42 Questions

Compare and contrast the ways that many Americans expressed their opposition to immigrants in the 1840s-1850s with the ways that may Americans expressed their opposition to immigrants in the 1910s-1920s

THESIS: In both instances, similar people groups faced discrimination, however, in the 1800s the opposition was more socially rooted while in the 1900s it turned into a more political issue. 1. Irish & German immigrants - catholics & jews v. protestants NINA Know-Nothing Party Immigrants used as strikebreakers and worked for low wages 2. Rise of KKK and white supremacy Old Immigration v. New immigration - race issue Emergency Quota Act of 1921 Immigration Act of 1924 Red Scare - Sacco & Vanzetti Trial

How were the lives of the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century affected by technology and government actions?

THESIS: In the later half of the 19th century Native Americans were mistreated and forced into a new lifestyle due to disregard of their cultural autonomy at the hands of the government and technological innovation. 1. government Reservation system set up by treaties (1851 and 1853) Great Plains Wars - US encroachment on Native Lands Fetterman Massacre (1866) - US soldiers massacre a a village that refused to go to a reservation Dawes Severalty Act (1877) - ended dealing with tribes as separate nations (despite the fact that... they were) 2. technology Railroads encouraged Western movement, settlers brought guns and diseases, took land More settlers with more guns lead to the buffalo (central to Native American life) almost dying out New barbed wire took away Native American and Bison's ability to roam, made hunting and traveling more difficult Native Land taken away as railroads and telegraph wires became prevalent

Each of the following terms has been a popular or shorthand way of describing a complex event or development. To what extent is the terminology a fair representation of what happened?

THESIS: The Intolerable Acts of 1774, the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, the Crime of 1873, the Court packing of 1937, and the Sellout at Yalta in 1945 are all accurate names to describe complex events in history because they portray the way the public perceived these events and how they negatively effected the people of the time. 1. The Intolerable Acts of 1774 The "Intolerable Acts" were passed by Great Britain in response to the colonial action at the Boston Tea Party - Closed Boston Harbor, revoked the rights from the Massachusetts Colonial Charter, and expanded the Quartering Act to allow soldiers into private homes. Colonies saw the acts as attacks on their liberty First Continental Convention & boycott of British Goods the name exemplifies how angry the colonies were at Britain and shows the mounting anger against British injustices that led to the revolutionary war 2. The Corrupt Bargain of 1824 When no one won the majority of the popular vote in 1924, the election went to the House of Representatives where Henry Clay choose second-place JQA due to an alliance the two had. Andrew Jackson & Jacksonians saw this as an example of how the govt was becoming self-serving and elitist In all obvious elements, the bargain between Clay and JQA really was corrupt as JQA had not one the most electoral votes or popular votes, and the anger people felt towards the govt and the president was justified Because of the bargain, Andrew Jackson "the Common Man" was elected in 1828 when he ran against JQA again 3. The Crime of 1873 When Congress passed the Fourth Coinage Act which ended the coinage of silver, miners and farmers were outraged. The act was signed when silver production was increasing so miners saw a surplus and were unable to sell their silver and make a good profit- they needed to be able to sell in to the US mint Farmers were facing economic hardship and saw the coinage of silver as a solution to their problem so they were also outraged. It lives up to the name because the Act unfairly targeted blue-collar workers (some of whom were already struggling) and encompasses the anger they felt at their govt not looking out for their needs 4. The Court Packing of 1937 FDR was facing opposition as the Supreme Court was striking down some of his New Deal legislation so he proposed upping the # of justices to 15 to "make it more efficient" It was obvious that FDR was hoping to nominate judges that would rule in his favor and thus not oppose his legislation- this was a gross misuse of his power and many people saw it as dictatorial- FDR wanted to be able to pass anything he wanted without opposition 5. The Sellout at Yalta in 1945 The US and Britain at the Yalta conference made concessions to the Soviet Union and allowed them to have significant control over Eastern European countries, despite their obvious intention to impose undemocratic govts in those states (i.e. Poland) This was a fair assessment of the conference because the US had been basing its foreign policy for years on "making the world safe for democracy" and yet failed to protect European countries from the communist USSR by simply giving in too easily at the Yalta Conference.

Throughout our history, the Supreme Court has acted as a partisan political body rather than a neutral arbiter of constitutional principles. Assess the validity of this generalization for the period 1800-1860.

THESIS: The Supreme Court has consistently ruled outside of explicit constitutional authority, leading to many decisions which promote the power of the central government. Marbury v Madison John Marshall & The Marshall Court McCulloch v Maryland Fletcher v Peck Cherokee Nation v Georgia Dred Scott v Stanford

Analyze the effects of the Vietnam War on two of the following in the United States in the period from 1961 to 1975: the presidency, the population between 18 and 35 years old, Cold War diplomacy

THESIS: The Vietnam War had profound effects on the US, specifically in the new limitations placed on presidential power and the intense reactions of people 18-35 on the atrocities of the war. 1. "Great Society" overshadowed by war spending People start to not trust the presidency - Secret War and Watergate War Powers Act (1973) People feel generally poor towards the govt (Vietnam Syndrome, My Lai Massacre) 2. Counterculture movement had Anti-Vietnam War undertones - Woodstock, music, burning draft cards Young people were at the forefront of the protests (Kent State University) Many in this generation died or were wounded in Vietnam Vietnam Syndrome End of the draft and the 26th amendment (18 y/o vote)

In what ways did the administration of Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson maintain the policy of containment first developed during the Truman administration?

THESIS: The policy of containment begun by the Truman administration was continued by Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson through military involvement overseas and US promotion of democracy at home and abroad. 1. Military involvements Eisenhower Doctrine/Korean War Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War 2. US promotion of democracy 1950s red scare Peace Corps VISTA - domestic version of Peace Corps

Compare and contrast the women's rights movement of the 1840s through the 1860s with the women's rights movement of the 1960s through the 1980s.

THESIS: Although both movements focused on women's rights in the US, they had very different goals; however, they did both address the cult of domesticity and allowed several champions of women's rights to rise to fame. 1. goals 1840s-1860s - women's suffrage (Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments, National Women's Rights Convention, 15th Amendment debate - do we support it if it ignores women?) 1960s-1980s - general equality (ERA, Title IX, birth control and Roe v. Wade) 2. cult of domesticity 1840s-1860s Republican Motherhood - moral superiority used as a basis for reform in areas including education and temperance - moral superiority seen as a good thing and an advantage 1960s-1980s - against the cult & female roles Feminine Mystique Griswold v. Connecticut - birth control (sexual permissiveness) 3. new leaders 1840s-1860s - Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojurnor Truth "Ain't I a Woman" 1960s-1980s - Betty Friedan & Gloria Steinhem (NOW), Angela Davis (Black Panther Party)

Although often defended and attacked on purely economic grounds, the federal tariff policies of the US have been more important politically than economically. Assess this statement in regard to any TWO tariffs in US history.

THESIS: Although in the past, tariffs have generally been created to effect a nation's economy, some have had greater political than economic impacts including the Tariff of Abominations and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff. 1. Tariff of Abominations - sought to protect Northern industrialists and Western agriculture from foreign competition, however it hurt the Southern sale of raw materials while also raising the prices of the manufactured goods the southerners needed but were unable to make themselves. These laws were designed to help the North at the expense of the South. In response, John C. Calhoun, Vice President of SC, anonymously penned a piece which said that the states have the right to nullify federal laws if they don't agree with them. SC used this philosophy to then nullify the Tariff of 1932 and threatened to secede if the govt tried to collect revenue from it. This threat of secession due to the conflict between state and federal powers is one that continued through the 1800s and eventually resulted in the Civil War. 2. Hawley-Smoot Tariff - The Hawley-Smoot Tariff was a result of rising nationalism due to the Great Depression; the US was too focused on their own failing economy to recognize the struggling economies of nations all around the world. The passing of the tariff hurt US trade and caused overseas banks to fail. In anger, other countries established similar tariffs in retaliation. The tariffs only made the world economies worse, contributing to struggling and starving countries and enabling the rise of political extremists such as Adolf Hitler, kickstarting WWII.

Analyze the extent to which the 1920s and 1950s were similar in two of the following areas: impact of technology, intolerant attitudes, literary developments

THESIS: Although the 1920s and 1950s were very similar in the impacts of technology, the 1920s were home to more intolerant attitudes while the 1950s saw the start of a more (racially) tolerant America. 1. Technology 1920s - Fordism - system of mass production which made US a consumer culture 1950s - consumer culture continued with new innovations such as the Levittown Age of Radio vs Age of Television 1920s - airplanes, home appliances, the telephone 1950s - jet planes, interstate highways, improved kitchen appliances (kitchen debate), space exploration (sputnik) 2. Intolerant vs. Tolerant 1920s - peak of KKK Jim Crow Laws lynchings Red Scare - Sacco and Vanzetti Trial 1950s - some racism (still KKK, Emmett Till), but working towards improvement Brown v Board of Education Little Rock Nine Rosa Parks 1957 Civil Rights Act

How did the African American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s address the failures of the Reconstruction era?

THESIS: Although the Reconstruction era provided African Americans with their freedom, citizenship, and the right to vote, the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s-1960s addressed the inherent racial inequalities still prevalent in the US such as segregation and voting discrimination. 1. Segregation was still an ingrained part of US society following Reconstruction until the 1950s and 1960s, when the Civil Rights movement made it one of their main goals. After Reconstruction - Jim Crow Laws remained in place CRM- Brown v. Board of Education declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional The Greensboro 4 challenged segregation by private business Freedom Riders tried to get the govt to enforce desegregation of buses Ruby Bridges - first African American girl to attend an all-white school Little Rock Nine Civil Rights Act of 1964 2. Despite the passage of the 15th amendment following reconstruction (which granted African Americans the right to vote), African Americans still faced a difficult time when it came to voting, thus leading to a focus on voting rights in the CRM. 24th amendment outlawed poll taxes Freedom Summer (1964) - volunteers sent to the south to register African Americans to vote Selma March - March from Selma to Montgomery to demand voting rights Voting Rights Act of 1965 - outlawed discrimination in voting (literacy tests, grandfather clauses)

Although the economic growth of the United States between 1860 and 1900 has been attributed to a governmental policy of laissez-faire, it was in fact encouraged and sustained by direct governmental intervention. Assess the validity of this statement.

THESIS: Although the government was generally laissez-faire between 1860 and 1900, through its encouragement of big business and economic development it sustained economic growth. 1. Encouragement of Big Business establishing the railroads as a dominant industry - gave them 170 million acres of land, cleared Indians off of Western lands Favored business in the instances of strikes - Pullman Strike Sherman Anti-Trust Act interpreted in a way that would be used against unions instead of trusts High legal immigration provided cheap labor 2. Encouragement of economic opportunity and development Homestead Act - people can get cheap land Subsidizing railroads which made shipping easier and provided more people with the means to settle out West Transferred 2 million acres of Indian land for public use

Explain the causes and consequences of two of the following population movements in the United States during the time from 1945 to 1985. Suburbanisation, the growth of the Sunbelt, immigration to United States

THESIS: Between 1945-1985, the US saw many population movements including suburbanization and the new immigration the the US; causes such as technological advancements and racism contributed to these movements while their consequences (such as socioeconomic segregation) outlasted the movements themselves. 1. Suburbanization causes White Flight caused by rise of suburbs and Levittowns Pop culture encouraged nuclear, suburban family (Leave it to Beaver) Federal Highway Act (1956) Consequences Car culture (drive-ins, muscle cars) Poor inner-cities and racially segregated cities (redlining) Enhancement of gender roles - suburban housewife 2. New Immigration causes end of immigration quotas - Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 End of WWII - people fleeing countries to US consequences Demographic shift in immigrants- more Asians and Latin Americans Increase in illegal immigration increased multicultural society :) Latin American Chicano Movement/Cesar Chavez

In what ways were the late 19th century populists the heirs of the Jacksonian Democrats with respect to overall objectives and specific proposals for reform?

THESIS: Both Populism and Jacksonian Democracy sought to enhance the position of the common man and worked to reach this goal through proposed political and economic reforms 1. Andrew Jackson as "Common Man" Both encouraged more public participation in govt - greater suffrage, shorter govt terms Populist's support for farmers - Omaha platform based on Farmer's Alliance's Ocala Platform 2. Saw expanded suffrage (men for JD and women for P) Spoils system and patronage - no long tenure in office (JD) Direct election of Senators (P) Adaptation of initiative, referendum, and recall (P) 3. Jackson's vetoes BotUS bc he thinks it's harmful to the states and the people - end of international banking system (P) Only Gold and Silver currency (JD) - free and unlimited coinage of silver (P)

Compare the debates that took place over American expansionism in the 1840s with those that took place in the 1890s, analyzing the similarities and differences in the debates of the two eras.

THESIS: Both the 1840s and 1890s were periods of great debate over expansion in the United States and although they were motivated by different ideals they both resulted in bloody and questionable conflicts with foreign people. 1. Different motivations 1840s - Manifest Destiny American Progress, John Melish- map of US all the way to California Belief that it was the US right/destiny to expand across the land 1890s - Imperialism Frontier was closing (Census of 1890) - desire for land outside of the US mainland Resources were dwindling Social Darwinism - if we can, we should 2. Bloody results 1840s - Mexican-American war - Polk says it's a just war bc if the US takes over Mexico will be better off Causes: Mexico fears American expansion, US owes $$ to Mexico that they don't want to pay Thoreau writes "Civil Disobedience" - citizen's responsibility when the nation is in an unjust war Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildalgo - forced on Mexico, ends war, US gets CA and NM like they wanted 1890s - Spanish-American War Caused by the USS Maine and the DeLome Letter Spanish criticized McKinley) Results in US getting Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines Philippine-American War starts in 1899

Analyze the extent to which two of the following transformed American society in the 1960s and 1970s. The civil rights movement, The women's movement.

THESIS: Both the Civil Rights Movement and the Women's Movement significantly transformed American society by providing new and equal rights and opportunities for African Americans and women. 1. African Americans Sit-ins (Greensboro 4) Desegregation - Birmingham Campaign leads to Birmingham desegregation (1963) March on Washington (1963) - to get LBJ to pass a Civil Rights Bill -- Civil Rights Act (1964) 24th amendment (outlawed discriminatory poll taxes) Freedom Summer (1964) - encouraged black voter participation Selma March (1965) for voting rights -- Voting Rights Act of 1965 Civil Rights Act of 1968 (meant to end housing discrimination) 2. Women ERA (ultimately failed but was highly publicized- brought attention to the movement) Title IX (outlawed discrimination in schools) Griswold v. Connecticut Roe v. Wade The Feminine Mystique - call for women to seek out the work outside of their homes to find fulfillment

Most major religious movements reflect significant shifts in religious beliefs and produce important social changes. Apply this generalizations to TWO of the following. Seventeenth-century Puritanism, The First Great Awakening, The Second Great Awakening, The Social Gospel Movement.

THESIS: Both the Second Great Awakening and the Social Gospel Movement saw great religious revivals, with Protestant churches experiencing religious shifts regarding the Kingdom of God and interpreting those shifts as a call toward influencing social change. 1. Shifts SGA - new denominations took hold in America - Methodists and Baptists salvation through one's decisions and not trough God's grace We are to be kingdom builders to restore God's creation SGM - The Kingdom of God requires social as well as individual salvation We have to live as Jesus did Christian ethics should be applied to social problems 2. SGA - focused heavily on the temperance movment - alcohol seen as against the creative order American Society for the Promotion of Temperance & Daughters of Temperance Maine Law of 1851 banned sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages SGM - focused mostly on labor reforms and helping the urban poor YMCA and YWCA to help urban youth Salvation Army comes to US to feed urban hungry Jane Addams - Hull House

For the years 1880 to 1925, analyze both the tensions surrounding the issue of immigration and the US government's response to these tensions.

THESIS: From 1880-1925 anti-immigration sentiment was founded mostly on racism and troubles faced by the working class in the US; in response to these sentiments the US govt placed increasing restrictions on immigration, often on discriminatory grounds. 1. Tensions surrounding immigration New Immigration - different races and different cultures New European immigrants were difficult to assimilate and unionize, undermining efforts to reform the workplace Foreign nationalities associated with communism, alcohol, and crime Immigrants meant more people contesting for American jobs 2. Govt Response - over time the government begins to pass stricter and stricter immigration laws, often based on race or nationality Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Opening of Ellis Island in 1892 Immigration Act (1917) - barred people based on literacy tests & origin (no one from the Asiatic area) Emergency Quota Act (1921) Immigration Act of 1924

Hamiltonian Federalists, Wilsonian Democrats, and New Dealers wanted the government to play a significant role in the American economy. What did each group want the government to do? How do you account for the differences in their policies?

THESIS: Hamiltonian Federalists, Wilsonian Democrats, and New Dealers have all faced different circumstances which account for the various ways they requested government involvement in the American economy. 1. Different policies Hamiltonian Federalists Wanted a strong central govt who was hands on in the economy through the BotUS, supporting manufacturing (subsidies and tariffs) and taking on all the debts of the states, paying them off by borrowing more money Wilsonian Democrats ??? New Dealers Wanted the govt to have a large role in the economy to counteract the great depression, create jobs, and provide for the poor and hungry 2. different circumstances Hamiltonian Federalists saw the way the Articles of Confederation failed ???? Wilsonian Democrats WWI, wanted the govt and the US to be able to manage foreign affairs like League of Nations and Wilson's 14 pts New Dealers Black Tuesday- Great Depression, unemployment at 25%

Analyze the effectiveness of progressive era reformers in addressing problems of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In your answer, focus on reform efforts in two of the following areas: state and federal government, the workplace, living conditions in cities

THESIS: Progressive Era reformers were very effective in addressing problems of the late 19th and early 20th century, specifically through improvements in the workplace and the passing of progressive legislation at the state and federal levels; however, Progressive reforms failed in helping minorities. 1. Unions - Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor - higher wages, child labor laws, better conditions The Jungle - Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act Anthracite Coalmine Strike - govt sides with workers who then receive higher wages, shorter hrs, and better conditions 2. Trust busting - Roosevelt's Square Deal - Northern Securities Case 16th amendment Govt and conservation - Sierra Club, National Parks 19th amendment 3. Blacks excluded from most union membership Immigration Act of 1917 discriminated against the Japanese African Americans still faced discrimination - racial tensions - Red Summer

"Reform movements of the twentieth century have shown continuity in their goals and strategies." Assess the validity of this statement for the following pairs of reform movements: Progressivism and the New Deal, Women's Suffrage and post-Second World War feminism.

THESIS: Reform movements of the twentieth century have shown great continuity in their goals and strategies, exemplified in the similarities between Progressivism and the New Deal and Women's Suffrage and post-Second World War feminism. 1. Both progressivism and the New Deal sought social and economic reform through legislation. Progressivism- 16th amendment Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) -- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Meat Inspection Act (1906) Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) La Follette Seamen's Act (1915) - better treatment and higher wages for seamen New Deal- Federal Emergency Relief Act - federal funds for relief Social Security Act - benefits for the elderly and disabled Fair Labor Standards Act - 40 hr work week and minimum wage -- Civilian Conservation Corps - provided jobs for young, unemployed men Agriculture Adjustment Act - targeted struggling farmers, helped them pay loans Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 - encouraged Indians to pursue their own customs 2. Similarly, both the Women's Suffrage Movement and post WWII feminism aimed to improve the social standing and rights of women through organizations and political reform. WSM - Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments - "all men and women are created equal" National American Woman Suffrage Association 19th amendment Feminism - National Organization for Women ERA Title IX Roe v. Wade Griswold v. Connecticut

Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any two of the following: foreign relations, economic conditions, western lands

THESIS: The Articles of Confederation provided the United States with a central government that was unable to regulate foreign affairs or domestic economic conditions. 1. Foreign Affairs The Articles of Confederation provided the central govt with little power in regard to foreign policy. Could not remove British troops from forts in Northwest territory Could not regulate trade DID have the power to sign treaties Technically could declare war but couldn't marshal enough troops to actually fight the war 2. Economic conditions Congress could not tax - could only request money from states & states would not pay States also had the power to regulate money, resulting in different currencies between states and excess currency which caused inflation Central govt could not control interstate commerce, resulting in interstate taxes and tariffs Government could not effectively pay back war-related debt

Evaluate the extent to which the Declaration of Independence marked a turning point in American history, analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period immediately before the declaration to the period immediately following it.

THESIS: The Declaration of Independence was a significant turning point in American History because it was a culmination of mounting tensions and the start of American independence from Britain; however, it did not create a truly independent US, thus making it a more ideological turning point than a political one. 1. Culmination of tensions, start of independence Sugar act (1764) - first tax on colonies Stamp Act (1765) - after repeal of sugar act Quartering Act (1765) Boston Tea Party - Intolerable Acts Olive Branch Petition - final attempt to preserve peace When all else failed - Declaration of Independence was first official declaration of colonial independence separate from Great Britain 2. Didn't Make America Independent Britain continued to control American after the DoI Revolutionary War - Saratoga, Yorktown - not won until 1783 Articles of Confederation not ratified until 1781, Constitution not ratified until 1787

Compare and contrast the British, French, and Spanish imperial goals in North America between 1580 and 1763.

THESIS: The English, French, and Spanish all came to the New World with various religious, political, and economic goals. 1. Religious French and Spanish sought religious converts to Catholicism (encomiendas - Pope's Rebellion, French declared only Catholicism would be practiced in New France) English fled religious persecution and sought religious freedom (Separatists come on the Mayflower, Puritans establish a New England society) 2. Political - govts formed were different in regard to their own nation's imperial goals English - Salutary Neglect (English had/sought political freedom) French and Spanish - stayed loyal to home countries, came to add power and gold to their native lands) 3. Economic All three sought $$ Spanish sought gold & Fountain of Youth (Ponce De Leon) English planted cash crops (Indigo, Tobacco, Cotton) French sought gold as well, ended up hunting beavers as their pelts were valuable in France Majority of immigrants were young men who weren't benefited by primogeniture and sought wealth in the New World

Analyze the ways in which the Great Depression altered the social fabric in the 1930s.

THESIS: The Great Depression altered the social fabric of the United States through the rise of poverty, the development of the New Deal, and the way it once again brought farmers to a prominent place in society and legislation. 1. Soup kitchens Unemployment peaks at 25% in 1933 Homelessness and foreclosures - Hoovervilles 2. Works Progress Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Social Security Act - more people employed by the govt, creates a fear of communism due to the govt involvement in industry and poverty Adds strength to the art movement - Federal Art Project, Public Works of Art Project - creates job through the arts 3. Agriculture Adjustment Act - farmers burn crops and slaughter animals Tennessee Valley Authority - prevented flooding from ruining peoples land Farm Security Administration to combat rural poverty

Evaluate the extent to which the Progressive Era (1890-1920) marked a turning point in the history of women in the United States, analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period immediately before the Progressive Era to the period during and immediately after it.

THESIS: The Progressive Era was a significant turning point for women through advanced civic engagement and the garnering of the rights to vote, however, women still faced significant challenged in American society. 1. Civic Engagement in the Progressive Era women emerged at the forefront of social movements - Temperance movement, The Social Gospel Jane Addams - the Hull House Carrie Nation Women's Christian Temperance Union 2. Right to vote Susan B. Anthony National American Woman Suffrage Association Alice Paul 19th amendment 3. Still challenges Little political influence despite the new right to vote- few women in politics Women could work but were rarely seen in professional fields or high positions and received lower wages than men Restrictions on women's work - Mueller v. Oregon White women could vote but minority women could not until the 1960s

In what ways did the Second Great Awakening in the North influence THREE of the following: Abolition, Temperance, The cult of domesticity, Utopian Communities

THESIS: The Second Great Awakening spread religious fervor throughout the United States in the early part of 19th century, furthering the Abolition and Temperance movements as well as The Cult of Domesticity. 1. Abolition The 2nd Great Awakening focused often on moral uprightness and devotion to the well-being of other- led to growth in the abolitionist movement and calls for immediate emancipation because slavery was seen as immoral American Colonization Society William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator (abolitionist newspaper) and American Anti-Slavery Society Frederick Douglass publishes "The North Star" and encourages slave narratives 2. Temperance Participants in the Second Great Awakening saw alcohol and drunkenness as opposition to morality and worked to restore the "creative order" God intended through the temperance movement. American Society for the Promotion of Temperance & Daughters of Temperance Maine Law of 1851 banned sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages 3. Cult of Domesticity The 2nd Great Awakening advanced the ideas of The Cult of Domesticity and Republican motherhood as women were seen as the moral center of society and headed up the reform movements; some women saw this as a good thing and used it to their advantage, while others saw the cult as oppressive and used their higher social standing to advocate for more women's rights. Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom's Cabin Daughters of Temperance Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments

Evaluate the extent to which the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War, 1754-1763) marked a turning point in American relations with Great Britain, analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the war to the period after it.

THESIS: The Seven Years' War marked a turning point in the colonists relationship with Great Britain, changing the economic and political interactions between the two and creating a growing sense of anti-British feeling in the colonies. 1. Economic Britain accumulated a lot of debt during the war and had to start taxing the colonies after the war (something that hadn't been done before) - Sugar Act, Stamp Act more controlled Mercantilism and the end of salutary neglect 2. Political Before the war Britain had been lax on colonial trade and govt, essentially allowing the colonies to function as they wished Following the war, Britain imposed stricter laws on the colonies - navigation laws, Proclamation Line of 1763 (forbade colonists from going West of the Appalachian mts - seen by Britain as protection from Indians and preventative of another Indian uprising, seen by colonists as taking away their right to the new world 3. Anti-British sentiment Colonists hated the taxes placed on them to pay for the war because they didn't think it was their responsibility Hated the soldiers placed in their homes - Quartering Act of 1765 Differences between Britain and the colonies resulted in a growing colonial sense of individualism and independence which encouraged anti-British sentiment

Analyze the ways in which the political, economic, and diplomatic crises of the 1780s shaped the provisions of the United States Constitution.

THESIS: The US Constitution was shaped through the nation's previously weak govt' which resulted in a weak economy and a poor ability to deal with foreign affairs. 1. political Articles of Confederation - to weak at federal level Shay's Rebellion - Whiskey Rebellion Federalists v. Anti-Federalists, big govt vs. small govt - Great Compromise and Bill of Rights 2. economic Depression of 1784 - govt needs power to control economy no uniform currency govt had been unable to tax so had no $ 3. foreign affairs France and Britain tried to get US not to trade w/ the other through embargos - AoC did not give power for trade regulations Washington's farewell address warned not to meddle in foreign affairs govt didn't have power to remove Britain from forts on the New World, was seen as weak

To what extend did the War of 1812 constitute a "second American revolution"? In your answer be sure to address each of the following: Foreign Relations and Economic Development. Limit your answer to the period through the 1820s.

THESIS: The War of 1812 could be regarded as a "second American revolution" because it resolved some of the foreign relations and economic development issues the US had been having before the war and supplied the US with a new sense of nationalism. 1. Foreign relations Showed US strength and success as a country, made other countries have to take them seriously Treaty of Ghent set up to determine the US/Canada Border which had been disputed US was able to kick out British soldiers from forts on American soil 2. Economic development British blockade let to cotton shortage and then rise of US cotton industry - eventual southern economy End of first BotUS in 1811 made them economically weak and spurred on second BotUS led to better roads and cities as people voted to spend more on improvements American economy boomed 3. New nationalism writing of the "Star-Spangled Banner" first war fought as an independent nation - "won" Celebrated every victorious battle as if it was a victorious war (Battle of New Orleans) Era of Good Feelings followed the war

Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the time from 1845 to 1861.

THESIS: The controversy over the extension of slavery into Western territories contributed to the Civil War by increasing the political and social tensions between the North and the South. 1. North grew more in favor of abolishing slavery - Wilmot Proviso, Compromise of 1850 (push back against Fugitive Slave Law) Popular Sovereignty debate - Freeport Doctrine Kansas-Nebraska Act - Caning of Sumner - political tension Election of Lincoln - SC secedes 2. Abolitionist movement in North favors no slavery in new territories, following Cotton Gin, South economy relied so much on slavery that they did not Violence in "Bleeding Kansas" between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups - Beecher Bibles Uncle Tom's Cabin and Impending crisis of the South - burned and banned in South, strengthened abolitionist movement, increased tension

The period from 1870 to 1906 experienced more conflict then consensus over Labor Relations. Assess the validity of this statement with respect to two of the following: Government, Industrialists, Organized labor

THESIS: The period 1870-1900 did experience more conflict than consensus over labor relations, specifically through poor treatment from industrialists and a lack of support for then unsuccessful organized labor. 1. Monopolies and trusts - Carnegie and Rockefeller "Robber Barons" George Pullman and Pullman Strike Gospel of Wealth - philanthropy Social Darwinism 2. Unions - National Labor Union, Knights of Labor Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) - meant for trusts, used against unions Homestead Strike - weakened unions as govt sided with business New Immigration - immigrant workers were hard to unionize and would work as strike-breakers Railroad Strike (1877) - Hayes sends in federal troops

Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790s

THESIS: Though both domestic and foreign affairs significantly shaped US politics in the 1790s, foreign affairs took a backseat to the domestic issues in that time. 1. New country had to determine their place in foreign affairs Washington's farewell address Jay Treaty- avoided war with Britain Proclamation of Neutrality - said US would remain neutral between France and Great Britain 2. Debate over the US govt took center stage and had more permanent consequences than any foreign policy affairs New Constitution - Whiskey Rebellion Jefferson vs. Hamilton Loose vs. Strict interpretation of the constitution Start of two-party system Hamilton's financial plan - establish the BotUS? how to repay the national debt

Throughout the Colonial period, economic concerns had more to do with the settling of British North America than did religious concerns. Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to economic and religious concerns.

THESIS: Throughout the Colonial period, religious concerns were the primary reason behind New England settlement while economic concerns were the primary cause behind Southern colonial settlement. 1. North & religion PA founded by quakers MA founded by puritans - Separatists came over on the Mayflower bc of religious persecution in Europe Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams for religious tolerance 2. South & economic Mercantilism - desire for gold and profit England wanted to get their own raw materials from the New World rather than having to buy them from other people Primogeniture resulted in many second, third, etc sons coming to the New World seeking personal wealth that they couldn't find in Britain Abundance of new land to grow cash crops need for labor to support economic growth- headright system

analyze the homefront experiences of two of the following groups during the second world war. African Americans, Japanese-Americans, Jewish Americans, Mexican Americans.

THESIS: WWII created a very divisive American Society, specifically when it came to racial tensions; in this time, both African Americans and Japanese Americans faced hardships in the US, however, African Americans did see some improvement after years of discrimination while the status of Japanese Americans in the US grew considerably worst. 1. Hardship/Racism African Americans Racism/Segregation in the armed forces (Tuskegee Airmen) Race Riots due to racism - Detroit, Chicago Continuation of Jim Crow Laws Japanese Americans Pearl Harbor made people not like the Japanese Anti-Japanese propoganda and Japanese in media as evil - Disney shorts, Cartoons, movies 2. Improvement vs. Setbacks African Americans Fairer and more esteemed military treatment Executive Order 8802 banned discrimination in the defense industries and govt Double V campaign - against fascism abroad and discrimination at home NAACP membership increases CORE forms Athletes break race barriers - Jesse Owens Japanese Executive Order 9066 - Japanese sent to internment camps Japanese were forced to sell property and possessions at great cost, give up jobs, sacrifice home Japanese were excluded from Pacific Coast (specifically, California) Korematsu vs. US (1944) - indirectly validates internment despite its prejudiced and racist roots

African American leaders have responded to racial discrimination in the US in a variety of ways. Compare and contrast the goals and strategies of African American leaders in the 1890s-1920s with the goals and strategies of African American leaders in the 1950s-1960s

THESIS: While both movements fought for similar goals (i.e. equal rights and an end to racial discrimination), they used very different methods to work towards these goals. 1. 1890s-1920s Harlem Renaissance (Louis Armstrong & Langston Hughes) popularized black culture Booker T. Washington - gradual equality WEB Du Bois - equality now 1950s-1960s MLK Jr. and Malcom X - equality now Rosa Parks Nation of Islam - redefining black men 3 Goals of Civil Rights Movement 2. 1890s-1920s Muckraking (Ida Tarbell) Washington - advancement through education (Tuskegee Institute) Few organizations (save for the NAACP) 1950s-1960s SNCC, Core, SCLC Sit-ins (Greensboro 4) Boycotts (bus boycott) Marches (March on Washington) Freedom riders Use of Violence (Malcolm X, Black Panthers)

Evaluate the extent to which increasing integration of the United States into the world economy contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in United States society from 1945 to the present.

THESIS: You're screwed if you get this question woot

Explain the ways that participation in political campaigns and elections in the United States changed between 1815 and 1840, and analyze forces and events that led to these changes.

THESIS: between 1815 and 1840, participation in political campaigns changed significantly through increased voter participation and eligibility, new and changing political parties, and different political practices which emerges as the young government developed. 1. Panic of 1819 - repeal of popular voting laws - almost universal white male suffrage between 1820 and 1840 Rise of newspapers - people are more informed when they vote 1824 - first popular vote 2. Era of Good Feelings (1815) Corrupt Bargain of 1824 - divides Dem-Rep Return of 2 party system in 1832 Whigs, Democrats, Dem-Rep, Federalists 3. Spoils System (Policy of Rotation) increases # of people who end up serving in govt 1st modern election (1840) - mudslinging, rallies, slogans, campaign songs Call for a "common man" president - Daniel Webster apologizes for being rich to get votes

Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.

THESIS: both TR and WW promoted spreading democracy abroad and encouraged that the US become a world power, however, where WW was more idealistic in his policy, TR was more pragmatic and therefore successful. 1. TR - Roosevelt Corollary supported Panamanian Independence WW - Mexico and Pancho Villa "to make the world safe for democracy" -WWI League of Nations 2. TR - US control of Panama canal Great White Fleet - strongest navy in the world WW - led peace planning following WWI - 14 pts maintained US presence in Latin America 3. A lot of Wilson's plans failed - 14 pts, League of Nations, military occupations in Latin America, idealistic moral diplomacy Roosevelt succeeded bc he was pragmatic - Hay-Bunau-Vanilla Treaty, settling of fighting between Japanese and Russians, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" - diplomacy and military (not everything will go right)

Evaluate the extent to which transatlantic interactions from 1600 to 1763 contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in labor systems in the British North American colonies.

Trans-Atlantic interactions from 1600-1763 changed many things for the North American colonies including the need for new labor and the development of cash crops while maintaining the traditional sense of European superiority throughout the colonies. 1. Indentured servants - Bacon's Rebellion - Slave Labor (Native Americans, then Africans) Race-based labor systems allowed cheap labor 2. Indigo, Tobacco, Cotton Plantation labor system Triangular Trade Young men coming to the colonies in order to get rich 3. Justified use of Natives and Blacks as slave labor based on race Racial hierarchy in society Slave Trade

1. To what extent did political parties contribute to the development of national unity in the US between 1790-1840?

THESIS: Although the nation achieved some unity through political parties in its early years, different ideas about gov't and sectional differences taken up in politics eventually contributed little to national unity. 1. Era of Good Feelings under James Monroe following the War of 1812 Election/Revolution of 1800 - first peaceful transfer of power 2. Federalists v. Anti-Federalists - Federalists v. Democratic Republicans War of 1812 - should we be involved in Britain? Hamiltonian v. Jeffersonian democracies Louisiana Purchase - constitutional? loose v. strict interpretations 3. Slavery issue - MO Compromise Embargo Act of 1807 - hated by North Hartford Convention and Northern threat of secession

Compare and contrast the experience of slaves on tobacco plantations in the early seventeenth-century Chesapeake region with that of slaves on the nineteenth-century cotton plantations in the Deep South. What forces transformed the institution of slavery from the early seventeenth century to the nineteenth century?

THESIS: Slaves in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake region faced significantly different experiences that nineteenth-century slaves on cotton plantations due to

Evaluate the impact of the Second World War on the United States in the 1950s and 1960s in terms of TWO of the following. Education, International Relations, and Science and Technology.

THESIS: The Second World War had enormous impacts on both international relations and science and technology in the United States. 1. Intl Relations Cold War w Soviet Union Start of NATO - anti-Soviet alliance Fear of communism spreading -- Korean War MAD Eisenhower Doctrine - US will send military to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communism - Vietnam War 2. Science and Technology Interstate Highway Act (1956) New technique learned by building houses for navy men during the war led to mass production of houses - Levittown Space Race - Soviets launch Sputnik, Start of NASA, Nation Defense Education Act - more school funding for maths and sciences Creation of hyrdrogen bomb