4, Multiple Choice Chapter

The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell a. separates the RNA from the cytoplasm. b. contains the cell's DNA. c. contains the cell's nucleoli. d. is surrounded by a nucleoid membrane.

b

Where are lipids made in the cell? a. rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) b. mitochondria c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) d. ribosomes e. Golgi apparatus

c

endomembrane system

cell's network of internal membranes; where protein processing and other metabolic activities occur

plasmodesmata

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect adjacent plant cells

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell? a. Chloroplast. b. Central vacuole. c. Golgi apparatus. d. Mitochondrion. e. Plasma membrane.

d

nucleolus

where components of ribosomes are manufactured

19) Where does protein synthesis take place? A) in the nucleolus B) on smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) on ribosomes D) in the nucleus

C) on ribosomes

Type 2 diabetes

Insulin is present in the blood, but the insulin receptors are defective so that the glucose receptors aren't told to get the glucose

What is the cause of cystic fibrosis?

Lung cells produce CFTR (transport protein for chloride ions) but it cannot be successfully exported from the cell, thus there is no CFTR on the plasma membrane of lung cells. If you get cystic fibroses, you have the gene

lysosome

Membrane-enclosed sacs of digestive enzymes. There are several types of digestive functions: 1. Fuse with food vacuoles and digest the food in protists 2. Destroy bacteria that is engulfed by white blood cells 3. Recycling centers - cells enclose damaged organelles in membrane sacs, lysosome fuses with this and dismantles the contents, making them available for reuse

As cell size increases, the a. volume increases proportionally more than the surface area. b. surface area increases proportionally more than the volume. c. volume and surface area decrease. d. ratio of surface area to volume stays the same.

a

The maximum size of a cell is limited by _____. a. its need for enough surface area to make exchanges with its environment b. the materials needed to build it c. the number of organelles that can be packed inside d. the amount of flexibility it needs to be able to move

a

41) Which of the techniques reveal internal cellular detail? A) light micrograph and transmission electron micrograph B) light micrograph and scanning electron micrograph C) transmission electron micrograph and scanning electron micrograph D) all three micrographs

A) light micrograph and transmission electron micrograph

35) Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ______. A) surrounded by two membranes B) green C) manufactured by the nucleolus D) able to synthesize lipids

A) surrounded by two membranes

38) Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration? A) the cristae of a mitochondrion B) the outer membrane of a chloroplast C) the grana of a chloroplast D) the endoplasmic reticulum

A) the cristae of a mitochondrion

34) Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ______. A) cell wall and contractile vacuole B) cell wall and central vacuole C) nucleus and cell wall D) nucleus and contractile vacuole

B) cell wall and central vacuole

37) Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ______. A) of sunlight to energy stored in organic compounds B) stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP C) stored in ATP to energy stored in food molecules D) stored in ATP to energy used to do work

B) stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. 46) Which of the following is a characteristic of chloroplasts that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria? A) Chloroplasts have cell walls. B) Chloroplasts contain pigments. C) Chloroplasts have their own DNA. D) A single, highly folded plasma membrane surrounds chloroplasts.

C) Chloroplasts have their own DNA.

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. 47) Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria? A) Mitochondria have cell walls. B) The plasma membrane of a mitochondrion, forming the surface of this organelle, is the site of many important steps of cellular respiration. C) Mitochondria have their own DNA. D) Mitochondria rely upon proteins as their source of energy.

C) Mitochondria have their own DNA

32) A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives ______. A) in a marine environment B) within the cells of another organism C) in fresh water D) in ice

C) in fresh water

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. 45) What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts? A) Mitochondria can sometimes divide to produce chloroplasts. B) Only mitochondria have their own DNA. C) Some mitochondria have chloroplasts inside of them. D) Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.

D) Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.

44) Why a poster of a sick child say "No Antibiotics Please"? A) His illness may be caused by an allergy to penicillin. B) Antibiotics should be taken only to promote growth. C) His illness is caused by bacteria. D) His illness is caused by a virus

D) His illness is caused by a virus.

40) Tobacco smokers (and those exposed to tobacco smoke) are at greater risk of an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Based on your understanding of the structures of the cytoskeleton, what is the best explanation? A) Tobacco smokers tend to get pregnant when they are younger. B) Tobacco interferes with the functioning of the flagella propelling sperm. C) Tobacco interferes with the transfer of oxygen to the uterus, thereby forcing the zygote to implant in a fallopian tube. D) Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.

D) Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.

39) Microtubules are associated with ______. A) cilia B) flagella C) cell shape D) all of the above

D) all of the above

33) In plant cells, ______ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons. A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) lysosomes D) central vacuoles

D) central vacuoles

36) Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) mitochondrion C) ribosome D) chloroplast

D) chloroplast

43) In a Paramecium, a single-celled freshwater protest, the hairlike structures visible on the Paramecium allow it to move. These structures are ______. A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) flagella D) cilia

D) cilia

42) Which of the following organelles connect(s) to the nuclear envelope? A) the Golgi apparatus B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum

D) the endoplasmic reticulum

microfilaments

Structure: Solid rods composed mainly of ACTIN (globular proteins), arranged in a twisted double chain THINNEST Functions: Form a 3D network just inside the plasma membrane that helps support the cell's shape, interact with myosin to cause contraction of muscle cells as well as the movement of white blood cells & amoeba EASILY DISASSEMBLED?

intermediate filaments

Structure: fibrous proteins supercoiled into cables NOT THINNEST OR THICKEST Functions: Reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles MORE PERMANENT

microtubules

Structure: straight, hollow tubes composed of TUBULIN (globular proteins) THICKEST Functions: Shape and support the cell, act as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins move, guide the movement of chromosomes when cells divined, are the main components of cilia and flagella READILY DISASSEMBLED

What does the endomembrane system include?

The ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. - It manufactures, processes, and transports lipids and proteins.

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast? a. The chloroplast stores compounds produced by the cell. b. The chloroplast serves as a protein manufacturing facility. c. The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy. d. The chloroplast creates internal pressure for a cell. e. The chloroplast functions as the site of lipid synthesis.

c

Which of the following cytoplasmic structures functions in the transport of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus? a. actin filaments b. intermediate filaments c. microtubules d. microfilaments

c (Vesicles travel along microtubules as they move from one part of the cell to another.)

Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? a. detoxifying drugs b. synthesizing lipids c. synthesizing receptor proteins d. regulating the liver's release of sugar to the blood

c (by the ribosomes; Golgi processes them before putting them in cell membrane, packaging within organelles like lysosomes, or exportation from the cell)

Tay-Sachs disease results from the malfunction of A. lysosomes. B. mitochondria. C. nucleoli. D. endoplasmic reticulum.

A (lipid-digesting lysosomal enzyme is missing, and brain cells become impaired by an accumulation of lipids)

24) Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ______. A) steroid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification B) lipid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification C) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification D) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and protein synthesis

C) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification

2) What type of microscope would be best for studying the detailed structure of the surface of a plasma membrane? A) light microscope B) transmission electron microscope C) scanning electron microscope D) both a light microscope and an electron microscope

C) scanning electron microscope

25) What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus? A) transport proteins B) central vacuole C) transport vesicles D) nucleolus

C) transport vesicles

14) The nuclear envelope is composed of ______. A) chromatin B) DNA C) a double membrane D) carbohydrates

C) a double membrane

15) The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ______. A) nucleoli B) nucleoplasm C) chromatin D) ribosomes

C) chromatin

29) If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ______. A) shrivel B) divide into two cells C) digest itself D) need to manufacture more lysosomes

C) digest itself

The function of the nucleolus is a. intracellular digestion. b. to manufacture polypeptides. c. to manufacture ribosomal RNA. d. to store chromatin.

c

28) Lysosomes are responsible for ______. A) lipid synthesis B) cellular respiration C) digestion of organic matter inside the cell D) protein synthesis

C) digestion of organic matter inside the cell

Most of the protein measured in cells is likely synthesized by A. ribosomes. B. mitochondria. C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum. D. nucleolus.

A

Synthesis, modification, and packaging of secretory proteins - Golgi process

1. After receiving vesicle from ER, one side of Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles from ER 2. Vesicle fuses with a Golgi sac, adding its membrane and contents to the receiving side 3. Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack 4. The shipping side of the Golgi dispatches its products in vesicles 5. Finished molecule goes through plasma membrane and is released from cell

What do all cells have in common?

1. Being bounded by a plasma membrane 2. Interior is filled with cytosol, a thick jellylike fluid 3. Have one or more chromosomes (carry genes made of DNA) 4. Contain ribosomes (tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes) 5. Inside is called the cytoplasm

Insulin secretion model (tracking protein through cell)

1. Cell nutrient media is produced in the nucleus (some of it remains) 2. Ribosomes on RER and in cytosol synthesize it 3. Goes to ER (some remains in RER) 4. transport vesicle 5. Golgi bodies 6. secretory vesicles 7. extracellular fluid

Four main functions of cell structures

1. Genetic control (nucleus, ribosomes) 2. Manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown (endomembrane system - rough & smooth ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes) 3. Energy processing (mitochondria and chloroplasts 4. Structural support, movement, and communication (cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, cell junctions, cell walls)

Synthesis, modification, and packaging of secretory proteins - ER Process

1. Polypeptide is synthesized by a bound ribosome following the instructions of an mRNA, threaded into the cavity of the rough ER, folds into 3D shape 2. Short chains of sugars are linked to the polypeptide, making the molecule a glycoprotein 3. Molecule is packaged in a transport vesicle that exports it from the ER 4. Vesicle carries the protein to the Golgi apparatus for further processing

Ways that antibiotics work:

1. Some work to break down the structure of the bacterium (destroy the cell wall) 2. Others work to destroy information pathways - Block DNA replication (cells cannot reproduce, packaging of eukaryotic is different than pro) - Block protein production by targeting ribosomes (prokaryotic ones are different than eukaryotic)

22) A hormone that will be secreted from the cell is manufactured by ribosomes _____. A) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum B) attached to the Golgi apparatus C) attached to the plasma membrane D) inside the nucleus

A) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

1) Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells? A) cell theory B) Hooke's rule C) evolutionary theory D) Mendel's law

A) cell theory

6) In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane? A) cytoplasm B) phospholipid bilayer C) nucleoid D) chloroplast

A) cytoplasm

10) When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ______. A) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water B) have hydrophilic fatty acid tails that are attracted to water and hydrophobic phosphate groups that avoid water C) have hydrophilic heads that are attracted to their hydrophobic tails D) are both fluid and mosaic

A) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water

20) Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______. A) mRNA B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) DNA D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A) mRNA

31) Vacuoles are ______. A) membranous sacs B) manufactured by ribosomes C) composed of microtubules D) found only in plant cells

A) membranous sacs

11) The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ______. A) phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane B) phospholipids but not proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane C) most proteins but not phospholipids to drift about in the plane of the membrane D) carbohydrates to drift into and out of the membrane structure

A) phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

3) Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells? A) pili B) cell wall C) flagella D) DNA

A) pili

12) The extracellular matrix of animal cells ______. A) protect and support cells B) provide avenues for the exchange of DNA C) are warehouses for the storage of extra lipids and carbohydrates D) are primarily sites of dead matter and waste materials

A) protect and support cells

8) Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane? A) regulate the traffic of chemicals into and out of the cell B) protein synthesis C) lipid synthesis D) all of the above

A) regulate the traffic of chemicals into and out of the cell

27) Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company? A) the Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) chloroplasts D) the nucleolus

A) the Golgi apparatus

What does insulin do?

Attaches to its receptor, thus signaling for the glucose transporter proteins to move to the surface of the cell and allow glucose to enter the cell from the bloodstream

16) Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes. A) 36 B) 46 C) 2 D) 23

B) 46

13) ______ store the information necessary to produce proteins. A) Lysosomes B) Genes C) Ribosomes D) Carbohydrates

B) Genes

5) One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells. A) have DNA, which is lacking in B) have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in C) have a plasma membrane, which is lacking in D) have a nucleoid region, which is lacking in

B) have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in

23) Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in ______ cells. A) brain B) liver C) intestinal D) muscle

B) liver

30) Tay-Sachs disease results from ______ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme. A) the Golgi apparatus B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum

B) lysosomes

26) Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus? A) digestion of organic matter inside the cell B) protein modification C) drug detoxification D) protein synthesis

B) protein modification

Why can't cells get very big?

Because the maximum size of the cell is influenced by geometry and the need to have a surface area large enough to service the volume of the cell.

21) The endomembrane system includes ______. A) ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum D) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

D) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

9) ______ are the major lipids of plasma membranes. A) Steroids B) Fatty acids C) Mosaics D) Phospholipids

D) Phospholipids

18) Some ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol of a cell, whereas other ribosomes _______. A) make proteins inside the nucleus B) are found on the plasma membrane C) are attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) are attached to the outside of the nucleus

D) are attached to the outside of the nucleus

17) Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes? A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) endoplasmic reticulum D) nucleolus

D) nucleolus

7) You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it must be a ______ cell. A) prokaryotic B) animal C) bacterial D) plant

D) plant

4) When using a light microscope to view a cell you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, you conclude that the cell must be a type of ______ cell. A) plant B) eukaryotic C) fungal D) prokaryotic

D) prokaryotic

The membranous compartmentalization of a cell a. divides the cell into two equal-sized halves. b. requires the presence of a cell wall. c. allows different chemical conditions to be maintained in different parts of the cell. d. is common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

c

Type 1 diabetes

Don't have the beta pancreatic cells that produce insulin due to an autoimmune reaction (their body destroys these cells)

How is cystic fibrosis treated?

Drug that 1. Enables defective CFTR to move to membrane 2. Increase the activity of the protein once it is there, supporting the flow of salt and fluids Thins out the muscus

To enter or leave any cell, substances must pass through _____. a. the nucleus b. the Golgi apparatus c. the plasma membrane d. a microtubule e. a ribosome

c

What enhances a mitochondria's ability to make ATP?

Folds of inner membrane (cristae)

Difference between proteins made on free ribosomes in the cytosol and ribosomes attached to the ER

Free: the proteins made usually function within the cytosol (ex. enzymes that catalyze the first steps of sugar breakdown for cellular respiration) ER: proteins that will be inserted into membranes, packaged in certain organelles, or exported from the cell

What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes have in common? a. All are located in the nucleus of the cell. b. They are all physically connected to each other. c. They are constructed of interrelated membranes. d. They all perform similar roles in the cell.

c

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis

the buildup of thick mucus inside the body that impairs vital organs like the lungs and pancreas, lungs become obstructed, infected, and inflamed

As cell size increases, what happens to its surface area relative to its volume?

The surface-to volume ratio decreases - much less surface area compared to volume.

Protein synthesis requires the use of mRNA, which a. is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. b. must be made by the ribosomes. c. is made in the nucleolus. d. carries the message to the nucleus to synthesize new DNA during cell division.

a (why isn't it c???)

nuclear envelope

a barrier separating the cell's genetic information from the cell's cytosol; protein-lined pores allow certain materials to enter and exit the nucleus

The plant cell wall a. is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils. b. regulates the composition of the cytoplasm. c. is very similar to the animal cell wall. d. is found just inside the plasma membrane. e. makes food by converting light energy to chemical energy.

a

What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane? a. The finished products of the Golgi apparatus may leave the cell through vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. b. The Golgi apparatus begins the formation of the lipids that make up plasma membranes. c. The membranes of the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane are continuous. d. The plasma membrane stops the products of the Golgi apparatus from leaving the cell.

a

Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? a. whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes b. whether or not the cell contains DNA c. the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall d. the presence or absence of ribosomes

a

Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is false? a. Cellular metabolism occurs in animal but not plant cells. b. Cellular metabolism often occurs on the surfaces of internal membranes. c. Cellular metabolism includes different processes that require different conditions. d. Cellular metabolism can occur within organelles.

a

Which of the following structure(s) is/are found in prokaryotic cells? a. ribosomes b. endoplasmic reticulum c. mitochondria d. nucleus

a

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells. a. Central vacuoles; ribosomes b. Chloroplasts; central vacuoles c. Lysosomes; plasma membranes d. Plasma membranes; mitochondria e. Cell walls; chloroplasts

a

Which situation would lead to hyperglycemia? a. A loss of insulin receptors b. Too much insulin c. Destruction of insulin producing pancreatic cells

a & c

The structural framework in a cell is the plasma membrane. a. endomembrane system. b. cytoskeleton. c. extracellular matrix. d. endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

b

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole? a. Working with mRNA to synthesize proteins b. Storing compounds produced by the cell c. Converting light energy to chemical energy d. Separating the cell from its surroundings e. Storing the genetic information of the cell

b

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false? a. The cytoskeleton plays an important role in amoeboid motion. b. Once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in place. c. The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of fibers: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. d. The cytoskeleton helps to support cells.

b

Which of the following statements regarding the endomembrane system is false? a. The endomembrane system includes the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. b. The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected. c. The endomembrane system is involved in the synthesis, storage, and export of important molecules. d. The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope.

b

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____. a. move actively b. secrete a lot of material c. make a lot of ATP d. perform photosynthesis

b; The Golgi apparatus intercepts ER vesicles, modifies the contents for export, and repackages the material in a Golgi vesicle that can fuse with the plasma membrane.

What are insulin factories called?

beta cells in the pancreas

What structural protein is secreted outside of cells making up 40% of the protein in your body?

collagen

Where would ribosomes be located that are responsible for producing enzymes which play a role in sugar metabolism? a. Golgi apparatus b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum c. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. cytosol

d (The first steps of sugar metabolism occur within the cytosol. Therefore, the ribosomes in the cytosol are responsible for making the necessary enzymes.)

Prokaryotes cause ______ and are targeted by ______.

disease; antibiotics

hyperglycemia

due to a lack of insulin or defective insulin receptors; thirst, frequent urination, blurry vision, weight loss

Muscle and liver cells that take up more glucose than they need can store it as _____ inside cells.

glycogen

What happens if someone has too much insulin?

hypoglycemia; shaking, sweating, fainting, seizure, coma

The cells of a person with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) swell with a buildup of fatty acids. In other words, fatty acids are not being broken down. Which organelle is most likely failing to function correctly?

lysosome (removes unwanted or unneeded material from the cell)

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA

chromatin

mass of DNA and proteins in a cell

The protein actin is a component of a(n) __________.

microfilament (these are primarily composed of actin, a globular protein)

What 3 types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton?

microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

Chloroplasts are found in

plant cells and some protists

endosymbiotic theory

states mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells