395 Final

Describe at least four techniques that help in quality control.

-Cause & Effect diagrams: trace problems back to initial causes -use 5 whys technique to discover -Control chart: graphic display that shows process results over time -Checksheet: way to collect & analyze data -Scatter diagram: show if relationship between 2 variables -pareto chart: histogram to help identify and prioritize problem areas -flowcharts/ run charts: graphic displays of logic of processes to analyze how

Describe three tools used in developing a good cost estimate.

-Top Down: similar project as basis -Bottom Up: estimate individual work items and sum together -Three point estimates: estimate most likely, optimistic & pessimistic costs -Parametric estimate: uses parameters in mathematical model

Discuss the four types of testing in software development.

-Unit testing: test individuals for defect -integration Testing: test system & unit functionality together -system testing: test system as one entity -user acceptance testing: independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system

Explain some of the techniques that can be used to shorten project duration.

-do activities in parallel -crashing -add more resources to critical path

What are the five main types of power? Briefly describe each type.

1-Coercive power: punishment or threat to get behavior 2-Legitimate power: getting people to do things bc of authoritative position 3-Expert Power: using personal expertise to influence people 4-Reward Power: using incentives to push people to do things 5-referent power: based on charisma

What are the five stages of team development according to the Tuckman model? Briefly describe each stage.

1-Forming: introductions, little work done 2-Storming: differing opinions on how team operates 3-Norming: collaboration occurring w common working method 4-Performing: manage complex tasks 5-Adjourning: breakup of team after goal achieved

Discuss Covey's 7 habits.

1.Be proactive- plan for problems before they become them 2.Begin with End in MInd: focus on values & how you want to be remembered 3.put first things first: time management to better use time & priorities 4.Think win/win: look for solutions where both parties win 5.seek first to understand then be understood: empathetic listening 6.Synergize: collaborative work ends up better than individual 7.Sharpen the Saw: self renewal reduces burnout Differentiates good project managers from great ones

Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs. How does it relate to information technology projects?

1.Physiologial 2.safety 3.social 4.esteem 5.self actualization Usually IT projects have basic needs met but need to understand motivation & sometimes 1 or 2 become important. New employees may have social needs

41. In project schedule management, the main goal of which process is to ensure that the project team has complete understanding of all the work they must do as part of the project scope so they can start scheduling the work? a. defining activities b. estimating activity durations c. estimating activity resources d. controlling the schedule

A

47. Which network diagramming technique uses boxes to represent activities? a. PDM b. CPM c. ADM d. PERT

A

49. During which relationship is the "from" activity unable start until the "to" activity is started? a. start-to-start b. finish-to-finish c. finish-to-start d. start-to-finish

A

48. Which dependencies do AOA network diagrams use? a. start-to-start b. finish-to-start c. finish-to-finish d. start-to-finish

B

Estimate at Completion

Budget at Completion / Cost Performance Index

30. What is the first process involved in project schedule management? a. defining activities b. estimating activity durations c. planning schedule management d. sequencing activities

C

38. Which document is most likely to include planned project start and end dates which serve as the starting points for a detailed schedule? a. resource breakdown structure b. milestones list c. organizational process assets update d. project charter

D

39. Which statement best describes the difference between an activity list and an activity attribute? a. As opposed to an activity attribute, an activity list provides resource requirements and constraints related to activities. b. An activity list provides a more concrete list of milestones for a project than an activity attribute. c. An activity attribute is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule whereas an activity list is not. d. An activity attribute provides more schedule-related information about each activity than an activity list.

D, The activity list is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule. The list should include the activity name, an activity identifier or number, and a brief description of the activity. The activity attributes provide more schedule-related information about each activity, such as predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, and so forth

Estimate to Completion

EAC - Actual cost

Distinguish between interpersonal, intrapersonal, and emotional intelligence.

Emotional intelligence: knowing and managing one's own emotions and understanding the emotions of others for improved performance Interpersonal:the capacity to understand the motivations, intentions, and desires of others Intrapersonal: the capacity to understand oneself, one's feelings, and motivations

14. A merge occurs when one node precedes multiple nodes. a. True b. False

False, A merge occurs when two or more nodes precede a single node. On the other hand, bursts occur when two or more activities follow a single node.

2. In project schedule management, the primary output of defining activities is a schedule management plan. a. True b. False

False, In project schedule management, the main output of defining activities are an activity list, activity attributes, a milestone list, and project management plan updates.

15. Start-to-finish relationships are the most frequently used dependencies between activities. a. True b. False

False, start to finish is rare

27. One of PERT's main disadvantages is that it does not address the risk associated with duration estimates. a. True b. False

Feedback: PERT's main disadvantages are that it involves more work than CPM because it requires several duration estimates, and there are better probabilistic methods for assessing schedule risk.

Explain the difference between the Gantt chart and the tracking Gantt chart.

In the Tracking Gantt chart, baseline bars are visible and the progress lines are drawn against the current task bars. Tracking Gantt chart is view only, not interactive like the regular Gantt chart.

Describe McClelland's acquired needs theory. How does it relate to information technology projects?

Personal needs are acquired or learned over time and shaped by life experiences. 3 main categories of acquired needs aer achievement, affiliation, and power. This theory helps you understand which of these traits is dominant in coworkers and how to award praise, acceptance, and management.

What are the five major cost categories related to quality? Briefly describe each category.

Prevention cost: cost of planning & executing so it is error free or within acceptable range Appraisal cost: cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure quality Internal failure cost: cost incurred to correct identified defect before customer receives External failure cost: cost that relates to all errors not detected & corrected before it hits consumer Measurement and test equipment costs: capital cost of equipment used to perform prevention and appraisal activities

Distinguish between resource leveling and resource loading.

Resource Loading: the amount of individual resources that an existing schedule requires during specific time periods Resource Leveling: technique for resolving resource conflicts by delaying task The difference between resource loading and resource leveling is that resource loading looks to maximize workforce capacity, whereas leveling prioritizes timelines and budgets as well

What are the three basic types of cost estimating? Describe each type.

Rough Order of Magnitude: during project selection or before, least accurate -aka swag or ballpark -50 to +100% accurate Budgetary: dollars into budget plan -at least 2 years before completion - -10 tp +25% accuracy Definitive: later in project, used for purchasing decisions or actual costs -5 to +10% accuracy

What are tangible and intangible costs? Distinguish between direct and indirect costs and give examples of each.

Tangible: costs that can easily be measured in dollas EX: $40,000 research cost, or $60,000 for equipment Intangible: costs that are difficult to measure in dollars EX: goodwill, prestige, and general productivity

Describe Herzberg's motivational hygiene theory.

This theory divides hygiene factors what could cause dissatisfaction from motivators that would cause satisfaction. Ex hygiene was higher salaries but motivator achievement. Conclusion was that companies could not motivate just by hygiene but better by motivators.

1. An activity is an element of work that has an expected duration, cost, and resource requirements. T or F

True

11. Network diagrams are the preferred technique for showing activity sequencing. a. True b. False

True

25. The technique of fast tracking can result in lengthening the project schedule. a. True b. False

True, The main disadvantage of fast tracking is that it can lengthen the project schedule because starting some tasks too soon often increases project risk and results in rework.

Cost variance

earned value - actual cost -if + under budget -if - over budget -0 on budget

Schedule variance

earned value - planned value If - behind schedule If + ahead of schedule If 0 on schedule

Cost Performance Index

earned value / actual cost < 1 over budget > 1 under budget = 1 on budget

Scheduled Performance Index

earned/planned value < 1 behind schedule > 1 ahead of schedule = 1 on schedule