390 exam 2

A nurse conducts a study to examine the effects of a new intervention on FEV1 levels in patients with COPD and uses all patients admitted to a hospital during a 2-month period. This is an example of which type of sampling method? Convenience Network Quota Random

Convenience n convenience sampling, the researcher uses subjects as they are available until the desired sample size is reached. Network sampling uses social networks to obtain subjects who might not be readily accessible otherwise. Quota sampling involves convenience sampling but adds techniques to ensure that certain subject types are represented. Random sampling attempts to ensure that all potential subjects have equal, random chances to participate.

A researcher identifies a socioeconomic group of people to study. After developing a rapport with key members of the group, getting information about group members from the key members, and spending time working among group members, the researcher prepares a written report about the group based on this experience. Which type of qualitative research does this represent? Ethnographic Grounded Theory Historical Phenomenological

Ethnographic

What type of qualitative research method would be used to describe and interpret a culture and cultural behavior? Grounded theory Ethnographic research Exploratory-descriptive Phenomenological

Ethnographic research

All significant results are considered clinically important. True False

False

The process of acquiring study participants and collecting the data for a study is observational measurement. True False

False

Using the PICO format to develop your clinical question will make it more difficult to conduct a successful literature review. True False

False

What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)? Because it does not involve random-controlled trials (RCTs), it does not contribute directly to EBP. It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior. It provides the basis for most EBP guidelines and patient care protocols. It provides a way to measure and evaluate quality outcomes that affect patient care.

It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding limitations in research? Limitations are restrictions or problems in a study that may decrease the generalizability of the findings Study limitations can often include methodological limitations such as weak designs, nonrepresentative samples, and limited control. Most researchers identify the limitations of their study in the research report and explain how this may have impacted their study findings. Limitations Synthesize the findings and methodology

Limitations synthesize the findings and methodology

Which of the following statements about Outcomes research is false? Outcomes reserach is concerned with the effectiveness of healthcare interventions and health services. Outcomes research is a rigorous scientific method that is focused on the end results of patinet care Outcomes reserach for individuals with chronic conditions includes aspects of quality of care, functioning, symptom management, and mortality Outcomes research cannot be used for patients with chronic conditions

Outcomes research cannot be used for patients with chronic conditions

Examples of nursing-sensitive patient outcomes include which of the following (select all that apply) Functional status Religous Beliefs Case management Pain Self-care

Pain Self-care Functional status

What does PRISMA stand for? Preferential Returned Items for Systematic Analyses Preferred Reviewed Items for Systematic Analyses Possible Refereed Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

A Likert Scale includes all of the following EXCEPT: Provides a measure of control to the research design most commonly used scaling technique in research Usually addresses agreement, evaluation, or frequency designed to determine the opinions or attitudes of study subjects

Provides a measure of control to the research design

How are study results utilized to develop evidence for practice? Only evidence and data from strong studies are used. Only quantitative studies are used to build evidence. Strong points from multiple studies are used to build evidence. Studies must be replicated successfully to be used for evidence.

Strong points from multiple studies are used to build evidence.

What is true about grounded theory research? Theory is developed from the data collected during the research It is used to futher research in areas where much concrete data is already known. It is a method used to quantify theoretical constructs in theory development. Study designs use a theoretical basis to develop the research questions.

Theory is developed from the data collected during the research

What is the purpose of qualitative research? To describe experiences and insight from the subject's perspective To describe data that cannot be measured or quantified To allow researchers to interject their own values into studies To establish causal relationships among subjective data

To describe experiences and insight from the subject's perspective

Evidence'based practice (EBP) is the conscientious integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient circumstances and values in the delivery of quality, safe, cost-effective health care. True False

True

Mixed methods research utilizes both qualitative and quantitative methods in the same study. True False

True

Qualitative data utilizes the following: Likert Scale Unstructured observations Randomized Control Trial Questionnaires

Unstructured observations

Which are types of probability sampling? Select all that apply Cluster Convenience Simple random Network Stratified random

cluster Simple random Stratified random

A researcher classifies words and phrases that occur in data collected in a qualitative study. This process is called: coding the data dwelling with the data interpreting the data describing the data

coding the data

A researcher evaluates whether a tool addresses the major elements of the construct being studied. This helps to ensure equivalence readability level internal consistency content validity

content validity

In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of moderate exercise on patients' abilities to perform self-care. The researcher decides to use subjects between 70 to 80 years of age who have been diagnosed with dementia for less than 1 year. A patient who is 65 years old meets sampling criteria eligibility criteria exclusion criteria inclusion criteria

exclusion criteria

When a researcher concludes that study findings are applicable to the total population, this is an example of generalization. inference. probability. significance.

generalization

The goal of a critical appraisal should be to determine where faults exist in the study design. evaluate whether a proposed study is feasible. identify the meaning and credibility of the study. review the credentials and expertise of the researcher.

identify the meaning and credibility of the study.

Which is true about a correlational analysis technique? It measures the relationship among variables It is most desirable for small samples with homogenous scores It is used to determine cause and effect among sets of variables It usually involves comparing data from two subjects

it measures the relationship among variables

It is important to know the demographic variables among study subjects to calculate central tendency and standard deviation of study scores. ensure that control and experimental subjects are different. ensure that outcomes are not caused by independent variables. understand how well the sample represents the target population.

understand how well the sample represents the target population. Response Feedback: One goal of analyzing demographic variables in a study to make sure that the sample population is representative of the target population so that findings may be generalized to the larger population. Demographic variables are not used to calculate central tendency and standard deviation of study results. Researchers evaluate demographic variables in experimental studies to ensure that the groups are similar so that outcomes can be related to the independent variables and not to population differences.

A common method of measurement used in qualitative research is scales. physiological measures. unstructured interviews. questionnaires.

unstructured interviews.

Which type of variable is used in a summary of sample characteristics? Independent variables Dependent variables Research variables Demographic variables

Demographic variables

The level of statistical significance often used in nursing studies is: 0.01 0.5 0.7 0.05

0.05

Which situation will involve the use of inferential statistics? A comparison of independent variables in a quasi-experimental study A discussion about demographic data An analysis of demographic variables of the target population An examination of the differences between control and experimental group scores

An examination of the differences between control and experimental group scores Response Feedback: Inferential statistics are designed to address objectives, questions, and hypotheses in studies to allow inference from the study sample to the target population. These statistics are used to identify relationships, examine predictions, and determine group differences. Descriptive statistics are used as summary statistics to organize data and are used to describe the sample or key variables.

What is the researcher-participant relationship in qualitative research? Controlling subjects' responses by stating the aims of the study. Creating empathetic and honest relationships with study subjects. Keeping a distance to avoid skewing research findings. Attaching personal meanings of the research to subjects' responses

Creating empathetic and honest relationships with study subjects.

Which is true about a conceptual definition in a research study? It defines how a concept can be manipulated in a study. It describes how a concept may be measured in a study. It is comprehensive and includes associative meanings. It is more specific than a dictionary definition.

It is comprehensive and includes associative meanings A conceptual definition is more comprehensive than a denotative or dictionary definition and includes associated meanings the word may have. The operational definition describes how the concept may be manipulated in a study. The operational definition describes how the concept may be measured in a study. A conceptual definition is more comprehensive than a denotative or dictionary definition and includes associated meanings the word may have.

The following are true statements regarding PRISMA, except... It upholds rigorous research methodology to promote the accuracy of findings and minimize the reviewers' bias. It provides you with steps to critically appraise systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It was created in 2009 by an international group of expert researchers and clinicians Nurse researchers should not be concerned with the PRISMA checklist and instructions.

Nurse researchers should not be concerned with the PRISMA checklist and instructions.

Among subjects with coronary artery disease, a researcher identifies three levels of symptoms which can be categorized by severity. This represents which level of measurement? Interval Nominal Ordinal Ratio

Ordinal

Which of the following are true statements about qualitative research? Select all that apply. Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation. Qualitative research findings make an indistinct contribution to evidence-based practice. Qualitative research can generate rich descriptions of the experiences of the participants. Qualitative research is conducted in controlled settings to learn about a topic from the perspectives of the participants. Qualitative research process follows the same general steps as the quantitative research process, and is based on the same philosophical values and assumptions.

Qualitative research is a systematic approach used to describe experiences and situations from the perspective of persons in the situation. Qualitative research can generate rich descriptions of the experiences of the participants.

Which statement is true about using a questionnaire to collect data? Questions are presented consistently with less chance for bias than with an interview. Subjects usually give more in-depth answers when responding to questionnaires. Questionnaires are generally more expensive than interviewing techniques. The response rate is generally higher than when using interviews to collect data.

Questions are presented consistently with less chance for bias than with an interview.

A study measuring the effects of a new diuretic medication records hourly urine output of subjects. This measure represents which level of measurement? Interval Nominal Ordinal Ratio

Ratio Response Feedback: Ratio level measurement uses all aspects of other types of measurement: mutually exclusive categories, exhaustive categories, ordered ranks, equally spaced intervals, and a continuum of values. Interval level measurement uses interval scales, which have equal numerical distances between intervals. Nominal level measurement is used when data can be organized into categories of a defined property, such as a disease diagnosis, but when categories cannot be rank ordered. Ordinal level measurement is used when data collected can be rank ordered.

During an initial review of a study, the reviewer will expect the methods section of the research report to include a description of the study design and sampling methods. the limitations and generalizations of the study. tables and figures representing study results. the framework and definitions of study variables.

a description of the study design and sampling methods.

A parameter is a characteristic of a population. a frequency distribution. a sample. a normal curve.

a population A parameter is a numerical characteristic of a population. A frequency distribution describes the occurrence of scores or categories in a study. A sample is a subset of a population. A normal curve is a theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population, with a 95% probability that any value from that population will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean.

A theory is defined as: a set of concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon. terms that abstractly describe and name an object or idea the conscious awareness of a lived experience description of how the operational variables are measured

a set of concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon.

A researcher wishes to study the effects of a nursing intervention on children with cancer and obtains a sample of school-age children hospitalized for cancer treatment in a local hospital. This sample represents the accessible population. general population. target population. theoretical population.

accessible population An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access. The sample is obtained from the accessible population. A general population is the population, not just those meeting eligibility criteria. The target population is the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria. The theoretical population is the same as the target population, which is the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria.

The goal of appropriate sampling in research is to accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population. completely define the traits of the accessible population. identify all attributes of the sample population. study an entire population.

accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population. Sampling involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to conduct a study. Samples are expected to represent a target population of subjects who meet eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study. The accessible population are those people who are available for participation in the study. The accessible population may not be representative of the target population. The aim of sampling is to represent the target population, not to merely identify characteristics of the sample population. The goal of sampling is to study a representative sample of the larger population on which conclusions about the larger population may be drawn.

A researcher conducting a qualitative study knows that saturation of information has occurred when additional sampling reveals redundant information. data collected confirms theoretical models. subjects participating are representative of the general population. the desired sample size has been reached.

additional sampling reveals redundant information.

A researcher begins a study with 250 subjects, and 50 subjects drop out before the study is concluded. The researcher will declare 20% as the sample acceptance rate. attrition rate. refusal rate. retention rate.

attrition rate. The sample attrition rate is the percentage of subjects who withdraw from a study after the study has begun. The acceptance rate is the percentage of subjects who meet eligibility requirements who consent to participate. The refusal rate is the percentage of subjects who meet eligibility requirements who refuse to participate. The retention rate is the percentage of subjects who remain in the study after the study has begun.

A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of accuracy. precision. reliability. validity.

reliability.

A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young adults with cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic fibrosis clinic, where 250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of 50 young adults are selected to complete the survey. These 50 people are the accessible population. elements of the population. sample population. target population.

sample population. A sample is that group of people who are representing the entire population and participating in the study. Samples are expected to represent an entire population. The accessible population is that portion of the entire population that the researcher can use; which, in this case, would be the 250 patients at this medical center. The target population is the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria. An element is an individual unit of a study population.

During a qualitative research study, a researcher asks subjects a fixed set of questions to which the participants respond freely. This is an example of a(n) open-ended interview. semi-structured interview. structured interview. unstructured interview.

semi-structured interview.

A researcher enters a list of subjects from a sampling frame into a computer and the computer randomly assigns subjects to control or treatment groups. This is an example of cluster sampling. simple random sampling. stratified random sampling. systematic sampling.

simple random sampling.