5.6

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 The industrialization of Japan in the nineteenth century most directly led to Japan's adoption of which of the following foreign policies?

A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states

The print above suggests that as nineteenth-century Japan industrialized, Japanese women did which of the following?

Became involved in the factory system and industrial production.

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the economic development of Japan and the economic development of Russia in the nineteenth century?

Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process.

The image from Japan during the Meiji Restoration best exemplifies which of the following processes?

Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States

Map 1 Map 2 The developments depicted in Map 2 most directly emerged from which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms

Japan's industrialization during the Meiji period and the Soviet Union's industrialization during the 1920s and 1930s had which of the following characteristics in common?

Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative.

Which of the following developments in the period 1878-1922 best explains the change in Japanese trade patterns shown in the graphs above?

Japanese manufacturing output rose as a consequence of industrialization.

In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the

Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing

Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government?

Pressure from Western powers

Which of the following distinguishes the Meiji period from earlier periods in Japanese history?

Reform and industrialization

During the eighteenth century, which of the following reigned, but did not rule?

The Japanese emperor

"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that." Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Which of the following most likely influenced Fukuzawa's views in the passage?

The forcible "opening up" of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 The Meiji Restoration of the nineteenth century involved internal reforms that included which of the following?

The modernization of Japan's military

The policies of the Meiji reformers brought about which of the following in Japan?

The promotion of rapid industrialization

Which of the following best explains why Japan was more successful than China in resisting imperialist encroachments in the nineteenth century?

The willingness of Japan's elite to sponsor reform

The Meiji reforms in Japan resulted in

a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor