6.2

Process producing a conditioned response

+ must begin with a stimulus that naturally and reliably causes some response in the organism. + Selection of a neutral stimulus that does not naturally elicit the unconditioned response. +systematically pair the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus. Through this repeated association, the NS eventually loses its neutrality -> classical conditioning occurs.

biological preparedness

a genetic tendency to learn certain responses very easily (better able to avoid certain poisonous plants and substances)

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not naturally elicit an unconditioned response in an organism. Ex, a buzzer in Pavlov's case. Prior to training, a dog would not be likely to salivate when it heard a buzzer,

conditional stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a conditioned response in an organism.

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally elicits a response in an organism (naturally causes the reflexive response) (term unconditioned refers to the fact that the association between the stimulus and the response is not learned) Ex, the food

Classical conditioning of emotional responses

by John B. Watson and his student Rosalie Rayner 11 month old boy named Albert. classically conditioned to fear a white rat. 1st, play with it (NS) not causing to fear. later, made loud noise after giving the rat , US-> UR of frightening. After repetition, become afraid and cry

taste aversion

classical conditioning that occurs when an organism pairs the experience of nausea with a certain food and becomes conditioned to feel ill at the sight, smell or idea of the food.

spontaneous recovery

during extinction, the tendency for a conditioned response to reappear and strengthen over a brief period of time before re-extinguishing

classical conditioning

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, because of this pairing pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus with the same power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit the response in the organism.

stimulus generalization

responding in a like fashion to similar stimuli (occurs when stimuli that are similar to the CS have the same power to elicit the CR even though they have never been paired with the US)

stimulus discrimination

responding only to a particular stimulus (the conditioned response occurs in response to a particular conditioned stimulus, but it does not occur in response to other stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. Ex, woman, works in reptile house at the zoo, not afraid of most snakes but poisonous king cobra

Contingency

the degree to which the presentation of one stimulus (NS/CS) reliably predicts the presentation of the other stimulus. ( resulting in the NS/CS becoming associated with the CS) Ex, if pavlov had sometimes fed the dog after sounding the buzzer, or sometimes did not feed the dog after buzzer conditioning would have been weakened. this inconsistency would not send the dog that the buzzer meant food was coming.

contiguity

the degree to which two stimuli (NS/CS and US) occur close together in time. (the longer the interval, the weaker the learning) (relative placement of the NS/CS and the US in time- in other words, whether the NS/CS precedes the US or follows it)

Pavlov's original experiment

the dog was held in harness and food was placed before it. The presence of the food (unconditioned stimulus, or US) caused the dog to salivate (unconditioned response, or UR). After a while, cues in the laboratory situation (lights, sounds, or sights) became conditioned stimuli (CS) that also caused the dog to salivate (conditioned response, or CR)

acquisition

the process of learning a conditioned response or behavior.

extinction

the removal of a conditioned response ex, ate food and did not have flu.

conditioned response

the response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

unconditioned response

the response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. (the response it evokes) (term unconditioned refers to the fact that the association between the stimulus and the response is not learned) Ex, salivation