3rd anatomy exam (311)

What comes from PLASMA??

"POWWERS" -proteins -organic nutrients (amino acids, glucose, fats) -water -wastes (urea, "unrine") -electrolytes )ex: NAH, cl) -Respiratory gases -Steroids

What is glycogenolysis ?

"to cut" -cuts polymers into single glucose, so they can break off, travel, and release lots of glucose molecules, -glycogen is a carbohydrate, polymer of glucose, and a way animal cells store glucose.

Which plasma proteins would be elevated during an infection?

Globulins, because some are immune and some are antibodies.

Beta cells within the endocrine pancreas produce ____, which lowers blood glucose by increasing glucose uptake and utilization by cells and also increasing glycogen production in live, skeletal muscles.

Insulin

___ and ____ are the primary hormones controlling blood glucose homeostasis, and they do opposite things !

Insulin and glucagon

The _____ blood count (CBC) determines red blood count, white blood count, erythrocyte indices.

complete

Blood is a fluid ____ tissue.

connective

Fatty yellow bone marrow can ____ to red bone marrow in cases of severe , sustained blood loss.

convert

Life expectancy of people in their 40's decreases by 5 to 10 years because of the disease, ______ disease is the leading cause of death for people with type 2 diabetes.

heart

A ____ is an instrument used to see the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. "packed cell volume"

hematocrit

______ is the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and blood disorders (dyscrasias)

hematology This provides important information about a person's health. Can detect disorders such as anemia, types of infection, and clotting disorders.

Red blood cells can carry more than a billion molecules of oxygen. About 98.5% of oxygen carried by the blood is bound to _____.

hemoglobin

_____ is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

hemoglobin -accounts for 95% of red blood cells intracellular proteins

Diabetes was the ___ leading cause of death in the US in 2010. -Caused 234,051 in 2010. -Diabetes may be underreported as a cause of death. -What was the total cost of diabetes in the US in 2012?

seventh $245 billion

red blood cell tests can detect some problems that may not produce obvious _____ or _____. ex: internal bleeding

signs/symptoms

Red blood cell recycling occurs in the ____, ____, and ____ _____

spleen, liver, and bone marrow

About ___% of circulating red blood cells are replaced each day.

1% -Rapid replacement is necessary due to short life span of RBC's

What are complications of cardiovascular? (related to diabetes)

-Diabetes increases the chance of high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. -This increases the risk of heart disease, kidney disease, and other blood vessel complications. -Diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis -This can lead to blockage or a clot in an array--which can cause heat attack, stroke, and decreased circulation in the arms and legs.

Diabetes ____ is characterized by glucose concentrations high enough to overwhelm kidney reabsorption. -list some symptoms...

-Diabetes mellitus: "mellitum,honey" --> when someone urinates a lot and it is sweet! symtoms: hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polysuria

What are complications of diabetes?

-Lon term hyperglycemia damages the retina of the eye, the blood vessels of the kidneys, the nerves, and other blood vessels. -Blindness due to damage tot he retina from diabetes -kidney failure -neuropathy leads to numbness --then foot wounds, ulcers on feet, and frequently lead to foot and leg amputations. Diabetes is a common cause of amputations in the US.

Identify two types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced which regulate blood glucose...

-alpha- glucagon -beta- insulin

What are some conditions that stimulate the release of Erythropoitin?

-anemia -decreased blood flow to the kidneys -decreased oxygen content of air in the lungs -damage to respiratory surface of the lungs -certain chemotherapies

What are reasons for performing blood tests?

-determine blood type -evaluate types and numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. (abnormal values may indicate underlying medical conditions).

Functions of the blood: -Transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes. -Regulation of the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids. -Restriction of ___ loss at injury sites -_____ against toxins and pathogens. -Stabilization of ____ _____

-fluid loss -defense -body temperature

-As blood glucose rises, beta cells secrete _____ which allows glucose to target cells. -As blood glucose declines, alpha cells secrete _____ causing liver breakdown of glycogen and glucose release into bloodstream.

-insulin (because insulin helps lower the high blood glucose levels.) -glucagon (because glucagon raises blood glucose levels)

What are common proteins in the plasma "blood" *This will be on exam*!!!

1. albumin: a "carrier" 65% maintains osmotic pressure (keeps water in bloodstream) 2. globulin: Many are immunoglobulins, a.k.a --> antibodies. Some are carriers. 3. fibrinogen 4. enzymes: active and inactive 5. Hormones: somatropin, glucagon

What two types of stem cells are produced by hemocytoblasts?

1. lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts 2. myeloid stem cells --> divide to give rise to all types of formed elements other than lymphocytes

red blood cells make up roughly ___ of all cells in the body.

1/3

Diabetics used bovine, porcine, or piscine insulin until 1980's. Bovine insulin differs from human insulin at only __ amino acids out of the 51, and porcine insulin is only ___ amino acid different.

2 1 -This is similar enough, so it would work with humans !

About 1/6 people with type 1 diabetes die before age ____. The most common cause of death is diabetic ketoacidosis, kidney failure, and heart disease.

40

Insulin is __ amino acids long.

51

The cardiovascular system includes: fluid (blood), the heart, ad blood vessels. It includes ~___ trillion cells.

75

Plasma composition: __% water ___% plasma proteins ___% other solutes

92% 7% 1%

Human insulin by Eli Lilly goes by brand engineered E. Coli. It's produced by a GMA (a genetically engineered E. Coli) To engineer a bacteria that makes HUMULIN, the genes for human insulin were inserted into ___ or _____.

DNA of E. COLI!

What is type 2 diabetes?

Adult onset diabetes. It is insulin independent!"resistant" -The body isn't able to use insulin the right way! It becomes less able to respond to insulin. -more common associated with obesity. -body has high sugar levels -this can be maintained by healthy eating habits and/or weight loss -90% of diabetics in US are type 2

What is a stem cell?

All formed elements(platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells) form from stem cells also called "hemocytoblasts"

Treatment with ____ insulin was normal until 1985.

BOVINE

Who were the two men who INDUCED diabetes in a dog?

Frederick Banting and Charles Best (22) worked with him

How could a doctor treat a diabetic who had injected too much insulin? if he is conscious?

Give them food, fruit juice to raise sugar levels

Whose lab did Frederick Banting work in, and also got the Nobel prize along with Banting?

John MacLeod

What is type 1 diabetes?

Juvenile diabetes. It is insulin dependent! -They have to take insulin shots because their body does not make insulin, a hormone needed to allow glucose to enter cells to produce energy.

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

Juvenile diabetes:type 1--> they need insulin shots, because the body makes little to no insulin., a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy. -Adult onset diabetes: type 2 -->more common! high sugar levels, you can help this by eating healthier. In this case; either the pancreases does not make enough insulin or the body cannot use the insulin well enough, so it causes glucose build up in the blood which does not allow the cells to function properly.

The ____ has normal functioning with *insulin* and *glucagon*, two antagonistic hormones that regulate blood glucose levels.

Pancreas

What are the 5 types of white blood cells? "Never let monkeys eat bananas" NLMEB

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, and basophilis

_______ the yellowish liquid that has to be separated from blood, is far more valuable than blood itself. Plasma is used to treat rare, chronic diseases, While many donate plasma for free, there are few organizations that offer compensation for their donations.

PLASMA! VERY VALUABLE!

what is hematocrit?

Packed cell volume "PCV"

______ are in the blood. There are a lot of these, but they do not take up much room. These are fragments of what use to be cells.

Platelets

What are clinical symptoms of diabetes?

Poludypsia, polyuria, unexplained weight loss, lathargy, ketoacidosis( mistaken for alcohol breath)

Why don't RBCs repair themselves when they are damaged ?

They don't have a nucleus, so they cannot repair themselves!

what is diabetes mellitus?

This is type 2 diabetes. The pancreas does not make enough insulin OR insulin is not utilized properly a.k.a. is "insulin resistant"

What is gluconeogenesis?

This means your body has the ability to make new sugar molecules. -Fats and amino acids can be turned into sugars, occurs in the liver.

Donating plasma has become dangerous! because people are just doing it for the money! It has gone from $4 billion to $11 billion!

WOW!!

How could a doctor treat a diabetic who had injected too much insulin? is he is unconscious?

With an IV/sugar Or give them a shot of glucagon(raise glucose levels) which does the opposite of insulin.

Banting and Best were able to *CAUSE* diabetes experimentally. But could they treat it ?

YES, they took a syringe, then injected extracts form other dogs ground-up pancreases to see if that would alleviate symptoms of diabetes. AND IT WORKED ! -Although, this is not a viable treatment, because human pancreas are not available to use as treatments.

Blood is slightly ______. average ph is 7.4

alkaline

Which condition would a patient have if she had a depressed hematocrit level?

anemia (deficiency of red blood cells)

If you have plasma from a lot of other people it allows doctors to have ______. Why is this good?

antibodies! so if you go to a foreign country, they give you antibodies! so you are immune to other diseases!!

This happened during hemoglobin recycling: ____ is an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile.

bilirubin

"hemo" means?

blood

Blocked bile ducts or inability to process bilirubin causes increased levels of bile in the ____.

blood

Define hemolysis..

break down of hemoglobin

"blasts" means?

builder

"cyto" means?

cell

connective tissues contains ___ and ____

cell and matrix

Type 1 diabetes is Insulin ______. It is commonly found in juveniles. Explain....

dependent. (They need insulin!!) Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease. In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. With the help of insulin therapy and other treatments, even young children can learn to manage their condition and live long, healthy lives.

What are the solutes in plasma?

electrolytes, organic nutrients, and organic wastes

The ____ pancreas (99% of volume) has cells forming glands and ducts that secrete pancreatic fluid and enzymes with digestive function. The _____ pancreas (1%) is small groups of cells scattered in clusters (pancreatic islets) that secrete hormones.

exocrine endocrine (insulin and glucagon)

Elizabeth Holmes was a college drop out, who is now a billionaire! "Thorns Wellness center" You get a prick taken of blood to test for multiple things! Less expensive, and you don't have to be afraid of a shot and a bunch if blood being taken!

from video !

Alpha cells within the endocrine pancreas produce ____, which raises blood glucose by increasing liver glycogen breakdown.

glucagon

As blood glucose declines, pancreas secretes _____. This causes liver cells to break down glycogen and release glucose into blood to help raise the blood glucose level !!

glucagon: helps raise blood glucose levels back to homeostasis

____ in the urine s a classic type of diabetes. "sweet urine "

glucose

Erthropoitin is a _____, released into plasma by the kidneys in response to low tissue oxygen levels or "______".

hormone hypoxia

In what way would a liver disease affect the level of bilirubin in the blood?

increase!

In 1982, genetically engineered human ____ became available.

insulin

Later on, a biochemist "Collip" isolated the one protein, out of the many in the cell extract that alleviated symptoms. Collip called the particular protein *Isletin* then later changed the name to ______.

insulin

The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentrations?

insulin !! When there are high levels of glucose "sugar" present in the body, insulin is inserted, and lowers these levels!

As blood glucose rises, ___ is secreted unto blood. It inserts glucose transporters into cell membranes of skeletal muscles and adipose, allowing glucose to enter.

insulin: helps lower blood glucose levels back to homeostasis

If the bile continues to accumulate(blocked), if it gets in the peripheral tissue it can cause ____. (a yellowish discoloration of whites of eyes and skin)

jaundice

In the ____ intestine, bacteria converts bilirubin to other 'bilins': which become part of feces.

large (gives feces yellow-brown or brown coloration!) this is how we know something is not right, when the color is off!

White blood cells are known as "______"

leukocytes

Describe a connective tissue!

made up of... 1. specialized cells 2. extracellular protein fibers 3. fluid called ground substance

There is about 5 liters of blood in the body. Roughly __-__ in males and __-__ in females.

males: 5-6 females:4-5 The difference is mainly due to body size

What is the effect of increased glucagon levels, on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver?

more glucagon =less glycogen

Hemocytoblast is _____

multipotent

Binding of iron to ____ is easily reversible.

oxygen

Frederick Banting thought diabetes was caused because of a ____ dysfunction. -What was his hypothesis?

pancreas -hypothesis: Pancreas dysfunction causes diabetes.

What are the two components of whole blood?

plasma formed elements

Whole blood consists of _____ and _____ elements

plasma (46-63%) formed elements (37-54%)

The blood consists of ___ and ____

plasma(liquid) and formed elements(cells and cell fragments)

What happens to the protein chains in a hemoglobin molecule when a red blood cell dies and is destroyed?

recycled as amino acids

Blood cell formation (erythropoiesis) occurs only in ___bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

red

___ blood cells are the most common throughout body. They are essential for oxygen transport in blood.

red

Production of formed elements takes place in ____ _____ ______. They are formed elements from stem cells, also called _______. They give rise to blood cells.

red bone marrow hemocytoblasts

Type 2 diabetes is insulin _______. This normally occurs in adults. explain..

resistant Diabetes is a problem with your body that causes blood glucose (sugar) levels to rise higher than normal. This is also called hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. If you have type 2 diabetes your body does not use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance. At first, your pancreas makes extra insulin to make up for it. But, over time it isn't able to keep up and can't make enough insulin to keep your blood glucose at normal levels.

Primary function of red blood cells is the transport of _____ gases.

respiratory

Hemoglobin recycling in the kidneys: presence of intact red blood cells in ____. (hematuria)

urine (only occurs after urinary tract damage)

Where does pigment end up from the normal breakdown of heme?

urine, bile, feces

_____blood is drawn directly from the body from which none of the components, such as plasma or platelets, has been removed.

whole 46%-63%

Dionne quintuplets: 5 identical baby girls. explain?

zygote--> sperm meets the egg, Zygote are *totipotent*. With the babies it was a cell that divided into two cells, then each of those cells brooke apart and made 4 babies, then one more baby cam off of one of those.