4. CARBON CHEMISTRY: FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

ALCOHOLS

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ALDEHYDES, ACIDS, AND KETONES

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COMMON REACTIONS OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

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ESTERS

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QUIZ 1: REACTIONS OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

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QUIZ 2: REACTIONS OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS TO ESTERS

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REACTIONS OF UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

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The functional group for an aldehyde is: -OH -CO -CHO -COOH

-CHO

The functional group for a carboxylic acid is: -CHO -OCO -CH -COOH

-COOH

Match these items. Match the items in the left column to the items in the right column. 1. a halogenated gas that may damage the ozone layer 2. World War I poisonous gas 3. a typical reaction of alkenes 4. insecticide 5. aromatic molecule

1. Freon 2. phosgene 3. addition 4. DDT 5. benzene

Match the following. 1. chemical compounds containing the -CHO functional group 2. chemical compounds containing the C=O functional group 3. chemical compounds containing the -COOH functional group

1. aldehydes 2. ketones 3. carboxylic acids

Match these items. Match the items in the left column to the items in the right column. 1. ethanol and benzoic acid 2. benzyl alcohol and acetic acid 3. butyric acid and butanol 4. n-pentanol and propanoic acid 5. isopropyl alcohol and formic acid

1. ethyl benzoate 2. benzyl acetate 3. butanyl butyrate 4. pentanyl propanoate 5. isopropyl formate

Match the following. 1. organic compounds which contain at least one oxygen atom 2. chemical compounds containing the R-OH functional group 3. chemical catalysts produced by living cells 4. a group of atoms that remain bonded together and behave as a single atom in a chemical reaction

1. oxyorganic compounds 2. alcohols 3. enzymes 4. radical

Match these items. Match the items in the left column to the items in the right column.

1. symbol for hydrocarbon group 2. aldehyde 3. primary alcohol 4. general formula for a ketone 5. secondary alcohol

Balance this reaction. CH3OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O

2 3 2 4

Match each alcohol with its rank from highest (1) to lowest (3) strength in acid properties. 1. CH3OH 2.C4H9OH 3.C8H17OH

3 2 1

Describe the chemical process of fermentation.

A chemical prepare in which complex natural atoms are broken down into easier compounds like ethanol. This prepare is catalyzed by certain chemicals.

Describe a polyhydroxyl alcohol.

Alcohols that have more than one hydroxyl bunch joined to a carbon grouping are called polyhydroxyl alcohols.

Compare the reactivity of alcohols with the length of the R-group.

As you increment the chain of a liquor, the reactivity diminishes. This is due to an increment in clutter and diminish in intermolecular fascination between atoms.

Assume a single Br replacement in the reaction of methane and Br2. Show the reaction between CH4 and Br2. CH4 + Br2 → CH3 + HBr

Br

Which alcohol will behave most like water? C4H9OH C10H21OH C2H5OH C7H15OH

C2H5OH

Methyl alcohol typically has the chemical formula: CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH C4H19OH

CH3OH

A large activation energy is required to break the double bonds of unsaturated hydrocarbons. True False

F

Alkanes are more reactive than alkenes. True False

F

Chlorine will combine spontaneously with methane. True False

F

Chlorine will remove hydrogen from the carbon atom because it has a great attraction for the hydrogen's nucleus. True False

F

Fluorine will combine spontaneously with C8H18. True False

F

The alcohol functional group contains the elements oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. True False

F

The reaction between C2H6 and Cl2 is by addition. True False

F

Very few esters are found in nature. True False

F

The ester functional group is symbolized as . True False

False

Assume a single Br replacement in the reaction of methane and Br2. Use a structural diagram to show the products of the reaction between CH4 and Br2.

H H Hbr H

Describe the difference between primary and secondary alcohols.

N/A Not this though If it is bonded to 1 carbon, it is called primary alcohol. If it is bonded to 2 carbons, it is called secondary alcohol.

The functional group for ester is: RCHO RCOOH RCOOR ROH

RCOOR

A radical is a group of atoms that remains bonded together and behaves as a single atom in a chemical reaction. True False

T

Acetone is the simplest ketone used as an organic solvent. True False

T

Benzene reacts with Cl2 by substitution. True False

T

Complex chemical catalysts produced by living cells are enzymes. True False

T

DDT is an excellent insecticide but a dangerous environmental pollutant. True False

T

Energy is necessary to chlorinate methane. True False

T

Esterification is an equilibrium reaction. True False

T

Esters can be made from noncarboxylic acids. True False

T

Freon is a halide hydrocarbon. True False

T

Freon is used as a refrigerant. True False

T

More activation energy is required to halogenate alkanes than to halogenate alkenes. True False

T

The double covalent bond within unsaturated hydrocarbons can be broken easily. True False

T

The energy required to start a reaction is called the activation energy. True False

T

The figure above represents an ester. True False

T

Unsaturated compounds are very reactive. True False

T

The bite of ants and sting of bees contain: an aldehyde a secondary alcohol a ketone a carboxylic acid

a carboxylic acid

CH2OHCH2OH is a general example of: an ethyl alcohol a methyl alcohol a polyhydroxyl alcohol an organic acid

a polyhydroxyl alcohol

When an unsaturated hydrocarbon undergoes complete addition, the product is: a new unsaturated molecule a saturated molecule a saturated molecule plus HCl HCl

a saturated molecule

Calcium carbide and water react to form ______ gas.

acetylene

The bonding of other atoms or molecules to an unsaturated hydrocarbon is called: deletion substitution addition none of the above

addition

The insertion of extra atoms or molecules into an unsaturated hydrocarbon is called: addition substitution replacement combustion

addition

The reaction of C4H8 and Br2 to yield C4H8Br2 represents .

addition

Balance this reaction. CO + H2 → CH3OH

blank 2 blank

Balance the following reaction. C2H6 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2 + HCl

blank 2 blank 2

Coconut oil is commonly used as a fuel. Palmitic acid is the primary ingredient that produces the heat. Balance the combustion reaction for palmitic acid. C16H32O2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

blank 23 16 16

Balance the equation for the complete chlorination of C2H6. If a coefficient of "1" is required, choose "blank" for that box. C2H6 + Cl2 → C2Cl6 + HCl

blank 6 blank 6

A common reaction is the formation of butyric acid from butyl alcohol. Butyric acid is what causes the odor of rancid butter. Balance the equation for the oxidation of butyl alcohol. C4;H9OH +O2 → C4H7O2H + H2O

blank all the way

Balance the following reaction. If a coefficient of "1" is required, choose "blank" for that box. C3H8 + Br2 → C3H7Br + HBr

blank all the way

Balance the following reaction. If a coefficient of "1" is required, choose "blank" for that box. C4H8 + Br2 → C4H8Br2

blank all the way

DDT interferes with the formation in making egg shells.

calcium

Aldehydes may oxidize to form: ketones carboxylic acids primary alcohols disinfectants

carboxylic acids

DDT is synthesized from the halogenation of the benzene ring through substitution of hydrogen atoms with atoms.

chlorine

Three chlorides on the carbon of a methane unit are called: methyl chloride dichloromethane chloroform carbon tetrachloride

chloroform

Two chlorides on the carbon of a methane unit are called: methyl chloride dichloromethane chloroform carbon tetrachloride

dichloromethane

Alkenes react by breaking the bond.

double

The reaction between alcohols and organic acids will form: ketones esters aldehydes cholesterols

esters

The taste and odors in fruit are often the result of: esters organic acids ROH compounds ketones

esters

Which of the following alcohols is now commonly being used as fuel additive? methyl alcohol ethyl alcohol isopropyl alcohol none of the above

ethyl alcohol

List two products derived from ethylene.

ethylene glycol and lead tetreathyl

A long chain of hydrocarbon bonded to COOH is a(n) _____ acid. formic carbonic amino fatty

fatty

The process by which complex organic compounds are decomposed by enzymes is called .

fermentation

HCOOH is: formaldehyde formic acid acetone carbon hydroxide

formic acid

The halogen elements are all: period VII atoms from group VII inert gases active metals

from group VII

F2 has electronegativity than I2.

higher

What does the "R-" represent? hydrocarbon chain that supports the functional group the functional group the radical none of the above

hydrocarbon chain that supports the functional group

The by-product of the chlorination of an alkane is

hydrochloric acid

An alcohol consists of an "R" group combined with the: double bonded oxygen hydroxyl radical hydroxide ion none of the above

hydroxyl radical

The polarity of alcohol molecules decreases as size of the molecule .

increases

The saturated product formed from the addition reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons are stable than the initial reactant.

more

Halogens on two adjacent carbons in a benzene ring are in the: para-position meta-position ortho-position none of the above

ortho-position

Halogens on directly opposite carbons in a benzene ring are in the: para-position meta-position ortho-position none of the above

para-position

Formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of: plastics acids medicine glass

plastics

A alcohol has an OH radical bonded to a terminal carbon atom.

primary

Aldehydes are the product of oxidation of: organic acid primary alcohol secondary alcohol ketone

primary alcohol

How may the concentration of chloroform be increased as Cl2 gas reacts with CH2Cl2? (Select all that apply.) increasing [HCl] removing HCl from the product increasing [Cl2] decreasing [Cl2]

removing HCl from the product increasing [Cl2]

All the elements of the halogen family are very reactive because they: (Select all that apply.) readily lose one valence electron require only one electron to complete their outer shell have a high electronegativity form unstable gas molecules

require only one electron to complete their outer shell have a high electronegativity

C3H8 is .

saturated

A alcohol has a -OH radical bonded to a central carbon atom.

secondary

Compare and contrast the reaction between 1) halogens and alkanes and 2) halogens and alkenes. 1) occurs ; requires ; by 2) occurs ; requires ; by

slowly ; energy ; substitution rapidly ; little energy ; addition

Chlorines directly opposite carbons in a benzene ring is an example of this type of reaction. substitution oxidation reduction addition

substitution

The previous reaction represents .

substitution

What is the reaction type most typical of halides with saturated hydrocarbons?

substitution

When hydrogen is replaced by another element in a hydrocarbon, the reaction is called .

substitution

What is the source of energy used to react chlorine with methane? heat high temperature sunlight ultraviolet light

ultraviolet light

C4H8 is .

unsaturated