#6 - Theories of play, recreation, and leisure

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*Psychoanalytic theory

engaging in play to reduce anxiety (play therapy)

Generalization theory

participants can generalize any of the play behaviors that they have learned to other setting and applications

Play as a social necessity

Joseph Lee, father of the American play movement

Self-Expression theory

Since human beings were dynamic and active, they needed outlets for energy, to express their personalities and utilize their abilities - Elmer Mitchell and Bernard Mason

*Diversion theory

To amuse ourselves

*Compensatory theory/compensation theory

adults compensate for work by engaging in opposite leisure when the means of accomplishing ones goals or desires are blocked, play serves as an outlet which substitutes for those goals and desires to play/recreate, to fulfill needs not met at work

*Surplus Energy theory

after individuals have had their basic needs met, play results from their having remaining excess energy motivated by need to burn off excess energy

Attribution theory

an individual locus of control (internal or external) primarily determines the forms of play in which the individual is engaging

Recapitulation theory

elements intrinsic to the development of the human race are recaptured through the process of play Hall's idea that the psychological development of children repeats the history of the human race

Optimal arousal theory

elements of play include components that combine both novelty and complexity in order to engage and sustain the participants attention and interest organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal

Developmental theory

in each stage of cognitive development, children construct and shape their reality behaviors and their play behaviors. Young children demonstrate their development of the ability for symbolic representation when they engage in make-believe play.

Recreational theory

inherited characteristics are the sources of an instinct for engaging in play

Achievement-motivation theory

play behavior demonstrates the desires of the individuals to strive, succeed and excel

Conflict-enculturation theory

play enables the participants to experience and learn new behaviors in safe environments

*Catharsis theory

play to release repressed thoughts, feelings, and emotions, an outlet for aggression the proposition that expressing negative emotions produces a healthy release of those emotions and is therefore good for the psyche

Instinct-practice theory

practice and perfecting skills for expected roles in adulthood

Relaxation Theory

the need to relax is the motivation for play to occur a technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body


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