5th

Which of the following accurately compares the powers of Congress and the president?

(B) B

The Supreme Court established the incorporation doctrine when the Court

(A) interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government

The "Miranda warning" represents an attempt to protect criminal suspects against

(A) unfair police interrogation

Which of the following would be considered an instance in which time, place, and manner restrictions would be applied to the First Amendment?

(A) A city enforces its laws restricting noise to limit the scale of an outdoor concert event intended to raise public awareness of climate change.

Which of the following decisions is most likely to cite the Supreme Court's decision in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) as a legal precedent in support of the decision?

(A) A decision in favor of students holding signs that protest a new policy

Which of the following could be used as evidence to support the author's claim?

(A) At the time the Constitution was written, laws in the states required able-bodied individuals to serve in militias.

Which of the following is generally the most important agent of political socialization?

(A) Family

Which of the following scenarios best explains the inclusion of Title IX as part of the Education Amendments of 1972 ?

(A) Members of Congress added the amendment to the bill in response to social movements seeking to address inequality in education for women.

In what respect does the Constitution address Washington's concern regarding the "spirit of encroachment" expressed in the excerpt?

(A) The Constitution distributes power across national institutions.

Which of the following did the Supreme Court establish in Marbury v. Madison ?

(A) The Supreme Court can declare federal legislation invalid if the legislation violates the Constitution.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a solution for the problem of getting states to comply with federal government policies, as described in the passage?

(A) The federal government can withhold highway funds from states that do not raise the age to drink alcohol to 21.

Which of the following constitutional provisions broadened the power of Congress?

(A) The necessary and proper clause

Which of the following is true based on the data in the line graph?

(A) The number of bills passed by Congress decreased under G. H. W. Bush.

Which of the following was a direct outcome of the Three-Fifths Compromise?

(A) The number of senators increased in three-fifths of the states with enslaved populations.

By using the phrase "creative federalism," President Johnson is most likely referring to which of the following features of the American system?

(A) The relationship between the national and state governments evolves over time and is flexible enough to permit new forms of interaction.

Which of the following is an action a president can take to rally public support for the administration's legislative agenda?

(A) Use the State of the Union Address to pressure Congress to pass a bill lowering income taxes.

After extensive polling, a member of the House of Representatives learns that her constituents favor environmental policies that conserve land use. Based on this information, the representative votes in favor of an environmental conservation bill, although she personally opposes the provision. In doing so, she is acting as a

(A) delegate

The supremacy clause in the Constitution states that

(A) federal law takes precedence over state law when the laws conflict

Supreme Court justices were given tenure subject to good behavior by the framers of the Constitution in order to ensure that

(A) justices are free from direct political pressures

With respect to prayer in public schools, the United States Supreme Court has ruled that

(A) state-sponsored prayer violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment

A classified Department of Defense study on the effectiveness of the United States involvement in the Afghanistan War is obtained by a newspaper. The president seeks to block the publication of the document. The court rules in favor of the newspaper, citing as precedent the Supreme Court's decision in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971). Based on the ruling in the Supreme Court's decision, which of the following lines of reasoning does the court most likely use?

(B) Freedom of the press requires that the government show a significant danger to national security in order to stop publication.

Which of the following best explains how partisan differences between the president and Congress affect policymaking in the federal government?

(B) It reduces the chances of bills becoming law because the president and the majority party in Congress are from different parties.

In Engel v. Vitale (1962), which of the following provides the legal reasoning behind the Supreme Court's ruling?

(B) It ruled that the state had no justifiable interest to compel students to listen to a nondenominational prayer led by public school teachers, finding a clear establishment clause violation.

Constitutional checks and balances, especially applied to the president, are designed to

(B) minimize the threat of tyranny from any one branch of government

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates political socialization?

(B) A young teenager hears her parents discussing politics around the dinner table, which influences her own views.

Which of the following sections of the United States Constitution is most related to the case Marbury v. Madison (1803) ?

(B) Article III

The number of justices on the United States Supreme Court is set by

(B) Congress

A member of Congress votes in favor of a bill as a result of receiving many letters of support for the bill from constituents. Which form of democratic representation best describes this voting decision?

(B) Delegate

The doctrine of stare decisis is significant for which of the following reasons?

(B) It is the principle that affirms that courts are bound by prior decisions.

Which of the following best describes a purpose of the Establishment Clause?

(B) It prohibits Congress from establishing a state religion.

In the case of McDonald v. Chicago (2010) the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense was applicable to the states. This ruling is an example of the application of the doctrine of

(B) Selective incorporation

The language in the first paragraph of the selection most closely parallels that of which of the following documents?

(B) The Declaration of Independence

After hours of interrogation by police a suspect confesses to multiple felony offenses. His attorney objected to the admission of the confession because he was not advised of his right to have an attorney present nor his protection from self-incrimination. Which amendments are most relevant to this scenario?

(B) The Fifth and Sixth Amendments

Which of the following amendments to the Constitution most likely provides the basis for a driver to challenge the constitutionality of police use of sobriety checkpoints in enforcing drunk driving laws?

(B) The Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable search and seizure

Which of the following procedures results in the removal of the President from office?

(B) The House votes for impeachment, and the Senate conducts a trial and reaches a guilty verdict.

All of the following statements reflect positions the Supreme Court has taken with regard to the right of free speech EXCEPT:

(B) There are no acceptable governmental restrictions on free speech.

Which of the following newspaper headlines best summarizes the excerpt from Washington's Farewell Address?

(B) Washington Warns of Dangerous Party Factions

The framers of the United States Constitution left decisions on voting eligibility to the

(B) individual states

According to the United States Constitution, all revenue bills must

(B) originate in the House of Representatives

The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to

(B) reserve powers to the states

Congressional district boundaries are usually redrawn every ten years by the

(B) state legislatures

The House Appropriations Committee disagrees with a proposal in the president's annual budget request to increase the number of people eligible for food stamps, consequently leading to the House of Representatives passing a budget that does not increase funding for the program. This ability to check presidential actions is best described as

(B) the power of the purse

The author's main argument is that the Second Amendment

(B) was added to the Constitution to ensure that militias would have arms

Which of the following is a consequence of the dynamic competition among branches of government described in the passage?

(C) Effective policy change among governmental levels and branches occurs with little long-term abuse of authority.

Which of the following clauses serves as the constitutional basis for the federal Real ID Act of 2005, a law that established uniform standards for state-issued identification cards and provided regulation of a state function?

(C) The necessary and proper clause

Which of the following scenarios illustrates an action that would be protected by the free exercise clause in the First Amendment?

(C) A person wears a necklace bearing a Christian cross to work.

Which of the following scenarios would be considered a violation of the rights of someone accused of a crime, according to the Supreme Court?

(C) A person who is unable to afford an attorney is tried and convicted of a crime without legal representation.

Which of the following is true of the relationship between Congress and executive agencies?

(C) Because the agencies have bureaucratic expertise, Congress delegates "rulemaking authority" to them.

Which of the following constitutional clauses was most relevant to the right to privacy?

(C) Due process clause

Which of the following is NOT a core value of United States political culture?

(C) Economic equality

Which of the following scenarios illustrates Washington's concerns?

(C) Ideological divisions within Congress can lead to partisan gridlock.

Which of the following best explains the principle of stare decisis?

(C) It encourages judges to follow precedent when deciding cases.

The Web site healthcare.gov was launched on October 1, 2013, to help citizens purchase health insurance for themselves in accordance with the Affordable Care Act. Within two hours of launch the site crashed. Once it was restored, problems continued, leading to difficulty for users. The following year, Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius was called to testify before the House Energy and Commerce Committee to discuss the issue. The committee held this hearing as part of which of the following functions?

(C) Oversight

Which of the following is an example of presidential use of informal powers?

(C) President Bill Clinton advocating for public policy reform on his Health Security Express bus

Which of the following statements reflects a pluralist theory of American politics?

(C) Public policies emerge from compromises reached among competing groups

Which of the following describes the ruling in Shaw v. Reno (1993) ?

(C) Racial gerrymandering was ruled unconstitutional.

Which of the following statements best describes the Supreme Court's actions with respect to disputes between Congress and the President?

(C) The Court generally has tried to avoid deciding conflicts between Congress and the President.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the right to privacy?

(C) The right to privacy is not explicitly named in the Constitution.

A liberal response to the "strained resources" of local government most likely would include

(C) an increase in federal spending on public education and more programs aimed at helping lower-income communities

The constitutional powers of the president include all of the following EXCEPT

(C) declaring war

To influence policy making by the federal courts, the president may do all of the following EXCEPT

(C) fire and replace federal judges

The importance of Shays' Rebellion to the development of the United States Constitution was that it

(C) indicated that a strong, constitutionally designed national government was needed to protect property and maintain order

An important change in political culture since 1950 is that United States citizens have become

(C) less trusting of governmental institutions and leaders

The reserved powers of the state governments can best be described as those powers

(C) listed specifically in the Tenth Amendment

Most of the bills introduced in the House and the Senate are then

(C) referred to committee but never sent to the full Congress

In 2005, the Utah legislature passed a law that allowed school districts to ignore parts of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), a law passed by Congress in 2001 that supported standards-based education reform. Utah did this despite the fact that it endangered losing $76 million in federal aid to Utah public schools. Which of the following statements best explains why Utah took this action?

(D) Educational policy is not mentioned in the Constitution, which has created debate about the proper role for the national government in educational policy.

Which of the following best describes pork barrel politics?

(D) Members of Congress negotiate bills so that individual districts get money for projects that do not benefit the nation as a whole.

The Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) relates to foundational documents in which of the following ways?

(D) The Federalist 78 is about the power and role of the federal courts, and in Marbury v. Madison, Madison expands that role by giving the courts the power to determine whether laws or executive actions conflict with the Constitution.

The usefulness to the President of having cabinet members as political advisers is undermined by the fact that

(D) the loyalties of cabinet members are often divided between loyalty to the President and loyalty to their own executive departments

Which of the following is a principle underlying the Bill of Rights?

(D) All people should be guaranteed the same rights, whether they are citizens or not.

Which of the following Supreme Court cases established that those accused of felonies who cannot afford legal counsel are entitled to legal counsel provided by the state?

(D) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

In the case Twining v. New Jersey (1908), the Supreme Court held that the Fifth Amendment's protection against self-incrimination is not applicable to the states. In 1964 the Supreme Court overruled the decision in Malloy v. Hogan (1964) and held that the right was incorporated to the states. This scenario illustrates which of the following?

(D) Ideological changes to the Supreme Court can lead to the overturning of precedent.

In 2014, a poll reported that 51 percent of Americans support legislation to reduce carbon emissions, while 47 percent oppose it. The reported margin of sampling error was +/- 4 percent. Which of the following inferences can be made from the poll?

(D) It is unclear whether more people support legislation to reduce carbon emissions than oppose it.

Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to the topic of the article?

(D) McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Which of the following descriptions is the information on the line graph too limited to support?

(D) Most who identify as very conservative believe that the Federal Reserve should be abolished.

Which of the following is a model of democracy that emphasizes the role of interest groups in advocating for public policy?

(D) Pluralist democracy

In November 2014, President Obama announced an expansion of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program through an executive order. The policy would protect over 700,000 more children of undocumented immigrants from deportation. Republican members of Congress denounced the order as an abuse of executive power. Previously, members of the House of Representatives had voted to defund the program. This scenario best illustrates which of the following?

(D) Presidents exert informal powers when their policy agenda conflicts with that of Congress.

Arizona enacted an immigration law in 2010, claiming the legislation complemented existing federal law. The Obama administration disagreed, claiming the state law conflicted with national law. Which clause of the Constitution did the Supreme Court most likely use to strike down a section of the state law?

(D) Supremacy Clause

Which of the following explains the constitutional reasoning in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) ?

(D) The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

Which of the following provisions of the United States Constitution did the Supreme Court use to strike down racial segregation in state public schools?

(D) The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

In the 1780s, proponents of the new Constitution cited Shays' Rebellion as an example in support of which of the following criticisms of the national government under the Articles of Confederation?

(D) There was a lack of a national military power to address security concerns.

Which of the following cases decided whether a state could compel children to attend school beyond eighth grade even if it violated the students' sincerely held religious beliefs?

(D) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Which of the following best captures a portion of the author's argument?

(D) Women have faced too much suffrage due to the actions of the government.

The term "Pork barrel" refers to legislation specifically designed to

(D) provide funding for local projects that are intended to benefit constituents

The Supreme Court issued a ruling that was unpopular with a majority of Americans. The president and Congress might be able to lessen the impact of the decision by

(D) refusing to actively enforce the decision

Presidents have had the most success in changing the direction of decisions of the federal judiciary by

(D) using the appointment process to select judges with judicial philosophies similar to those of the President

Which of the following statements can be supported from information in the table above? I. Federal grants to state and local governments have increased substantially in total dollar amount since 1950. II. In 1994 the federal government devoted a larger percentage of outlays to grants than in 1980. III. Between 1980 and 1990, grants decreased as a percentage of federal outlays. IV. In 1994 states were more dependent on federal grants for revenue than in 1990, 1970, or 1960.

(E) I, III, and IV only

The Americans with Disabilities Act was widely unpopular with governors and mayors because it

(E) required that states and cities pay for federally mandated construction and remodeling

The most significant trend in federal-state relations during the 1980s was

(E) shifting the responsibilities and costs for many programs to state governments