5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy

Sultan Mahmud II (1808 - 1839) reformed the Ottoman system in the following ways:

1. 1826- abolished the corps of Janissaries, which had opposed him, and developed a new artillery unit trained by Europeans. Eventually, the Janissaries were massacred. 2. 1831- Abolition of feudal system marked the final defeat of the Janissaries' power. 3. Military Officials and Taxes: Military officers were no longer able to collect taxes directly from the populace for their salaries... 4. Building roads and setting up a postal service.

After Mahmoud, reforms called Tanzimat (reorganization) took place:

1. Root out long standing corruption in the government. 2. Create a secular system of primary/secondary schools. 3. Codify Ottoman laws. 4. Hatt-i Humayun: created equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity.

List some successes of Japanese Reform:

1. Schools improved literacy rates 2. Economy rapidly industrialized 3. Traits of democracy: a. Free press b. Strong labor unions c. Respect for individual liberties d. Domination of government

How did Labor Unions improve workers lives?

1. Winning minimum wage laws 2. Limits on the number of hours worked 3. Overtime pay 4. Establishment of a five-day work week

Describe the laws passed in the follwing years in regards to children and their effect on child labor: ❖ 1843 - ❖ 1881 -

1843- declared that children under the age of 10 were banned from working in the coal mines. 1881- education became mandatory for British children between the ages of 5 and 10... this focus on education, as opposed to work for monetary gain, permanently redefined the role of children in urban society.

Who was Karl Marx and what system of economics did he promote?

A German scholar/writer who argued for socialism. He promoted "scientific socialism."

What is a labor union and why were they formed? How did the government initially feel about labor unions?

A labor union is an organization of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract. The government initially treated them as enemies of trade.

Why was Abdulhamid called the Red Sultan?

Between 1894 and 1896, between 100,000 and 250,000 Armenians were killed throughout several provinces in what has become known as the Hamidian Massacres.

With the growth of industrialization, Ottoman workers were increasingly paid in _____________________.

Cash $$$

This new Sultan was afraid of "seditious" reforms. What does this word mean?

Causing people to rebel against the authority.

Why did China accept territorial "protection" against Japan from the United States?

China was weakened by internal rebellion and feared encroachment from Japan.

What is the final form of Socialism?

Communism

Describe factories in the 19th century:

Dangerous and unsanitary working conditions, low wages, and long hours.

What and who led to the Hundred Days of Reform?

Demand for reform increased because of China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War; led to by Kang Yo Uwei.

What did Emperor Guangxu's adopted mother do to him? Why?

Dowager Cixi imprisoned the emperor and immediately repealed his reform edicts. She feared the influence of foreigners, so she resisted any new tech that would extend their reach into her country.

According to Marx and Freidrich Engels in the Communist Manifesto capitalism was an advance on _____________________________ because it created a lot of ______________________, but it also produced unnecessary ____________________________ and _________________________.

Feudalism; wealth; poverty; misery

Define utilitarianism:

Greatest good for the greatest number of people. They wanted to address the growing problems they saw with capitalism. They viewed themselves as moderate, rational advocates of gradual reform.

How did Sultan Abdulhamid continue reforms in the Ottoman Empire?

He accepted a new constitution for the Ottoman Empire and he continued to emphasize primary education and secularization of the law...

How did Abdulhamid react to "Young Turks"?

He drove the advocates for reform, into exile...

Who was John-Stuart Mill and what did he champion?

He was a British philosopher who criticized laissez-faire capitalism as in humane to workers. He championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories.

What was the Sadler Report and what effect did it have on Great Britain?

It described factory working conditions. It made many people in Britain, particularly in Parliament, aware of the need for reforms.

What was the Self-Strengthening Movement in China?

It developed as a way for the government to face the internal/external problems confronting China.

What problems existed with the Civil Service Exam that caused Empress Cixi to reform them?

It was designed according to Confucian ideals of respect for rank and hierarchy as well as values of civic participation and action.

Describe the role of Samurai in Japan after 1871:

Japan gave samurai a final lump-sum payment/legally dissolved their position. The bushido, their code of conduct, was now a personal matter, no longer officially condoned by the government.

How did the reforms of Mahmud II change the lives of women?

Made law more secular, and ended the right of women to distribute their property or cash through trusts to family members. Many reforms had NO effect on women.

Who did most factory jobs go to?

Men

What did Marx believe the proletariat should do?

Recognize their shared interest as a class and take control of the means of production and share the wealth they created fairly.

What was a millet? How was it changed during the Tanzimat and how did people feel about the changes?

Separate legal courts established by different religious communities, each using its own set of religious laws. Christians in the Balkans protested the new regulations because they felt that their autonomy was being threatened...

What did the Hundred Days of Reform include?

The abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the establishment of Western style industrial, commercial, and medical systems.

Marx believed that market competition resulted in what?

The bourgeoisie exploiting the proletariat for the sake of higher profits.

Why did Europeans encourage change within China?

They had little to gain from either passage or opposition to progressive reforms.

What was the goal of utopian socialists?

To create new communities to demonstrate alternatives to capitalism.

Chinese officials wanted to strengthen China in order to do what?

To toughen China in its competition with foreign powers...

How did Unions eventually lead to expanded voting rights?

Unions sparked a larger movement for empowerment among the working class. In 1832, 1867, and 1884, the British Parliament passed reform bills to expand the pool of men who could vote, thereby giving more representation to British cities...

What is the bourgeoisie?

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

What is the proletariat?

workers or working-class people