4176 test 2 ch 7

Bipolar disorder

2 moods, depression and mania are displayed. where you have 2 different mood swings. you are feeling sad and low but also feeling hyper-alert, hyperactive, may not sleep, difficulty concentrating.

Hypomania

defined as a euphoric mood that is of short duration (4 straight days) and is less severe than a manic episode

anxiety disorders

depression is commonly co-morbid with what disorder

yes

does bipolar disorder run in families?

Bipolar II

history of major depression and hypomania-currently has 2 mood swings, mania and depression

- No brain scans or blood tests can detect bipolar disorder - Structured interviews such as the K-SADS has often been used - long interview - branching tree approach to questions - Checklists such as the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) are also often used - short Likert scale - Observation should be used - Family history - Interviewing

how do you assess bipolar disorder?

Research suggests that a focus on decreasing risk factors and increasing protective factors in the child's environment are important - try to provide more structure, support to parents

how is depression prevented?

2.6% of the population

how many people suffer from bipolar disorder in the population?

5 or more, and they have to be exhibited for a period of time, usually a few months -depressive episodes

how many symptoms are needed to be present in order to be diagnosed with depression?

mania of atleast a week and 3-4 symptoms

how many symptoms do you have to have in order to be diagnosed with bipolar?

they must have a depressed mode and 2 other symptoms out of 7

how many symptoms must be present in order to be diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder?

elevated mood that is often described as euphoric mood

inflated self- esteem, high rates of activity, speech and thinking, distractibility, exaggerated feelings of physical and mental well-being. some times have delusions and think theyre bullet proof. or believe they can save the world. or believe they can become a millionaire

Bipolar disorder

involves depressive symptoms and mani. also known as manic-depressive illness

yes, but because of cognition and limited language there may be a difficult diagnosing it

is depression present in preschoolders?

unipolar depression

one emotion, depression is displayed. person exhibits sad affect, perhaps feelings of worthlessness, low energy, loss in interest and activities.

Mania

period of abnormality, persistently elevated, and/or irritable mood and increased energy or activity that is also persistent

Bipolar I

presence of one or more manic episodes and typically also involves a history of major depression - currently has mania only

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) ex: prozac, paxil, zoloft, lexafro

prevent reabsorption of serotonin so more is available to the brain - proven more effective. This drug replaced tricyclic antidepressants. have fewer side effects

major depressive disorder

primary form of depressions - this is a form of unipolar depression

SES- socioeconomic status. your ses can affect the way kids feel

term associated with higher rates of depression - low income, chronic stress, and other factors

suicide

typically people with early onset bipolar disorder are more ate risk for what than later onset people are?

teaching, self-control, self-management skills, self-monitoring, self-evaluation, self-reinforcement, group problem solving, and activity schedules - teaching the person to be more aware and be able to identify different behaviors

what are some other interventions that are used for treatment?

1. Depressed or irritable mood 2. Poor appetite or over eating 3. Sleep disturbance 4. Low energy or fatigue 5. Loss of self-esteem 6. Concentration or decision-making problems, they can start to concentrate but then start thinking about something depressing 7. Feelings of hopelessness

what are symptoms of persistent depressive disorder?

1. self report- among most common 2. Child Depression Inventory (CDI) - most common **** 3. Measures that assess attributes such as self-esteem and perceived control over events, also assessing cognitive processes such as hopelessness

what are the assessments for major depression?

- Poor interpersonal skills - Cognitive distortions - Negative views of self - Perception that one has little control of their environment - Attribution style: person blames their self for external events. kid blaming themself for parents divorce

what are the cognitive-behavioral/interpersonal influences that can cause depression?

- something youre born with - Caused by genetic, biological, and environmental influences - Negative affectivity: tendency to experience negative emotions, be sensitive to negative stimuli, and be wary and vigilant. gravitate towards negative experiences even if positive outweighs it - Positive affectivity: has qualities such as approach, energy, sociability, and sensitivity to cues

what are the different aspects of temperament that can cause depression?

- Genetics: twin, family, and adoption studies (helps if the twins are adopted by different families bc it erases environmental factors) - Biological dysfunction - Sleep patterns - Brain differences: MRI has identified functional abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and other brain areas of adults

what are the different biological causes that can cause depression?

1. Depressed or irritable mood 2. Loss of interest or pleasure 3. Change in weight and/or appetite (trouble gaining or losing weight). you can gain or lose an appetite 4. Sleep problems 5. Motor agitation or retardation 6. Fatigue or loss of energy 7. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt 8. Difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions 9. Thoughts of death or suicidal thoughts/behavior

what are the different symptoms of depression?

under 12 years old, there are no gender differences. in adolescents, ration is 2 to 1 girls above

what are the gender differences in major depression?

- Having a depressed parent markedly increases the likelihood of depression - In adolescents of parent with depression, phobias and alcohol dependence are more common - Children with a depressed parent are at risk for a variety of problems not just depression - these parents often have problems providing structure for their children. theyre disorganized and can fall back on academics -A maternal history of depression is associated with lower self- worth, a negative attribution style, and hopelessness among the children - Marital discord with a depressed parent may result in high levels of stressful events for the child

what are the impacts of parental depression that can cause depression?

1. biological causes 2. temperament 3. social-psychological influences 4. cognitive-behavioral/interpersonal perspectives 5. impact of parental depression 6. peer relationships

what are the main causes of depression?

- Poor peer status is associated with adjustment difficulties, including depression - These poor relationships may contribute to childhood depression or they may be the result of depression - child can become depressed and not associate with peers and they become less popular

what are the peer relationship aspects that can cause depression?

.4-2.5% -major depression is more common in adolescence than young children

what are the rates of depression in children?

-Environmental factors -Separation, loss, and rejection can cause depression - it must be more than a normal reaction -Loss can also set off a chain reaction(especially a primary caregiver) - e.g., lack of care, changes in family structure, socioeconomic difficulties

what are the social-psychological influences that can cause depression

1. Inflated self-esteem 2. Decreased need for sleep 3. More talkative than usual, pressured speech 4. Racing thoughts 5. Distractibility 6. Increased goal-directed activity or motor agitation - cant sit still 7. Excessive activity that can lead to negative outcomes

what are the symptoms of Bipolar disorder?

damaged relationships, poor school performance, and in some cases suicide

what can manic episodes lead to?

-it is not well known at this time, but it is currently being studied. -it is believed that some combination of chemical imbalances in the brain and environmental factors are responsible - genetics and parenting can play a part, it runs in families

what causes mood disorders in children?

persistant depressive disorder (dysthymia) may be more or less severe than depressive episodes but symptoms will go on and on

what is a more chronic form of depression?

1. often families do not seek treatment 2. treatment may not be available in many communities 3. drug treatment is controversial - side effects 4, long term side effects and safety

what is a problem with treatment for major depression?

extreme highs and lows

what is bipolar disorder characterized by?

females are 70% more likely to experience depression than males, but typically their differences dont start to occur til after puberty

what is gender differences in mood disorders?

proved to be false assumption - children did not exhibit depressive symptoms, rather they showed depressive equivalents like hyperactivity and delinquency

what is masked depression?

0-6% when rates are this disparate from one another, it really means that we dont have a handle on it

what is the estimates of prevalence with bipolar disorder in kids and adolecence?

mood disorders

what is the most undiagnosed mental health disorder among children?

they are more intense, prolonged and difficult to manage

what makes mood disorders different from just regular sad feelings?

ADHD

what occurs at high rates in people with bipolar disorder?

40-70%

what percent of children with major depressive disorder also meet criteria for another disorder?

late teens - bipolar in young children is very controversial

when do bipolar symptoms tend to develop?

1980

when were the symptoms of mood disorders in children and adolescents first recognized?

many of the treatments that are used were initially developed for adults

where did they get treatments for mood disorders?