431 U.S. History 2018 Fall Semester Exam Review
What role did Scalawags and carpetbaggers play in Reconstruction?
"Carpetbaggers" and "scalawags" were both epithets coined by southern Democrats who opposed the social change of Reconstruction. ... Scalawags, on the other hand, were Southerners who joined the Republican Party, or at least supported Reconstruction. "carpetbaggers" refers to Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, during Reconstruction. Many carpetbaggers were said to have moved South for their own financial and political gains. Scalawags were white Southerners who cooperated politically with black freedmen and Northern newcomers.
What role did popular sovereignty play in the admission of new states to the Union?
'Popular sovereignty or sovereignty of the peoples' rule, is the principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power. Popular sovereignty was invoked in the Compromise of 1850 and later in the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854). The tragic events in "Bleeding Kansas" exposed the doctrine's shortcomings, as pro- and antislavery forces battled each other to effect the outcome they wished.
In what ways did Justice John Marshall expand the power of the federal government?
A Federalist Stronghold: John Marshall's Supreme Court. Marbury v. Madison was one of the most important decisions in U.S. judicial history because it legitimized the ability of the Supreme Court to judge the constitutionality of acts of the president or Congress.
Describe the foreign policy and domestic agenda of the War Hawks.
A group of pro-war Republicans, led by Speaker of the House Henry Clay, argued that military force was the only option left to combat British imperiousness. These "War Hawks" were not a majority of the party, but over time, their influence acted on more skeptical party members. The War Hawks were several young members of the Congress. Their goals were putting a stop to British influence among Native Americans, to invade Canada and gain more land for settlement, and to give speeches urging Americans to stand up to Great Britain.
What is the significance of the slogan, "Remember the Marine?"
A slogan of the Spanish-American War. The United States battleship Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, in 1898. Stirred up by the yellow press ( see yellow journalism), the American public blamed the sinking on Spain, which then owned Cuba.
Why were border states important for the Union to hold on to?
All of these states had strong support for both the Confederacy and the Union. Keeping control of the border states played an important role in the victory for the Union. These states gave the Union the advantage in troops, factories, and money.
Describe the growth factors of 2 of the following cities: Pittsburgh, New York, Chicago and Baltimore
Although cities such as Philadelphia, Boston, and New York sprang up from the initial days of colonial settlement, the explosion in urban population growth did not occur until the mid-nineteenth century. At this time, the attractions of city life, and in particular, employment opportunities, grew exponentially due to rapid changes in industrialization. Before the mid-1800s, factories, such as the early textile mills, had to be located near rivers and seaports, both for the transport of goods and the necessary water power. Production became dependent upon seasonal water flow, with cold, icy winters all but stopping river transportation entirely. The development of the steam engine transformed this need, allowing businesses to locate their factories near urban centers. These factories encouraged more and more people to move to urban areas where jobs were plentiful, but hourly wages were often low and the work was routine and grindingly monotonous. The last limitation that large cities had to overcome was the ever-increasing need for space. Eastern cities, unlike their Midwestern counterparts, could not continue to grow outward, as the land surrounding them was already settled. Geographic limitations such as rivers or the coast also hampered sprawl. And in all cities, citizens needed to be close enough to urban centers to conveniently access work, shops, and other core institutions of urban life. The increasing cost of real estate made upward growth attractive, and so did the prestige that towering buildings carried for the businesses that occupied them. Workers completed the first skyscraper in Chicago, the ten-story Home Insurance Building, in 1885. Although engineers had the capability to go higher, thanks to new steel construction techniques, they required another vital invention in order to make taller buildings viable: the elevator.
Explain the political and economic ramifications of the Embargo Act.
American president Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-‐Republican party) led Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807. Effects on American shipping and markets: Agricultural prices and earnings fell. Shipping-related industries were devastated.
Explain the Anaconda Plan. What battles were important to its success?
Anaconda plan. Anaconda plan, military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott early in the American Civil War. The plan called for a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, thrust down the Mississippi, and the strangulation of the South by Union land and naval forces.
Identify and explain how John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie created monopolies in their respective industries.
Andrew Carnegie was born in Scotland in 1835, and his family moved to Pennsylvania when young Andrew was thirteen. John D. Rockefeller was born four years later in upstate New York -- the son of a trader, who moved him to Cleveland when he was six. Carnegie's early jobs practically mapped out the technological emergence of 19th-century America. He was a bobbin boy in a textile factory, a telegraph operator, an engine tender. Then he worked with railroads and with oil wells. But when he was 38 he started the Keystone Iron Works, and he stayed with that until 1901. By then Keystone Iron had become U.S. Steel, and Andrew Carnegie had become one of the wealthiest men on the planet.
To what extent was Andrew Carnegie a Captain of Industry and a Robber Baron?
Andrew Carnegie. Andrew Carnegie, the most contradictory of the robber barons: he supported workers' rights, but destroyed unions; and when he acquired the largest fortune in US history, he tried to give it away. Andrew is born in Scotland in 1835.
Describe President Jackson's view of the Bank of the United States and how it impacted the election of 1832
Andrew Jackson opposed the national bank because he thought it was a threat to the traditional ideals with which America was endowed. Just like Jefferson, he thought that the control of the money supply in a centralized entity was a danger for American society. The Presidential Election of 1832 is fascinating because it featured the seminal process for nominating candidates, which set the precedent for future elections. It also centered around one major issue: the Bank of the United States.
Using Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall, explain how political machines worked.
Boss Tweed, the last of the Tammany Hall politicians was an exception. Machines would grant jobs and government building contracts to those that did them favors. Sometimes the favor was voting and party work in getting others to vote.
Why do historians refer the late 1800s and early 1900s as the Gilded Age? Mark Twain called the late 19th century the "Gilded Age."
By this, he meant that the period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. ... It is easy to caricature the Gilded Age as an era of corruption, conspicuous consumption, and unfettered capitalism. The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West. As American wages were much higher than those in Europe, especially for skilled workers, the period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants.
Explain how vertical integration and horizontal consolidation.
Contrary to horizontal integration, which is a consolidation of many firms that handle the same part of the production process, vertical integration is typified by one firm engaged in different parts of production (e.g., growing raw materials, manufacturing, transporting, marketing, and/or retailing).
To what extent did the Nullification Crisis increase tensions between the federal government and proponents of states' rights (Jackson and Calhoun)?
Crisis and Jackson's Response to Nullification. This was the scene in 1832, when South Carolina adopted the ordinance to nullify the tariff acts and label them unconstitutional. Despite sympathetic voices from other Southern states, South Carolina found itself standing alone.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages for both the North and South in the Civil War.
Despite the North's greater population, however, the South had an army almost equal in size during the first year of the war. The North had an enormous industrial advantage as well. At the beginning of the war, the Confederacy had only one-ninth the industrial capacity of the Union. But that statistic was misleading.
Explain Taft's idea of Dollar Diplomacy.
Dollar diplomacy of the United States—particularly during President William Howard Taft's term— was a form of American foreign policy to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.
What effect did the Bull Moose Party have on the 1912 election?
Election of 1912: The Bull Moose Party Makes it a Three-Way Race. In 1912, former president Theodore Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination at the convention in Chicago. He was infuriated by what he took to be a betrayal of his progressive program by his personally chosen successor, the incumbent William Howard Taft.
What factors led to the industrial growth of America in the late 1800s?
Five factors that spurred industrial growth in the late 1800s are Abundant natural resources (coal, iron, oil); Abundant labor supply; Railroads; Labor-saving technological advances (new patents) and Pro-Business government policies. Several factors led to the rise of U.S. industrialization in the late 1800s.
What did the Gadsden Purchase accomplish?
Gadsden Purchase, 1853-1854. The Gadsden Purchase, or Treaty, was an agreement between the United States and Mexico, finalized in 1854, in which the United States agreed to pay Mexico $10 million for a 29,670 square mile portion of Mexico that later became part of Arizona and New Mexico.
What was grafting and how to it push for a need for political reform?
Graft, as understood in American English, is a form of political corruption, being the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain. ... Similarly, political graft occurs when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to private interests.
To what extent did the steel tipped plow open up the Western Frontier to farming?
Impact on Economy The steel plow that John Deere invented benefited farmers because it allowed them to cut furrows in thick sticky Midwest soil. John Deere was an inventor, and a blacksmith. In 1837 he was working with steel and decided he was going to make a steel plow for farmers.
What role did the radical republicans play in Reconstruction?
In Baltimore on May 19, 1870, 20,000 participants celebrate the ratification of the 15th Amendment. The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War.
Explain the significance of the Monroe Doctrine and its impact on US foreign policy
In exchange, it stipulated that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open to further colonization and that an attempt on the part of a European power to colonize territory in the Western Hemisphere would be understood by the U.S. as an act of aggression. Read more about European colonialism in the Americas.
Explain the importance of muckrakers in relation to the Progressive Era. What role did they play? How effective were they in their endeavors?
In summary, during the Progressive Era, which lasted from around 1900 to 1917, muckraking journalists successfully exposed America's problems brought on by rapid industrialization and growth of cities. Influential muckrakers created public awareness of corruption, social injustices, and abuses of power.
To what extent was Jacob Riis a social reformer?
Jacob August Riis immigrated to America from Denmark on the steamship Iowa, he rode in steerage with nothing but the clothes on his back, 40 borrowed dollars in his pocket, and a locket containing a single hair from the girl he loved. It must have been hard for the 21-year-old Riis to imagine that in just a few short years, he would be pallin' around with a future president, become a pioneer in photojournalism, and help reform housing policy in New York City. Jacob Riis, who died 100 years ago this month, struggled through his first few years in the United States. Unable to find a steady job, he worked as a farmhand, ironworker, bricklayer, carpenter, and salesman, and experienced the worst aspects of American urbanism--crime, sickness, squalor--in the low-rent tenements and lodging houses that would eventually inspire the young Danish immigrant to dedicate himself to improving living conditions for the city's lower-class. Through a little bit of luck and a lot of hard work, he got a job as a journalist and a platform for exposing the plight of the lower class community. Eventually, Riis became a police reporter for The New York Tribune, covering some of the city's most crime-ridden districts, a job that would lead to fame and friendship with police commissioner Theodore Roosevelt, who called Riis "the best American I ever knew." Riis knew what it was to suffer, to starve, and to be homeless, and, though his prose was sometimes sensationalist and even occasionally prejudiced, he had what Roosevelt called "the great gift of making others see what he saw and feel what he felt." But Riis wanted to literally show the world what he saw. So, to help his readers truly understand the dehumanizing dangers of the immigrant neighborhoods he knew all too well, Riis taught himself photography and began taking a camera with him on his nightly rounds. The recent invention of flash photography made it possible to document the dark, overcrowded tenements, grim saloons and dangerous slums. Riis's pioneering use of flash photography brought to light even the darkest parts of the city. Used in articles, books, and lectures, his striking compositions became powerful tools for social reform. Riis's 1890 treatise of social criticism How the Other Half Lives was written in the belief "that every man's experience ought to be worth something to the community from which he drew it, no matter what that experience may be, so long as it was gleaned along the line of some decent, honest work." Full of unapologetically harsh accounts of life in the worst slums of New York, fascinating and terrible statistics on tenement living, and reproductions of his revelatory photographs, How the Other Half Lives
What were Jim Crow Laws?
Jim Crow laws—sometimes, as in Florida, part of state constitutions—mandated the segregation of public schools, public places, and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks. state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965
To what extent was John D. Rockefeller a Captain of Industry and a Robber Baron?
John Davison Rockefeller is known for being one of the richest men on the planet. His fortune was worth over $300,000,000,000 when he died in 1937. Most people who were "close" to having a 10th of his money were mostly robber barons. Rockefeller was considered a "Captain of Industry" because he founded the Standard Oil Company and became a philanthropist, who donated over $500,000,000 to charities, universities, and churches. Rockefeller had donated more than $500,000,000 to various educational and religious charities for philanthropic causes. Rockefeller also founded the University of Rockefeller Institute and funded the University of Chicago, which is one of the top 10 schools in the United States.
Explain in detail the Missouri Compromise.
Missouri Compromise. an act of Congress (1820) by which Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′N, except for Missouri. an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free.
To what extent did the United States government contribute to the construction of the transcontinental railroad?
Much of the growth can be attributed to the building of the transcontinental railroads. In 1862, Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act, which authorized the construction of a transcontinental railroad. The first such railroad was completed on May 10, 1869.
Explain the role of nativism as a response to the immigration of the 19th-century
Nativism is the political position of preserving status for certain established inhabitants of a nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. It is characterized by opposition to immigration based on fears that the immigrants will distort or spoil existing cultural values. The "newness" of these immigrants, coupled with bad economic times right after the war, helped to cause nativism. Second, there was a general cultural change in the 1920s. Old values were being relaxed and new values taking over. The nativists saw the cultural change as being somehow connected to the immigrants.
Describe the terms of the Treaty of Ghent.
On December 24, 1814, The Treaty of Ghent was signed by British and American representatives at Ghent, Belgium, ending the War of 1812. By terms of the treaty, all conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada.
What provisions did the Platt Amendment make regarding Cuba?
On March 2, 1901, the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill. It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions.
In what ways was the Open Door Policy important to the United States?
Open Door policy, statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. China's Open Door Policy Before the Open Door Policy, many countries were beginning to try to gain control of the trade in different parts of China. These were called 'Spheres of Influence.' ... The Open Door policy gave everyone an equal chance at trade, which meant that the United States wouldn't be cut out.
Describe the events and outcome of the Mexican American War and their connection to US land acquisition
Outcome of the War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was a peace treaty signed on the 2nd of February, 1848, at the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (presently known as Gustavo A. Madero, D.f). The signing of this treaty ended the war between the United States and Mexico. On February 2, 1848, the treaty was signed in Guadalupe Hidalgo. It called for Mexico to cede 55 percent of its territory, including what is now Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, and parts of Colorado, Nevada and Utah, in exchange for fifteen million dollars in war compensation.
To what extent did capitalism influence the industrialization of America?
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, America possessed a predominantly agrarian economy and generated wealth through the trade of tobacco, and resources such as lumber, minerals, fur and fish. England, rich in resources thanks to its colonial acquisitions, benefited from a series of technological breakthroughs to become the world's first industrial power in the late 18th century. Though the English attempted to monopolize their technology and skilled labor through legislation, industrialization spread throughout Europe and reached America. The Second Industrial Revolution, which took place roughly between 1870 and 1914, established the United States as the world's foremost industrial power.
How did the government respond to the Pullman Railroad Strike?
Pullman Strike, (May 11, 1894-c. July 20, 1894), in U.S. history, widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States in June-July 1894. The federal government's response to the unrest marked the first time that an injunction was used to break a strike.
Identify and describe Push and Pull Factors
Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. A push factor is a forceful, factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate. Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group to leave their home.
Explain the business cycle.
Recession, peak, trough, expansion/recovery. Largely systematic ups and downs of real GDP
What state was first to secede form from the Union?
South Carolina (December 20, 1860)
What political ramifications resulted from the so-called Tariff of Abominations?
Southern states such as South Carolina contended that the tariff was unconstitutional and were opposed to the newer protectionist tariffs, but Western agricultural states favored them, as well as New England's industries. ... When the final vote came, the southern men were to turn around and vote against their own measure. The 1828 Tariff of Abominations was the third protective tariff implemented by the government. The protective tariffs taxed all foreign goods, to boost the sales of US products and protect Northern manufacturers from cheap British goods. It followed the wave of Nationalism in the country following the War of 1812.
Explain the South's view of high tariffs? How were those tariffs a question of states' rights?
Southern states such as South Carolina contended that the tariff was unconstitutional and were opposed to the newer protectionist tariffs, but Western agricultural states favored them, as well as New England's industries. ... When the final vote came, the southern men were to turn around and vote against their own measure. The goal of this tariff was to protect the young manufacturing industry of New England. The result was that goods from Europe were more expensive. ... Also they had to purchase manufactured goods from northern factories because of the shortage of imports. The south called the tariffs of 1828 the Tariffs of Abominations.
Explain the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution and how they impacted African Americans.
The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, known collectively as the Civil War Amendments, were designed to ensure equality for recently emancipated slaves. The 13th Amendment banned slavery and all involuntary servitude, except in the case of punishment for a crime. The 14th Amendment (1868) guaranteed African Americans citizenship rights and promised that the federal government would enforce "equal protection of the laws.". The 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Explain the importance of 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments?
The 17th Amendment helped eliminate corruption and reduce the influence of political machines by allowing Americans to directly elect U.S. senators. The 18th Amendment created prohibition in the United States--Americans could not make, sell, or transport alcohol. The 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex.
Describe Lincoln's presidential platform in 1860 concerning the extension of slavery.
The 1860 Republican National Convention nominated Lincoln, a moderate former Congressman from Illinois, as its standard-bearer. The Republican Party platform promised not to interfere with slavery in the states, but opposed the further extension of slavery into the territories.
How is The Jungle an example of muckraking and reform?
The 1906 novel The Jungle offers perhaps the best example of how activist authors could wind up sparking Progressive reforms that were far different from what they had intended. Upton Sinclair wrote his disturbing exposé of life in the urban slums, where working and living conditions were equally deplorable, to show readers that unskilled immigrants seemed to stand little chance of ever ascending the ranks of American society. Sinclair was a socialist who wrote his novel not as a typical muckraking endeavor, but in hopes of galvanizing the public to demand much more radical changes to the structure of America's government and economy. Sinclair wove his socialist message into the fictional story of Lithuanian immigrant Jurgis Rudkus and his family, as they struggled to survive in working-class Chicago. He dedicated the book to "the Workingmen of America." Sinclair's writing was all the more vivid for the experience that underpinned it. He'd lived among the meatpackers of Chicago during their bitter—and largely unsuccessful—1904 strike for wage increases. He described every aspect of their world, from the corrupt machine politicians who exploited them, to the nightmarish conditions they lived in, to the ruthless company bosses who ruled over them. Sinclair's tale unfolded in the filthy factories in which the men worked and prepared the meat for delivery to butcher's shops across the country.
What is the significance of the 49th parallel?
The 49th parallel north as a border between the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba (to the north), and the U.S. states of Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota and Minnesota (to the south).
Explain the significance of the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter and its role in as the immediate cause of the Civil War.
The Battle of Fort Sumter had several effects in the United States. The major effect of the battle was that it marked the beginning of the American Civil War. The battle had other effects as well, after the Battle of Fort Sumter several new states seceded from the Union giving the Confederacy 11 states in total.
In what ways did the Black Codes of the South hamper the freedoms achieved by African Americans as a result of the Civil War?
The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 in the United States after the American Civil War with the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
How did the Compromise of 1877 end Reconstruction?
The Compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten deal, that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era.
Identify how the following events increased tension between the North and the South over the issue of slavery. Dred Scott Decision, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Compromise of 1850, and the Missouri Compromise.
The Dred Scott decision further heightened tensions between the North and the South, and became a central issue within Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas's contest for an Illinois Senate seat. Although Douglas ultimately won the Senate race, the Lincoln-Douglas debates put Abraham Lincoln in the national spotlight, leading to his nomination for president in the election of 1860. Furthermore, Lincoln interpreted the Dred Scott decision and the Kansas-Nebraska Act as efforts to nationalize slavery: that is, to make it legal everywhere from New England to the Midwest and beyond. Douglas responded to Lincoln during the second debate at Freeport, Illinois. In what became known as the Freeport Doctrine, Douglas adamantly upheld popular sovereignty declaring: "It matters not what way the Supreme Court may hereafter decide as to the abstract question whether slavery may or may not go into a territory under the Constitution, the people have the lawful means to introduce it or exclude it as they please." The Freeport Doctrine antagonized white Southerners and contributed to the section divide of the Democratic Party.
Explain the outcome of the Dred Scott Decision and its impact on slaves as citizens.
The Dred Scott decision was the Supreme Court's ruling on March 6, 1857, that having lived in a free state and territory did not entitle a slave, Dred Scott, to his freedom. In essence, the decision argued that as a slave Scott was not a citizen and could not sue in a federal court. On this day in 1857, the United States Supreme Court issues a decision in the Dred Scott case, affirming the right of slave owners to take their slaves into the Western territories, thereby negating the doctrine of popular sovereignty and severely undermining the platform of the newly created Republican Party.
Explain the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation. What were the results of the Proclamation?
The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten Confederate states still in rebellion. It also decreed that freed slaves could be enlisted in the Union Army, thereby increasing the Union's available manpower.
To what extent did the Market Revolution change the American economy?
The Market Revolution (1793-1909) in the United States was a drastic change in the manual-labor system originating in the South (and soon moving to the North) and later spreading to the entire world. Traditional commerce was made obsolete by improvements in transportation, communication, and industry. With the growth of large-scale domestic manufacturing, trade within the United States increased, and dependence on foreign imports declined. The dramatic changes in labor and production at this time included a great increase in wage labor. The agricultural explosion in the South and West and the textile boom in the North strengthened the economy in complementary ways.
What were the provisions of the Pendleton Act?
The Pendleton Act provided that Federal Government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that Government employees be selected through competitive exams. The act also made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law.
What was the goal of the Sherman Antitrust Act? To what extent was the Act a failure and/or a success?
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts. ... Several states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to intrastate businesses. The Sherman Antitrust Act was based on the constitutional power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. The Antitrust Laws. ... In 1914, Congress passed two additional antitrust laws: the Federal Trade Commission Act, which created the FTC, and the Clayton Act. With some revisions, these are the three core federal antitrust laws still in effect today.
Explain President Jackson's use of the spoils system.
The Spoils System was based on the policy of removing political opponents from federal offices and replacing them with party loyalists. ... Andrew Jackson extended the use of the Spoils System believing that partisan (supporters) loyalty was a more important qualification for a job than competence or merit.
How did the Texas Rebellion contribute to US expansion
The Texas Revolution (1835 (October 2) - 1836 (April 21)) started due to the tensions between the Americans in Texas, and the Mexican Government. Many series of battles took place all around Texas. However, the Americans won, even if they were not well trained, and had no experienced, they won the war, mostly because of the great commanders. The grant of independence for Texas started in 1836, and then Texas became a state in 1845.
What were the reasons for Johnson's impeachment?
The U.S. House of Representatives votes 11 articles of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson, nine of which cite Johnson's removal of Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, a violation of the Tenure of Office Act. The House vote made President Johnson the first president to be impeached in U.S. history. This law made it impossible for the president to dismiss important government officials without the permission of the Senate. In a move that infuriated Congressmen, Johnson defied the act. The president had long wanted to dismiss the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton.
Describe the journey of an immigrant arriving in the US in the 19th century.
The United States experienced major waves of immigration during the colonial era, the first part of the 19th century and from the 1880s to 1920. Many immigrants came to America seeking greater economic opportunity, while some, such as the Pilgrims in the early 1600s, arrived in search of religious freedom. Immigrants were taken from their ships to be processed at Ellis Island before they could enter the country. About 12 million immigrants would pass through Ellis Island during the time of its operation, from 1892 to 1954. Many of them were from Southern and Eastern Europe. There the immigrants were examined and vetted.
Explain the Wilmot Proviso.
The Wilmot Proviso was designed to eliminate slavery within the land acquired as a result of the Mexican War (1846-48). Soon after the war began, President James K. Polk sought the appropriation of $2 million as part of a bill to negotiate the terms of a treaty.
Contrast the Northern & Southern economies
The economy of the North was based on manufacturing. • Many immigrants from Europe began working in factories and producing goods used by people in the North. • Many factories began producing textiles (cloth) with the cotton grown in the South. The economy of the South was based on agriculture. •Cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane, and indigo (a plant that was used for blue dye) were sold as cash crops. • Cotton became the most important crop after Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin. • More slaves were now needed to pick the cotton. • Slavery became essential to the South's economy.
Explain the causes of the War of 1812.
The immediate causes of the War of 1812 were a series of economic sanctions taken by the British and French against the US as part of the Napoleonic Wars and American outrage at the British practice of impressment, especially after the Chesapeake incident of 1807.
Describe the impact of the telephone and telegraph on the industrialization of America.
The impact on society. Each new communications technology has had a greater impact on society than the one before. The telegraph changed society indirectly, by transforming the workings of government and industry. But the telephone and radio had direct impacts on people's working and social lives. The telegraph impacted the American economy. The telegraph allowed for faster communication, which allowed businesses to grow. ... As business owners established more coordinated activities, they were able to meet consumer demand and create jobs, which helped the economy to grow.
Differentiate between Old and New Immigrants
The main difference is which part of Europe they came from and the numbers of immigrants. There were many, many more "New Immigrants'" than old, 20 million people between 1880 - 1920. And the New Immigrants came mostly from southern and Eastern Europe, which meant they were almost all Catholics.
What main problems in society, politics, and business did the Progressive movement target?
The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses.
Explain the provisions of the Compromise of 1850.
The major provisions of the Compromise of 1850 were as follows: California was admitted into the Union as a free state. Utah and New Mexico could decide whether they wanted slavery in their territories through the principle of popular sovereignty.
Describe the implications of Marbury v. Madison.
The most important effect of this case was on the nature of American government. The case gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review. It allowed the Court to declare laws passed by Congress to be unconstitutional.
Explain the Force Bill.
The significance of the Force Bill is that it overrode South Carolina's effort to nullify federal laws during the Nullification Crisis. ... Andrew Jackson then pushed for the Force Bill. He believed that the Constitution would be worthless if states had the right to nullify laws and/or to secede.
Describe the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
The war officially ended with February 2, 1848, signing in Mexico of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming.
Explain the domestic policies of Teddy Roosevelt's Square Deal.
Theodore Roosevelt's Domestic Policy. Roosevelt's "Square Deal" domestic program included a promise to battle large industrial combinations, or trusts, which threatened to restrain trade.
Identify and differentiate between the various Plans for Reconstruction?
There were basically 3 plans for Reconstruction, Lincoln's plan, Johnson's plan, and the Radical Republican plan.
Describe the factors that contributed to the rapid urban expansion (the growth of cities) of the 1800s.
There were several reasons why cities grew so quickly in the United States in the late 1800s. One reason had to do with immigration. Many immigrants were coming to the United States during this time. There was a large influx of immigrants from South and East Europe in the late 1800s. Many of these immigrants settled in the cities. They settled in the cities because there were many people from their native countries living there. By living in ethnic neighborhoods, these immigrants could be with people who would help them learn about American ways of life. They could be with people who shared similar traditions, customs, and languages. This would make assimilation easier for these immigrants. Another reason cities grew was that there were jobs available in the cities. As factories grew due to the industrial revolution, more workers were needed. These factories were located in the cities. Thus, jobs were also available. Additionally, cheaper housing was available in the cities. Many immigrants lived in the overcrowded tenement apartments because they could afford the rent to live there.
To what extent was the Freedmen's Bureau a success?
Therefore, the Freedmen's Bureau was successful in helping the former slaves only in the short term. ... It also helped the freed slaves set up schools to teacher former slaves to read and write. The Freedmen's Bureau continued after the first year and was moderately successful in its endeavors to help freed slaves.
What is Manifest Destiny and how did it contribute to the growth of the US?
They were said to have a superior form of government, a superior culture, and a superior religion. For these reasons, it was said, they were destined by God to expand their territory. This attitude led to the westward migration. First, it helped lead to the expansion of US territory.
Describe Henry Clay's American System.
This "System" consisted of three mutually re-enforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture.
Give 2 examples of US laws that were passed as a response to immigration
Thus, as the number of immigrants rose in the 1880s and economic conditions in some areas worsened, Congress began to pass immigration legislation. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and Alien Contract Labor laws of 1885 and 1887 prohibited certain laborers from immigrating to the United States.
Describe the Corrupt Bargain. Was it really corrupt?
To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson's supporters denounced this as a "corrupt bargain." This president and the Constitution lesson takes us back to 1824 and the controversial election of John Quincy Adams. This was the first election decided by the House of Representatives after the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, which had been ratified in the wake of the election of 1800.
Describe Sherman's strategy of "total war."
To them, Sherman's devastating march through the South opened the way to the kind of warfare that culminated in World War II. Called total war, it goes beyond combat between opposing military forces to include attacks, both deliberate and indiscriminate, upon civilians and non-military targets.
Express the relationship between the Native Americans and the United States Government during the Jackson Administration.
Trail of Tears, The forced relocation of most of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by U.S. president Andrew Jackson clearing former Native American lands for white settlement. The forced relocation included several tribes located east of the Mississippi. All tribes were to be relocated west of the Mississippi under the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
Identify various trails used for settling the Western Frontier.
Two major wagon-based transportation networks, one typically starting in Missouri and the other in the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, served the majority of migrants during the era of Westward expansion. Three of the Missouri-based routes—the Oregon, Mormon, and California Trails—were collectively known as the Emigrant Trails. Historians have estimated at least 500,000 emigrants used these three trails between 1843 and 1869, and despite growing competition from transcontinental railroads, some use even continued into the early 20th century. The major southern routes were the Santa Fe Trail, the Southern Emigrant Trail, and the Old Spanish Trail, as well as its wagon road successor the Mormon Road, a southern spur of the California Trail used in the winter that also made use of the western half of the Old Spanish Trail. Regardless of the trail used, the journey was often slow and arduous, fraught with risks from infectious diseases, dehydration, malnutrition, injury, and harsh weather, with as many as one in ten travelers dying along the way, usually as a result of disease.
Explain the significance of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin?
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly, is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the U.S. and is said to have "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War". The book had a major influence on the way the American public viewed slavery.
Why were the battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg so important the success of the Union?
Union armies had gained two important victories at about the same time. ... It was the last Confederate invasion of the North. The day after the battle of Gettysburg,Union forces defeated Confederate forces at Vicksburg, Mississippi. This victory gave them control of the Mississippi River.
In terms of urbanization describe the impact of immigrants on cities
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change. Environmental Effects of Urbanization. Urban populations interact with their environment. Urban people change their environment through their consumption of food, energy, water, and land. And in turn, the polluted urban environment affects the health and quality of life of the urban population.
Explain the importance of water power in the development and placement of factories and mill during the Market Revolution.
Water-powered textile factories in England and the American Northeast rapidly turned raw cotton into cloth. Technology increased both the supply of and demand for cotton. White southerners responded by expanding cultivation farther west, to the Mississippi River and beyond. Slavery had been growing less profitable in tobacco-planting regions like Virginia, but the growth of cotton farther south and west increased the demand for human bondage. Eager cotton planters invested their new profits in new slaves. The cotton boom fueled speculation in slavery. Many slave owners leveraged potential profits into loans used to purchase ever-increasing numbers of slaves.
Why did American planters want to gain control of Hawaii? What role did it play in US expansion?
When Queen Liliuokalani moved to establish a stronger monarchy, Americans under the leadership of Samuel Dole deposed her in 1893. The planters' belief that a coup and annexation by the United States would remove the threat of a devastating tariff on their sugar also spurred them to action. On Jan. 17, 1893, Hawaii's monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate. The coup led to the dissolving of the Kingdom of Hawaii two years later, its annexation as a U.S. territory and eventual admission as the 50th state in the union. The United States was at war with Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. Hawaii was of importance to the military effort because of its location. ... It was at this time that Congress annexed Hawaii because of the economic and military benefit the islands offered. Could be used as both a base of operations and a refueling stop.
To what extent did Yellow Journalism influence public opinion, does Yellow Journalism still exist today?
William Randolph Hearst is famous for having used his newspapers to push for American involvement in the war. ... Thus, yellow journalism was mainly important with regard to this war because it inflamed American public opinion, causing people to pressure the government to go to war against Spain. It still exist today but is harder to trick people as the masses can easily complete a fact check.
Describe why Jackson was seen as a President for the people
With nullification abated, Jackson returned to the Bank War. His relationship with "the people" throughout his first term convinced him that he was the only elected official in the United States that represented all "the people." As such, Jackson believed he had to use his office to carry out their will. He interpreted his victory over Clay and the Bank in 1832 as "the people's" mandate to destroy the powerful Bank and replace it with a decentralized government banking system. While Jackson pushed his banking plan through Congress he handicapped the Bank by ordering the removal of government deposits.
