling gait, and difficulties maintaining balance.

Parkinson's Disease

Middle-aged and older adults wear bifocals to correct for which age-related change in the eyes?

Presbyopia

Normal age-related changes in the lens of the eye results in which condition that afflicts all older adults?

Presbyopia - thickening of the lens - loss of ability to focus on near objects

The World Health Organization defines health as having which qualities?

Complete physical, mental, and social well-being

In the disease known as ________________, the heart cannot distribute enough blood throughout the body to reach the major organs, causing the tissues to swell with fluid.

Congestive heart failure

Normal changes in the cardiovascular system with age in adulthood are reflected in a lowering of which measure?

Decrease in aerobic capacity of 10% per decade Decrease in expiratory volume as alveoli shrink

The text recommends that the best advice for an older adult trying to maintain his or her digestive functioning is to:

Eat a diet that includes - complex carbs - protein - fats

Psychologists diagnosing Alzheimer's disease look for which key symptom in its early stage?

Forgetting normal actions and information ex: names of good family and friends

A 45-year-old man Is concerned because his 70-year-old mother seems unusually restless, tense, irritable, and prone to worrying. It is possible that his mother has developed which psychological disorder?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A build-up of pressure within the eyeball is involved in which form of blindness that affects older adults?

Glaucoma

The somatopause of aging involves changes in which hormones?

Growth Hormones

The HAROLD model of plasticity and brain aging proposes that older adults show which pattern when completing cognitive tasks compared to younger adults

Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction

The condition known as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is used in cases involving:

The memory loss that may progress to Alzheimer's

The concept of plasticity in the nervous system refers to the fact that:

The nervous system can rewire its connections

People living in the "cancer belt" are at particular risk for which form of cancer?

esophageal

Of all forms of specific phobia, which of the following is most prevalent in the adult population?

fear of animals or heights (50%)

The nephron is the cell responsible for the efficiency of which organ in the body?

kidney

A BMI in the range of 25-29.9 places the individual in the category of:

overweight

What is one proposed strategy for increasing physical activity levels among older adults?

Providing social support and beginning an activity program at a low intensity and gradually working up to a moderate intensity

Researchers studying borderline personality disorder tendencies in older adults found those high in neuroticism to be more likely to show ______________ in which they create more problems in their lives.

"stress generation"

Which neurotransmitter is thought to be involved in the memory loss of Alzheimer's disease?

- Acetylcholine --> decreased in both concentration and function

Which disorder is thought to be caused in part by malfunction of the APP gene?

- Alzheimer's Disease - APP gene --> amyloid precursor protein

Of the following, which category of disorders has the highest lifetime prevalence?

- Anxiety disorder - specific phobia

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is almost always caused by:

- Cause is not officially known - most agree toxins from cigarette smoke - cigarette smoking triggers the over production of enzyme elastase

Unlike the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), the International Classification of Diseases makes possible diagnosis of which conditions?

- DSM is psychological disorders - international classification deals with ALL medical illnesses

Clinicians seek to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from other neurocognitive disorders as soon as possible in their patients primarily because:

- Other disorders that look like Alzheimer's may be reversible if treated early on - Average lifespan is 4-8 years after diagnosis

Metabolic syndrome, a condition that places an individual at risk for heart disease and diabetes, involves which of the following criteria for women?

- abdominal obesity - high blood fats

Depressive symptoms can place the older adult at risk for developing which other diseases or conditions?

- diabetes - hypertension - arthritis - hip fracture - vitamin D deficiency - tooth loss

Found to contribute to major depressive disorder in older adults, which condition might be overlooked by psychologists conducting an assessment?

- dysphoria - health care professionals may not be trained in diagnosis of older adults - some believe that it is just a part of the aging process

Destruction of the ___________ is a consequence of emphysema

- elasticity of alveoli - breathing is compromised

People who have the anxiety disorder known as agoraphobia fear what type of situation?

- fear of being trapped or stranded during a panic attack

Moderate symptoms of Alzheimer's

- forgetfulness of events or about one's own personal history - confusion about where they are or what day it is - need for help choosing proper clothing for the season or the occasion - changes in sleep patterns, such as sleeping during the day and becoming restless at night - an increased risk of wandering and becoming lost - personality and behavioral changes including delusions or compulsive hand motions

The "stroke" belt received its name because people living in this region tend to:

- higher risk for stroke - experience a combination of high alcohol intake, obesity, smoking, and a lack of exercise

what is the Hispanic paradox?

- hispanics live longer than caucasians of african americans - BUT... they have lower SES, lower education - If people have major mental issues / health concerns they aren't immigrating to the US - People go back to their "home" when they get sick

Which of the following is a documented risk factor for developing cataracts?

- increasing age - excessive exposure to sunlight - smoking - obesity - high blood pressure - previous eye injury or inflammation - previous eye surgery - prolonged use of corticosteroid medications - drinking excessive amounts of alcohol

Psychologists may fail to recognize the symptoms of major depressive disorder in an older adult because they mistakenly assume that:

- it is a part of the aging process - it is cognitive impairment or a physical symptom

Health professionals treating older adults with osteoarthritis are most likely to recommend which of the following approaches as a long-term strategy, particularly for individuals with mild symptoms?

- mild exercise - strength training

A true Mediterranean diet would include relatively little of which type of food?

- olive oil - vegetables - fish - turkey - chicken - nuts - berries - some red wine **less dairy & red meat

In general, guidelines for receiving cancer screening recommend that patients undergo systematic tests:

- pap tests & pelvic exam for women - blood testing - endoscopic screenings

A middle-aged man is worried that his 83-year-old mother may develop osteoporosis, a reasonable concern because she

- post menopause - higher risk due to lower bone mass

Mild symptoms of Alzheimer's

- problems coming up with the right word or name - trouble remembering names when introduced to new people - having greater difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings - forgetting material that one has just read - losing or misplacing a valuable object - increasing trouble with planning and organizing

Late symptoms of Alzheimer's

- require full-time assistance with daily personal care - lose awareness of recent experiences and surroundings - changes in physical abilities, including the ability to walk, sit, and, eventually, swallow - increasing difficulty communicating

The symptoms of social anxiety disorder involve, specifically, which types of thoughts and feelings?

- sense of dread about what might happen in the future - some people get to the point of not leaving their home - extreme anxiety about being watched by others - fear of public embarrassment

Melatonin supplements, occasionally used by older adults to offset changes with age, may have unwanted effects such as:

- short-term feelings of depression - daytime sleepiness - dizziness - stomach cramps - irratability

Symptoms of depression in persons over the age of 65 are more likely to take which form compared to symptoms shown in younger adults?

- tooth decay - sleep - appetite - arthritis

Unlike memory loss caused by Alzheimer's disease, the symptoms of vascular dementia may be:

- treatable

In Alzheimer's disease, neurofibrillary tangles cause what changes to occur within the brain?

- twisting of microtubules in the neurons within the brain

The lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder is estimated to be ____%.

16.6%

Based on prevalence data, older adults with bipolar disorder were most likely to have developed it by the time they reached the age of about

25

Around what percentage of the oldest old (those aged 80 years and older) report being lonely?

35%

What is the approximate percent of adults 50 to 54 who use illicit drugs?

36%

Because it focuses on the degree of independence an older adult is able to maintain, it is important to healthcare practitioners to measure instrumental activities of daily living. This measure includes which type of criteria?

5 ADLs - bathing - dressing - toileting - walking - eating

Sarcopenia is associated with age-related changes in the___________

A: Loss of Muscle tissue

A natural shrinking with age of the thymus gland contributes to the process known as:

Affects the production of T-cells in the immune system

One of the primary causes of aging of the respiratory system involves changes in the air sacs known as the:

Alveoli - decrease in expiratory volume as alveoli shrink

The plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are made up of which substance?

Beta amyloid

The increased release of elastase stimulated by cigarette smoking is thought to be a cause of which disease?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Older adults may be more alert in the morning, and younger adults in the evening, reflecting age differences in:

Circadian Rhythm

Changes with age in the dermis layer of the skin are associated with age-related alterations in which protein, also found in connective tissue throughout the body?

Collagen

in the disorder known as _______________, individuals continually collect objects that they don't need, are unable to throw out those objects, and may clutter up their homes to the point of being almost unlivable.

Hoarding

Within Dr. Emerson's study on physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk, which group of people were at highest risk for cardiovascular disease?

Mexican American Adults

What did the results of Dr. Emerson's study report on physical activity levels and ethnicity?

Mexican American older adults had higher CVD compared to non Hispanic whites. Overall, worse health for Mexican American adults

Because neurons do not replace themselves when they die, proponents of the ___________ model believe that aging inevitably involves declines in brain structures and functions.

Neural Fallout

A 67-year-old woman is constantly organizing and re-organizing her kitchen cabinets, wanting every cup, plate, glass, and utensil to be in exactly the "right" place. Her behavior causes her distress, and although she would like to stop, she can't help herself. This behavior would be

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

The training of health professionals to work with the older population should, based on trends in chronic disease prevalence, involve knowledge about coping with which type of illness?

Osteoarthritis

Which group in the population is at particularly high risk for developing osteoporosis?

Osteoarthritis

Exposure to the asbestos increases an individual's risk of developing _______ cancer.

Ovarian

When mental health parity for Medicare was passed in 2008 by the U.S. Congress, this meant that older adults could receive which benefit?

Pay the same out-of-pocket expense for mental health that they would for medical care

The behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases in later adulthood include tobacco smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and

Risky alcohol consumption

The adrenopause observed in older adults reflects age-related changes in which hormone?

Testosterone

You're the health care professional treating a 72-year-old woman who you determine suffers from arteriosclerosis. In explaining this condition to her, you inform her that this condition specifically is defined as involving:

Thickening and hardening of the arteries

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is controlled by which set of hormones in the endocrine system?

Thyroxine (T4 & T3)

What was the goal of the loneliness study done by Dr. Emerson?

To understand if elders were lonely and what affects it has on them: heart problems, death, etc.

Normal changes in the _______________ of the heart seem to play a central role in the aging of the cardiovascular system.

artery walls (arteriosclerosis)

A mental health clinician is evaluating an older adult patient referred for neuropsychological testing. The clinician recognizes that small changes in cognitive functioning, occurring in stepwise manner, may most likely be due to which condition?

atherosclerosis causes coronary heart disease

Results from Dr. Emerson suggested that loneliness that was reported ______ was significantly associated with increased number of doctor visits

chronic loneliness

A 65-year-old man smoked all his life and now has ____________, a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

An 80-year-old woman is suffering from limited range of motion due to degenerative changes in her knees, shoulders, and wrists. If you were her physical therapist, you might suggest that she offset these changes by engaging primarily in:

flexibility exercises and strength exercises

A 55-year-old man has a common age-related condition known as androgenic alopecia. This means that he is experiencing:

hair loss

One of the reasons that gerontologists are concerned about falls in older adults causing serious fractures is that bone loss is typically most likely to occur in the:

hips & pelvis

The family of an 83-year-old woman is distressed to learn that her recent development of the inability to get herself dressed, along with other memory problems, suggests that she is in which stage of Alzheimer's disease?

moderate

The results of Dr. Emerson's study propose what physical activity recommendations for older adults?

moderate exercise

A 67-year-old former embezzler out on parole sees a court-ordered therapist each week. The therapist observes in her notes that he seems to be a good example of the maturation hypothesis. This means that the former convict shows which behavior?

more mature personality disorder meaning improved coping with symptoms people who have personality disorders that involve ''immature'' symptoms such as acting out, being entitled, and having an unstable sense of self improve or at least become more treatable later in life

Experts worry that future generations of older adults will experience more age-related hearing loss due to which preventable behavior?

music with headphones