6DDS - SEM2 - Dental Research

Q: Correlation coefficient is a number between: - 0 and +1 - -1 and +1 - +1 and +2 - -1 and 0 QNo.: 106

- -1 and +1

Q: What is the smallest sample size you should consider when interviewing? - 3 - 10 - 1 - 5 QNo.: 378

- 1

Q: If x is 4 and the distribution is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the sum of squared deviations from the x will be? - 8 - 12 - 6 - 14 - 10 QNo.: 43

- 10

Q: The Sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal: - The number of items in the study - The number of classes - 100 - One QNo.: 125

- 100

Q: The sum of the percent frequencies for all classes will always equal? - the number of items in the study - 100 - None of the answers is correct. - One - the number of classes QNo.: 17

- 100

Q: If there had been 3,000 new cases of dental caries in population of 30,000 in a year, then the incidence rate would be: - 100 per 1,000 - 50 per 1,000 per year - 50 per 1,000 - 100 per 1,000 per year QNo.: 80

- 100 per 1,000 per year

Q: Find the mode in the following data set (11,12,13,14,14) - 13 - 12.8 - 14 - 11 QNo.: 102

- 14

Q: What is the range for following dataset? (14, 23, 9, 12. 21, 18, 8)? - 15 - 9 - 14 - 25 QNo.: 168

- 15

Q: Refer to Exhibit 3-3. The range is? - 1 - 12 - 2 - All are not correct - 10 QNo.: 33

- 2

Q: If the average of a series of values is 10 and their variance is 4, then the coefficient of variation (= the ratio standard deviation / average) is? - 90% - 80% - 10% - 20% - 40% QNo.: 51

- 20%

Q: How many factors those influence to sampling representativeness? - 4 - 3 - 2 - 5 - 6 QNo.: 213

- 3

Q: The standard deviation of a sample of 100 observations equals 64. The variance of the sample equals? - 10 - All are not correct. - 4,096 - 8 - 6,400 QNo.: 28

- 4,096

Q: A household survey of two families was conducted by students of 4th year DDs. In her collected data, the ages of heads of families were: 32,34,35,36,36,42,44,46,48 and 52. The mean age of heads of families is: - 40 - 40.5 - 42 - 36 - 38.5 QNo.: 77

- 40.5

Q: If x is 48, Median is 47, Mode value will be ? - 49 - 60 - 50 - 44 - 45 QNo.: 46

- 45

Q: Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mode is? - 6 - 5 - 7 - All are not correct. - 8 QNo.: 31

- 5

Q: Which one is the not measure of dispersion: - Variance - The range - 50th Percentile - Inter - quartile Range QNo.: 122

- 50th Percentile

Q: Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The median is? - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - All are not correct. QNo.: 30

- 6

Q: Refer to Exhibit 3-4. The mean is? - All are not correct. - 67 - 35 - 10 - 670 QNo.: 34

- 67

Q: Within 1 standard deviation, the mean picks up over how many of the values? - 62 - 65 - 68 - 60 - 66 QNo.: 141

- 68

Q: Refer to Exhibit 3-2. The mean is? - 5 - 6 - 8 - All are not correct - 7 QNo.: 32

- 7

Q: The median of the following data, is: 1,2,4,6,8,10,11,13: - 8 - 7 - 6 - 10 - 9 QNo.: 76

- 7

Q: The variance of a sample of 81 observations equals 64. The standard deviation of the sample equals? - 4096 - All are not correct. - 6,561 - 0 - 8 QNo.: 29

- 8

Q: Within 2 standard deviations, the mean picks up about how many of the values? - 90 - 95 - 97 - 99.7 - 68 QNo.: 149

- 95

Q: Within 3 standard deviations, the mean picks up how much of the scores? - 99.9 - 99 - 68 - 78 - 99.7 QNo.: 138

- 99.7

Q: When data are collected in a statistical study only a portion or subset of all elements of interest we are using: - A Parameter - A Parameter and A population - A Sample - A Population QNo.: 114

- A Sample

Q: What is the opposite of a variable? - A dependent variable - A data set - A constant - An extraneous variable - All are correct QNo.: 13

- A constant

Q: You select File from the procedures across the top of the SPSS Data Editor. The three dots after Save As... mean which of the following? - This option cannot be chosen at present - A further submenu will appear when this option is chosen - There are three further steps after selecting this option - A dialogue box will open when this option is chosen QNo.: 311

- A dialogue box will open when this option is chosen

Q: What is the difference between a focus group and a group interview? - A focus group is used at the planning stage of a research project, whereas a group interview is part of the actual data collection. - A focus group is used only for political research, whereas group interviews are more widely used in the social sciences. - A focus group is used to discuss a wide range of issues, whereas a group interview looks at one specific topic. - A focus group is used to analyse group interaction, whereas a group interview is used as a straight forward data collection tool. QNo.: 289

- A focus group is used to analyse group interaction, whereas a group interview is used as a straight forward data collection tool.

Q: What is a research design? - The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph - The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods - A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory - A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data QNo.: 237

- A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data

Q: Which of the following will give a more "accurate" representation of the population from which a sample has been taken? - A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique - A small sample based on simple random sampling - A large sample based on simple random sampling - A small cluster sample QNo.: 249

- A large sample based on simple random sampling

Q: Which of the following will give a more accurate representation of the population from which a sample has been taken? - A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique - A large sample based on simple random sampling - A small sample based on simple random sampling - A small cluster sample QNo.: 228

- A large sample based on simple random sampling

Q: When the user is entering Value Labels (in the present case, Males and Females) in the dialog box below:? - The first label must be the value 1 - A letter such as M cannot be used in the Value panel - A letter such as M must be in lower case, i.e. m - The letter M is an acceptable value for specifying a male QNo.: 330

- A letter such as M cannot be used in the Value panel

Q: A sampling frame is:? - A wooden frame used to display tables of random numbers - A summary of the various stages involved in designing a survey - An outline view of all the main clusters of units in a sample - A list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected QNo.: 381

- A list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected

Q: What is a sampling frame? - A list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected - A summary of the various stages involved in designing a survey - An outline view of all the main clusters of units in a sample - A wooden frame used to display tables of random numbers QNo.: 240

- A list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be selected

Q: The median of a series of numerical values is: - Equal to the average - A graph or chart - A frequency table - A number QNo.: 71

- A number

Q: The median of a series of numerical values is? - A graph or hart - A distribution table - Equal to the average - A frequency table - A number QNo.: 52

- A number

Q: Panel and cohort designs differ, in that:? - A panel study can distinguish between age effects and cohort effects, but a cohort design can only detect ageing effects - Only a cohort study will suffer from sample attrition - A panel study does not need rules to handle new entrants to households - Cohort studies involve quantitative research, whereas panel studies are qualitative QNo.: 293

- A panel study can distinguish between age effects and cohort effects, but a cohort design can only detect ageing effects

Q: In Statistic, a sample means: - all the items under investigation - A portion of the sample - all the items under analysis - A portion of the population QNo.: 115

- A portion of the population

Q: A researcher selects a probability sample of 100 out of the total population. It is ? - A stratified sample - A random sample - A systematic sample - A multistage sampling - A cluster sample QNo.: 42

- A random sample

Q: A systematic literature review is:? - A manufactured system for generating literature reviews tailored to your subject. - One which generates a literature review using a treasure hunt system. - A replicable, scientific, and transparent process. - One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area. QNo.: 354

- A replicable, scientific, and transparent process.

Q: Which of the following statement is not true a research proposal? - the proposed research project - A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting - A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project - A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project - A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project QNo.: 346

- A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project

Q: Which of the following statement is not true? - A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project - A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the proposed research project - A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project - A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project QNo.: 175

- A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project

Q: What is sampling? - A sample is "a smaller (but hopefully representative) without collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population" - A sample is "a bigger (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population" - A sample is "a bigger (but hopefully representative) without collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population" - A sample is "a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population" - All are corrects QNo.: 210

- A sample is "a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population"

Q: In SPSS, what is the "Data Viewer"? - A spreadsheet into which data can be entered - A table summarizing the frequencies of data for one variable - A screen in which variables can be defined and labeled - A dialog box that allows you to choose a statistical test QNo.: 195

- A spreadsheet into which data can be entered

Q: Hypothesis refers to? - A tentative statement about the relationship - The outcome of an experiment - A conclusion drawn from an experiment - A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter QNo.: 171

- A tentative statement about the relationship

Q: Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory? - A theory that has been falsified - A theory that is proven to be right - A theory that has been disproved - A theory that has survived attempts at falsification QNo.: 363

- A theory that has survived attempts at falsification

Q: The median of a series of numerical values is? - The value located exactly midway between the minimum and maximum of the series - A measure of the eccentricity of the series - The most commonly encountered values among the series - A measure of central tendency - A value for which half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower QNo.: 53

- A value for which half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower

Q: What will normally be the last of the following sections to be written? - Abstract - Results - Conclusion - Literature review QNo.: 340

- Abstract

Q: Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method? - Abstraction - Rationalism - Deterministic - Empirical QNo.: 190

- Abstraction

Q: Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method? - Empirical - Deterministic - Abstraction - Rationalism QNo.: 357

- Abstraction

Q: Which of the following CANNOT be included in the name of a variable in SPSS? - Two - _ - $ - Add QNo.: 314

- Add

Q: Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables? - Gender, religion, ethnic group - Age, temperature, income, height - Grade point average, anxiety level - Age, temperature, income, height, Grade point average, anxiety level QNo.: 11

- Age, temperature, income, height, Grade point average, anxiety level

Q: A "benefit" of research may accrue? - All are correct - To the participant - To his/her family - To society QNo.: 59

- All are correct

Q: A good surveillance system should provide information about? - Who is being infected - All are correct - How rapidly infection is spreading - Where the infected individuals are QNo.: 63

- All are correct

Q: Results of surveillance should be distributed to? - The public - All are correct - The data collectors - Decision makers QNo.: 65

- All are correct

Q: Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic? - All are correct - can never be equal to the population parameter - can never be zero - can never be larger than the population parameter - can never be smaller than the population parameter QNo.: 47

- All are correct

Q: The requirements for an effective surveillance system include? - All are correct - A sampling frame - Staff members - A diagnostic algorithm QNo.: 62

- All are correct

Q: Whath is an epidemiology? - The application of this study to the control of health problems - The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states - The often described as the basic science of public health, and for good reason - The stusy events in specified population - All are correct QNo.: 224

- All are correct

Q: Which of the following are goals of vaccination? - Prevent transmission - Prevent infection - All are correct - Prevent disease QNo.: 58

- All are correct

Q: Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion? - the range - the standard deviation - the variance - All are correct QNo.: 35

- All are correct

Q: Which of the following sources can data entered in SPSS NOT come from? - All are correct - Archive statistics - Schools - People - Organizations QNo.: 338

- All are correct

Q: Adding References, there are ... ways of adding references to your library:? - Type in references manually - All are corrects - Import references automatically from an online database - Import bibliographic details from a PDF QNo.: 306

- All are corrects

Q: How we determine our poplars of interest? - All are corrects - Administrators can help us - We decide to do everyone and go from there - We notice anecdotally or through qualitative research that a particulars subgroup of students is experiencing higher risk QNo.: 212

- All are corrects

Q: It is helpful to use a multi-stage cluster sample when:? - The population is widely dispersed geographically - All are corrects - You have limited time and money available for travelling - You want to use a probability sample in order to generalise the results QNo.: 242

- All are corrects

Q: On completion of this tutorial you should be able to better create and manage EndNotes libraries. You will acquiring the ability to:? - Import references from downloaded files into EndNote. - Use EndNote with Microsoft Word to create and format citations - Search for and add references by connecting to remote databases through the internet. - Create EndNote libraries and enter references in them by typing. - All are corrects QNo.: 304

- All are corrects

Q: Select all of the following statements which you believe to be true: - The inferential process involves drawing conclusions about the sample. - All are corrects - For a given data set, the standard deviation is always greater than the standard error of the mean. - A sample statistic is a point estimate of a population parameter. - Random sampling implies a haphazard approach to the data analysis. QNo.: 391

- All are corrects

Q: The sampling frame is the list from which the potential respondents are drawn? - Registrar's office, Class rosters - Must assess sampling frame errors - Registrar's office - Class rosters - All are corrects QNo.: 211

- All are corrects

Q: The sampling process comprises several stages:? - Specifying a sampling method for selecting items or events from the frame, Determining the sample size - All are corrects - Implementing the sampling plan, Sampling and data collecting - Defining the population of concern, Specifying a sampling frame, a set of items or events possible to measure - Reviewing the sampling process QNo.: 215

- All are corrects

Q: What are the Important Components of Empirical Research? - All are corrects - Theory, assumptions, background literature - Conclusions, interpretations, recommendations, Operational definitions and measurement, Research design and methodology, Instrumentation, sampling - Variables and hypotheses, Data analysis - Problem statement, research questions, purposes, benefits QNo.: 209

- All are corrects

Q: What are the diseases and conditions of the oral cavity? - Dental caries, periodontal diseases, full denture, oral surgery - Systemic disease with intra oral manifestations, occlusal , other pathology of teeth and mucosa - All are corrects - Dental caries, periodontal diseases, injuries, Cancer and neoplastic disease - Cancer and neoplastic disease QNo.: 219

- All are corrects

Q: What are the elements in oral health surveys? - Planning, protocol adjustment, Conditions, Selected examiners - Budget, Equipment, instruments, materials. - All are corrects - Equipment, instruments, materials, and Administrative issues, Data collection... - Sample size to be represented, epidermiology, Data collection QNo.: 222

- All are corrects

Q: What are the programs to use for analyze data? - Epiinfo program - Stata program - All are corrects - SPSS program QNo.: 193

- All are corrects

Q: What is EndNote? - a bibliographical management software package designed - create a bibliography - to help you to organize bibliographic references - All are corrects QNo.: 302

- All are corrects

Q: Mu is an example of a? - mode - sample statistic - All are not correct - population parameter - population variance QNo.: 19

- All are not correct

Q: Since the population size is always larger than the sample size, then the sample statistic? - can never be larger than the population parameter - can never be smaller than the population parameter - All are not correct - can never be zero - can never be equal to the population parameter QNo.: 16

- All are not correct

Q: Since the mode is the most frequently occurring data value, it ? - is always larger than the mean - can never be larger than the mean - must have a value of at least two - All are not correct. - is always larger than the median QNo.: 18

- All are not correct.

Q: A literature review requires? - Lot of rewriting - Good & clear writing - Planning - All of the above QNo.: 173

- All of the above

Q: A literature review requires? - Planning - Lot of rewriting - All of the above - Good & clear writing QNo.: 344

- All of the above

Q: How can you tell if your research questions are really good? - All of the above - If they are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument - If they force you to narrow the scope of your research - If they guide your literature search QNo.: 356

- All of the above

Q: It is helpful to use a multi-stage cluster sample when:? - You have limited time and money available for travelling - The population is widely dispersed geographically - All of the above - You want to use a probability sample in order to general the results QNo.: 301

- All of the above

Q: Naturalism has been defined as:? - Minimising the intrusion of artificial methods of data collection into the field - Viewing natural and social objects as belonging to the same realm - Being true to the nature of the phenomenon under investigation - All of the above QNo.: 291

- All of the above

Q: System Study involves: - Identifying current deficiencies and establishing new goals - All of the above - Study of an existing system - Documenting the existing system. QNo.: 394

- All of the above

Q: The facts that should be collected to measure a variable, depend upon the? - All of the above - Dictionary meaning - Operational definition - Conceptual understanding QNo.: 261

- All of the above

Q: The following factors must be considered while selecting the work for method study? - Human reactions - All of the above - Economic considerations - Technical considerations QNo.: 247

- All of the above

Q: What can you do to ensure your physical safety during your research? - Avoid interviewing alone in the respondent's residence - Be alert to the possibility of exposure to danger - Make sure someone knows where you are and how you can contact them in an emergency - All of the above QNo.: 299

- All of the above

Q: What is the advantage of using SPSS over calculating statistics by hand? - It equips you with a useful transferable skill - This is how most quantitative data analysis is done in "real research" nowadays - It reduces the chance of making errors in your calculations - All of the above QNo.: 194

- All of the above

Q: What practical steps can you take before you actually start your research? - Make sure you are familiar with the hardware and software you plan to use - Apply for clearance of your project through an ethics committee - Find out exactly what your institution's requirements are for a dissertation - All of the above QNo.: 300

- All of the above

Q: Which of the following requirements for a dissertation may depend on your institution? - The format for referencing - Whether an abstract should be included - All of the above - The word limit QNo.: 294

- All of the above

Q: Which of the following should you think about when preparing your research? - All of the above - Negotiating access to the setting - Your sample frame and sampling strategy - The ethical issues that might arise QNo.: 298

- All of the above

Q: Work study consists of? - Effective use of plant and equipment - Effective use of human effort - Evaluation of human work - All of the above QNo.: 244

- All of the above

Q: You can manage your time and resources best, by:? - All of the above - Finding out what resources are readily available to you - Calculating a budget for likely expenditure - Working out a timetable QNo.: 296

- All of the above

Q: What can a researcher use the literature to achieve? - They develop their version of the literature in such a way as to show and to lead up to the contribution they will be making in their own project or article. - They can demonstrate their competence by referring to prominent writings in the field. - All of the above. - They can identify a gap or problem in the literature that corresponds to the research questions. QNo.: 353

- All of the above.

Q: On which of the following, scientific knowledge mostly relies? - Identification of events - Prior knowledge - All of the given options - Logical understanding QNo.: 281

- All of the given options

Q: The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more? - Accurate. - Reliable. - All of these. - Systematic. QNo.: 267

- All of these.

Q: Which of the following is a limitation of educational research? - Researchers have ethical and legal responsibilities that can constrain their work. - It is difficult to fully describe the depth of participants' perspectives given the complexity of human behavior. - Research cannot answer value-based problems. - All of these. QNo.: 271

- All of these.

Q: Which of the following statements characterizes educational research? - It furthers our understanding of educational issues, questions, or problems. - It raises new topics for study. - It provides information that can improve teaching and learning. - All of these. QNo.: 269

- All of these.

Q: In statistics, a population consists of: - All people living in the area under study - All subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied - All people living in a country - All people are investigated QNo.: 121

- All subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied

Q: In Variable View, the Decimals column:? - Allows the user to set the number of places of decimals to which each value in Data View will be displayed - Allows the user to set the number of places of decimals to which each value in the output will be displayed - Is operative only when scientific notation is specified - Is inoperative when a numeric variable is specified QNo.: 329

- Allows the user to set the number of places of decimals to which each value in Data View will be displayed

Q: When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this is called:? - An Equal probability selection method - A nonrandom sampling method - A quota sample - A snowball sample QNo.: 226

- An Equal probability selection method

Q: The step-by-step instructions that solve a problem are called : - An algorithm - A sequential structure - A list - A plan QNo.: 396

- An algorithm

Q: What should not be included in the introduction? - An indication of the key findings - An outline of the structure of the report - A statement justifying the importance of the research - The aim of the research QNo.: 342

- An indication of the key findings

Q: Retrospective and Prospective are what types of Epidemiological Studies? - Presentation - Analytical - Descriptive - Inference QNo.: 147

- Analytical

Q: Statistics is used by researchers to? - Analyze the empirical data collected in a study - Make their findings sound better - Operationally define their variables - Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended QNo.: 343

- Analyze the empirical data collected in a study

Q: Statistics is used by researchers to? - Operationally define their variables - Make their findings sound better - Analyze the empirical data collected in a study - Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended QNo.: 172

- Analyze the empirical data collected in a study

Q: To generate a Spearman's rho test, which set of instructions should you give SPSS? - Analyze; Compare Means; Anova table; First layer; Spearman; OK - Analyze; Correlate; Bivariate; [select variables]; Spearman; OK - Graphs; Frequencies; [select variables]; Spearman; OK - Analyze; Crosstabs; Descriptive Statistics; Spearman; OK QNo.: 201

- Analyze; Correlate; Bivariate; [select variables]; Spearman; OK

Q: Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency? - Mean, standard deviation, mode - Mean, median, standard deviation - Arithmetic mean, median, mode - Standard deviation, internal validity, mode QNo.: 185

- Arithmetic mean, median, mode

Q: When interviewing children, you should try to? - Take them out of the classroom if interviewing them at school - Not be overly concerned with ethical issues - Avoid being seen as an authority figure - All of these QNo.: 377

- Avoid being seen as an authority figure

Q: Risk factors related to dental caries are: - Bacteria, host susceptibility, food and time - Host, time and gingival disease - Bacteria, periodontal disease, food - Environment and oral hygiene QNo.: 99

- Bacteria, host susceptibility, food and time

Q: Has categorical variables and bars are separate, but equal distances apart:? - Histogram - Bar Graph - Frequency Polygon - Pie graph QNo.: 139

- Bar Graph

Q: Discrete data is qualitative in nature. Continuous data is quantitative in nature.? - Both statements are false - The first statement is false, the second is true - The first statement is true, the second is false - Both statements are true QNo.: 158

- Both statements are true

Q: The operations known as copying and pasting:? - Cannot be implemented in the Output Viewer - Can be carried out in both Variable View and Data View - Can only be carried out in Variable View - Can only be carried out in Data View QNo.: 335

- Can be carried out in both Variable View and Data View

Q: Killing power of a disease is best expressed by:? - Survival index. - Proportionate mortality rate. - Secondary Attack rate. - Attack Rate. - Case fatality rate. QNo.: 131

- Case fatality rate.

Q: Which one of the following is not included in analyticalepidemiological studies? - Case report - Cohort studies - Case control - Historical cohort studies - Experimental studies QNo.: 130

- Case report

Q: A total 5000 patients of glaucoma are identified and surveyed by patient interviews regarding family history of glaucoma. Such a study design is called: - Cohort study - Case-control study - Case series report - Clinical Trial QNo.: 392

- Case series report

Q: Discrete variable is also called..........? - Discontinuous variable - Categorical variable and Discontinuous variable - Categorical variable - None of the above QNo.: 188

- Categorical variable and Discontinuous variable

Q: Experimental design is the only appropriate design where___ relationship can be established.? - Linear - Weak - Cause and Effect - Strong QNo.: 383

- Cause and Effect

Q: The basic approach in cohort studies is to work from: - Effect to cause - Cause to effect and effect to cause are correct - Exposed to non-exposed - Causes to effect QNo.: 90

- Cause to effect and effect to cause are correct

Q: What are the clinical findings of one tooth? - Fracture teeth - Cavitated, filled, non cavitated lesion, sealed, sound - Mising teeth, - Cavitated, filled, non-cavitated lesion, sealed - Cavitated, filled, sealed QNo.: 223

- Cavitated, filled, non cavitated lesion, sealed, sound

Q: How would you use the drop-down menus in SPSS to generate a frequency table? - Click on: Analyze; Descriptive Statistics; Frequencies - Open the Output Viewer and click: Save As; Pie Chart - Click on: Graphs; Frequencies; Pearson - Open the Variable Viewer and recode the value labels QNo.: 197

- Click on: Analyze; Descriptive Statistics; Frequencies

Q: Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique? - Purposive - Convenience - Cluster - Quota QNo.: 253

- Cluster

Q: For a survey, a village is divided into 5 lanes, each lane is sampled randomly. It is an example of: - Simple random Sampling - Quasi random sampling - Systematic random Sampling - Cluster random Sampling - Standard random Sampling QNo.: 78

- Cluster random Sampling

Q: Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling? - Purposive sampling - Convenience sampling - Quota sampling - Cluster sampling QNo.: 232

- Cluster sampling

Q: Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size? - Proportional stratified sampling - Simple random sampling - Cluster sampling - Systematic sampling QNo.: 230

- Cluster sampling

Q: The level of resistance of a community or group of people to a particular disease is known as: - Passive immunity - Active immunity - Combination of Active and passive - Herd immunity QNo.: 94

- Combination of Active and passive

Q: Cross cultural studies are an example of:? - Comparative design - Case study design - Experimental design - Longitudinal design QNo.: 239

- Comparative design

Q: The Means procedure is to be found in the? - Descriptive Statistics menu - Tables menu - Reports menu - Compare Means menu QNo.: 327

- Compare Means menu

Q: Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratory research? - Pilot study - Case study - Survey - Content analysis QNo.: 362

- Content analysis

Q: The height of a student is 1.65m. This is example of.......: - Qualitative data - Continuous data - Categorical data - Discrete data QNo.: 116

- Continuous data

Q: Height of students in a class is a: - Qualitative variable - Discrete variable - Continuous variable - Absolute variable QNo.: 111

- Continuous variable

Q: Variable with infinite number of values, only limited by measurement tool? - Interquartile range - Frequency table - Quantitative variable - Continuous variable QNo.: 164

- Continuous variable

Q: In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher ask the research participants to identify other potential research participants? - Quota - Snowball - Convenience - Purposive QNo.: 251

- Convenience

Q: In which of the following sampling methods People are available such as volunteer or can be easily recruited? - Systematic sampling - Cluster sampling - Convenience sampling - Simple random sampling QNo.: 259

- Convenience sampling

Q: People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called:? - Simple random sampling - Cluster sampling - Convenience sampling - Systematic sampling QNo.: 250

- Convenience sampling

Q: People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called? - Cluster sampling - Simple random sampling - Systematic sampling - Convenience sampling QNo.: 231

- Convenience sampling

Q: Which of the following sampling technique is used for Employee Turnover and Job Openings survey? - Cluster sampling - Simple random sampling - Stratified sampling - Convenience sampling QNo.: 386

- Convenience sampling

Q: Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic? - Mean - Median - Mode - Correlation QNo.: 379

- Correlation

Q: Which of the following method of data collection is not used in the case study? - Questionnaires - Correlational method - Secondary data - Focus groups QNo.: 388

- Correlational method

Q: Which one of the following is the limitation of establishment survey in this case study? - Cost - Unskilled interviewer - Small sample size - Limited data QNo.: 387

- Cost

Q: In which sub-dialog box can the Chi Square test be found? - Frequencies: Percentages - Crosstabs: Statistics - Bivariate: Pearson - Gender: Female QNo.: 200

- Crosstabs: Statistics

Q: The key combinations for copying and pasting are: - Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V, respectively - Alt + C and Alt + P, respectively - Alt + C and Alt + V, respectively - Ctrl + C and Ctrl + P, respectively QNo.: 205

- Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V, respectively

Q: Which of the following is characteristic of action research? - Variables are tightly controlled - Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships - Data are usually qualitative - Results are generalizable QNo.: 360

- Data are usually qualitative

Q: What is the primary focus of establishment surveys in this case study? - Data collection through mail and Interview - Analyze the literature review - Collect the data through past studies - Using of quantitative techniques QNo.: 384

- Data collection through mail and Interview

Q: What are does DMFT stand for: - Decay, Missing, Filling and teeth - Total mean of tooth and Total prevalence of tooth - Decay, Missing, Filling, Surface and Total mean of tooth - Total prevalence of tooth - Decay, Missing, Filling, Surface QNo.: 203

- Decay, Missing, Filling and teeth

Q: Before and after studies for preventive measures are what:? - Clinical trials - Demonstration studies - Field trials - Analysis studies QNo.: 156

- Demonstration studies

Q: Outcome or response observed? - Standard deviation - Independent variable - Discrete variable - Dependent variable QNo.: 166

- Dependent variable

Q: Which is the effect or result of an experiment? - Nominal variable - Dependent variable - Discrete variable - Independent variable QNo.: 155

- Dependent variable

Q: Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment " Such a hypothesis is an example of..........? - All of the above - Directional Hypothesis - Descriptive Hypothesis - Relational Hypothesis QNo.: 189

- Descriptive Hypothesis

Q: Observing the distribution of disease or health _ related characteristics in human population with respect to time, place and person is known as: - Intervention studies - Analytical epidemiology - Experimental epidemiology - Descriptive epidemiology QNo.: 81

- Descriptive epidemiology

Q: The epidemiology method which provide background data for planning, organizing and evaluating preventive and curative services is: - Descriptive epidemiology - Experimental epidemiology - Analytical epidemiology - Ecological studies QNo.: 83

- Descriptive epidemiology

Q: The specific statistical methods that can be used to summarize or to describe a collection of data is called? - Experimental study - All of the above - Inferential statistics - Descriptive statistics - Analytical statistics QNo.: 2

- Descriptive statistics

Q: Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to include in the original sampling? - Desired sample size/Proportion likely to respond - Proportion likely to respond/population size - Proportion likely to respond/desired sample size - Desired sample size/Desired sample size + 1 QNo.: 248

- Desired sample size/Proportion likely to respond

Q: Bibliographical information is related to ...? - Details concerning a publication - Details about circulation statistics - Information about the number of books in a library - Information about library timings QNo.: 305

- Details concerning a publication

Q: A study was Conducted in Cambodia to find out the proportion of blacks and white Cambodian in Cambodia. This variable chosen is: - Discreet numerical - Ordinal - Continuous - Nominal - Dichotomous QNo.: 75

- Dichotomous

Q: A variable is any characteristic which can assume............value? - Different - Assumed - Good - Similar - Fixed QNo.: 8

- Different

Q: Quantitative Variables that has only fixed or finite values are called: - Continuous variable - Absolute variable - Quantitative variable - Discrete variable QNo.: 110

- Discrete variable

Q: Which one of the following gives the strength of association between the cause and the disease? - Case fatality rate. - Adjusted rate. - Disease index. - Prevalence rate. - Incidence rate. QNo.: 129

- Disease index.

Q: In which one of the following stage researcher consult the literature? - Document design analysis - Operation test - Response analysis survey - Pretest interviews QNo.: 370

- Document design analysis

Q: Which of the following is an ethical question that researchers undertaking a covert ethnography should ask themselves? - How can the response rate be increased - Does it ensure the principle of 'informed consent - What form should the findings be published in - All of the above. QNo.: 285

- Does it ensure the principle of 'informed consent

Q: The analytical study where population is the unit of study is: - Case-control - Cross sectional - Cohort - Ecological QNo.: 393

- Ecological

Q: The...................process would be required to ensure that the data is complete and as required? - Tabulating - Ordering - Analysis - Editing - All of the above QNo.: 5

- Editing

Q: The application of the scientific method to the study of educational problems is called? - Deductive reasoning. - Inductive reasoning. - Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. - Educational research. QNo.: 268

- Educational research.

Q: Matching is done to: - Eliminate confounding factors - Quota sampling - Stratified sampling - Eliminate bias in sampling QNo.: 96

- Eliminate bias in sampling

Q: Which of the following refers to research supported by measurable evidence? - Empiricism - Rationalism - Speculation - Opinion QNo.: 282

- Empiricism

Q: In Variable View, the Values column:? - Is used to specify the level of measurement - Enables meaningful labels to be attached to the different values of a grouping variable - Specifies whether the data in Data View left, centre or right aligned - Specifies the number of decimal places to which the numbers in Data View are displayed QNo.: 326

- Enables meaningful labels to be attached to the different values of a grouping variable

Q: The "unusual" occurrence of disease in a community clearly in excess of "Expected occurrence" is known as: - Endemic - Epidemic - Pandemic - Exotic QNo.: 93

- Epidemic

Q: Conducting analyses in SPSS is often more accurate than doing them by hand because _.? - Errors frequently occur when computing statistics by hand - Some analyses are only possible with computers - You can only compute statistics by hand on small data sets - Computer packages can handle more numbers than the human brain QNo.: 308

- Errors frequently occur when computing statistics by hand

Q: If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and worth; he is likely conducting which of the following types of research? - Applied - Evaluation - Basic - Experimental QNo.: 361

- Evaluation

Q: A simple random sample is one in which:? - From a random starting point, every nth unit from the sampling frame is selected - Every unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected - The researcher has a certain quota of respondents to fill for various social groups - A non-probability strategy is used, making the results difficult to generalize QNo.: 241

- Every unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Q: In ___, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables in the study.? - Hypothesis - Theoretical framework - Research design - Experiment QNo.: 276

- Experiment

Q: The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods? - Ethnography - All are correct - Experimental - Correlational - Causal-comparative QNo.: 14

- Experimental

Q: Preliminary data collection is a part of the research method. ? - Explanatory research - Exploratory research - Applied research - Descriptive research QNo.: 347

- Exploratory research

Q: Preliminary data collection is a part of the? - Explanatory research - Applied research - Descriptive research - Exploratory research QNo.: 176

- Exploratory research

Q: The degree to which the study accurately reflects events that would occur in a real situation is what:? - Outcome - External Validity - Internal Validity - Processing QNo.: 146

- External Validity

Q: A Type II error occurs when the researcher:? - Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is true. - Reject the null hypothesis when it is true. - Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. - Reject the null hypothesis when it is false. QNo.: 170

- Fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

Q: .........research is based on naturalism.? - Descriptive research - Applied research - Basic research - Field research QNo.: 192

- Field research

Q: ..research is based on naturalism.? - Basic research - Descriptive research - Applied research - Field research QNo.: 359

- Field research

Q: __research is based on naturalism.? - Basic research - Descriptive research - Field research - Applied research QNo.: 366

- Field research

Q: Pilot study is done to: - Determine the sample size - Find the unknown effect - Find the feasibility in conducting study - Find the all of those QNo.: 92

- Find the all of those

Q: The purpose of a literature review is to:? - Find what is already known, identify gaps demonstrate awareness. - Demonstrate an awareness of the theoretical context in which the current study can be located. - Identify any inconsistencies or gaps in the literature. - Help you find out what is already known about this area. QNo.: 254

- Find what is already known, identify gaps demonstrate awareness.

Q: How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of .............? - Direction - Frequency - Intensity - Space QNo.: 187

- Frequency

Q: How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of___.? - Intensity - Space - Direction - Frequency QNo.: 367

- Frequency

Q: The components of epidemiology are: - Frequency, distribution and determinants of disease - Determinants of disease - Distribution of disease - Disease frequency QNo.: 87

- Frequency, distribution and determinants of disease

Q: The median of a series of numerical values is: - A measure of centricity - Half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower - The most commonly encountered values among the series - The value located exactly between minimum and maximum of series QNo.: 72

- Half of the values are higher and half of the values are lower

Q: Has continuous variables, bars touch and you can always find a third value:? - Bar Graph - Histogram - Pie graph - Frequency Polygon QNo.: 140

- Histogram

Q: In the part of Data View shown above:? - Icon number 1 is for displaying value labels - Icon number 2 is for finding a particular value label - Icon number 3 is for saving the data file - Icon number 4 is for weighting the cases QNo.: 334

- Icon number 2 is for finding a particular value label

Q: In the part of Data View shown in the previous question:? - Icon number 1 is for finding a particular value label - Icon number 4 is for saving the data file - Icon number 2 is for displaying value labels - Icon number 3 is for weighting the cases QNo.: 332

- Icon number 3 is for weighting the cases

Q: In the part of Data View shown above:? - Icon number 1 is for finding a particular value label - Icon number 3 is for saving the data file - Icon number 2 is for weighting the cases - Icon number 4 is for displaying value labels QNo.: 333

- Icon number 4 is for displaying value labels

Q: Which one of the following is correct about cohort study? - It uses a control or comparison group - Identified prior to the appearance of disease under investigation - Both exposure and outcome have occurred prior to the study - The study proceeds backwards form effect to cause QNo.: 89

- Identified prior to the appearance of disease under investigation

Q: Which of the following steps of the scientific method is exemplified by the researcher reviewing the literature and focusing on a specific problem that has yet to be resolved? - Describe the procedures to collect information. - Identify a topic. - Analyze the collected information. - State the results of the data analysis. QNo.: 270

- Identify a topic.

Q: Why might you tell SPSS to represent the "slices" of a pie chart in different patterns? - Because the program tends to crash if you ask it to use color - Because the patterns form symbolic visual images of different social groups - If you do not have a color printer, it makes the differences between the slices clearer - In order to make full use of the facilities that SPSS can offer QNo.: 198

- If you do not have a color printer, it makes the differences between the slices clearer

Q: How would you print a bar chart that you have just produced in SPSS? - In Output Viewer, click File, Print, select the bar chart and click OK - In Data Editor, open Graphs dialog box, click Save, OK - In Variable Viewer, open bar chart, click File, Print, OK - In Chart Editor, click Descriptive Statistics, Print, OK QNo.: 202

- In Output Viewer, click File, Print, select the bar chart and click OK

Q: You have installed SPSS on your personal computer. In which of the following places will you ALWAYS find the SPSS icon? - On a CD Rom - In the Programs menu - On a floppy disk and on your USB stick - On the desktop QNo.: 310

- In the Programs menu

Q: The number of new cases of a specific disease within a defined population over a period of time is what:? - Rate - Incidence - Proportion - Prevalence QNo.: 154

- Incidence

Q: SPSS will recognize which of the following mistakes? - Incorrect statistical test selected - Incorrect form of instructions - Incorrect data entered - Incorrect type of variable selected QNo.: 309

- Incorrect form of instructions

Q: In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect produced by the ...? - Independent variable - Extraneous variable - Confounding variable - Dependent variable QNo.: 277

- Independent variable

Q: The basic objective of a sample is to draw.............about the population from which such sample is drawn? - Inferences - Conclusion - Introduction - Characteristics - Parameters QNo.: 9

- Inferences

Q: You ask five of your classmates about their height, on the basis of this information, you stated that the average height of all students in your faculty is 1.65m. This is example of: - Population - Descriptive statistics - Parameter - Inferential statistics QNo.: 120

- Inferential statistics

Q: In Data View:? - There is no information about group membership that is supplied by the user when completing dialogs for the appropriate procedures - Information about group membership is carried in a column (or columns) containing arbitrary code numbers - The scores from each group occupy a separate column - Information about group membership is contained in the column headings QNo.: 324

- Information about group membership is carried in a column (or columns) containing arbitrary code numbers

Q: The key factor in conducting ethical research is: ? - Justice - Informed consent - Beneficence - Respect for persons QNo.: 134

- Informed consent

Q: The most important element of ethical research on human subjects is? - Beneficence - Justice - Informed consent - A methodologically sound study design QNo.: 60

- Informed consent

Q: A problem's _____ will answer the question, "What information will the computer need to know in order to either print or display the output times?: - Processing - Input - Purpose - Output QNo.: 398

- Input

Q: Which approach says that the purpose of research is to study the creation of social meanin? - Positivism - Critical social science - None of the above - Interpretative social science QNo.: 265

- Interpretative social science

Q: Mean and standard deviation come be worked out only if data is on? - Interval or Ratio scale - Nominal scale - Dichotomous scale - Ordinal scale QNo.: 100

- Interval or Ratio scale

Q: A research method in which a researcher asks study participants several conversational style questions and does not provide a set of responses to choose from:? - Comparative method - Interview - Case study - Quantitative study QNo.: 266

- Interview

Q: What is cohort survey? - There are studying about the problem that the problem is that you cannot be sure which came first, so this is a very weak design for drawing conclusions about causes. - Is a type of study design used widely, originally developed in epidemiology, although its use has also been advocated for the social sciences - Is a form of longitudinal or but extend over time study used in medicine, nursing, social science, actuarial science, business analytics - There is a category of studies that falls between observational and true experimental studies. In these, there is an intervention, - The mainstay of experimental medical studies, normally used in testing new drugs and treatments. QNo.: 217

- Is a form of longitudinal or but extend over time study used in medicine, nursing, social science, actuarial science, business analytics

Q: What is research? - Is empirical and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena. - Is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena - Is systematic and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses - Is controlled and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena. - Is critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena. QNo.: 208

- Is systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena

Q: Standard deviation: - Is measured using the unit of sample - Is values generally comparable with mode value - Is the square root of variance - Is measured using the squared unit of the variable QNo.: 70

- Is the square root of variance

Q: Which of the following sources can data entered in SPSS NOT come from? - People - It can come from all of these - Archive statistics - Organizations - Schools QNo.: 313

- It can come from all of these

Q: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research topic? - It is theoretically or practically significant. - It can be investigated through the collection and analysis of data. - It focuses on a philosophical or ethical issue. - It is ethical. QNo.: 272

- It focuses on a philosophical or ethical issue.

Q: How is a variable name different from a variable label? - It is shorter and less detailed - It is abstract and unspecific - It refers to codes rather than variables - It is longer and more detailed QNo.: 196

- It is shorter and less detailed

Q: All of the following are true of odds ratio except: ? - It is an estimate of relative risk - It can be calculated without data on rates (as in a case-control study - It is the ratio of incidence in exposed divided by incidence in non exposed - It tends to be biased towards 1 (neither risk or protection at high rates of disease - It is the only measure of risk that can be obtained directly form a case-control study QNo.: 132

- It is the ratio of incidence in exposed divided by incidence in non exposed

Q: Which of the follow is a benefit of a systematic review? - It is really quick to complete. - It is cost effective as an approach. - It reduces researcher bias and demands the researcher is comprehensive of their approach. - It provides internal validity to the study. QNo.: 355

- It reduces researcher bias and demands the researcher is comprehensive of their approach.

Q: Which one of the following is correct about case control method? - It uses a control or comparison group - The study is expensive - Long follow _ up period is often needed - Yields incidence rates and attributable risk QNo.: 85

- It uses a control or comparison group

Q: A literature review is based on the assumption that? - Copy from the work of others - None of the above option - Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others - Knowledge disaccumulates QNo.: 174

- Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others

Q: A literature review is based on the assumption that? - Knowledge disaccumulates - Copy from the work of others - None of the above option - Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others QNo.: 345

- Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others

Q: What are the main points to write the literature review? - Literature review which responds to question of Who, When, What, Why - Literature review which responds to question of Who, When, What, Where - Literature review which responds to question of When, Why, What, How - Literature review which responds to question of When, Where, Why - Literature review which responds to question of When, What, Where, Why QNo.: 207

- Literature review which responds to question of Who, When, What, Where

Q: Twins (same group on two or more occasions) would be an example of what kind of epidemiological study? - Analysis - Longitudinal - Descriptive - Cross-Sectional QNo.: 148

- Longitudinal

Q: Cohort study is also known as: - Incidence study - Longitudinal study - Prospective study - Prevalence study QNo.: 88

- Longitudinal study

Q: Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:? - None of the given options - Mall intercept interviews - Mall interviews - Brief interviews QNo.: 180

- Mall intercept interviews

Q: What is the defining characteristic of experimental research? - All are not correct - Resistance to manipulation - The use of open-ended questions - Manipulation of the independent variable - Focuses only on local problems QNo.: 10

- Manipulation of the independent variable

Q: Which of the following could NOT be included in a survey design? - Manipulation of variables - Panel design - Measurement of variables - Random sampling QNo.: 337

- Manipulation of variables

Q: The process by which the controls are selected in such a way the they are similar to case with regard to certain pertinent selected variables is known as: - Fixing - Matching - Randomization - Blinding QNo.: 86

- Matching

Q: Which of the following aspects of a variable CANNOT be defined in the Variable View window? - Value labels - Maximum and minimum values - Measurement - Number of decimal places QNo.: 318

- Maximum and minimum values

Q: The value that has half of the observations above it and half the observations below it is called the? - Mean - Mode - Range - All are not correct. - Median QNo.: 25

- Mean

Q: The fundamental statistical indicators are ? - Median - Mean and D. Standard deviation - Range - Mode - Variance QNo.: 50

- Mean and D. Standard deviation

Q: The fundamental statistical indicators are: - Mode and Median - Mean and standard deviation - Range - Variance QNo.: 68

- Mean and standard deviation

Q: Data is simply the numerical results of any scientific...............? - Analysis - Researches - Observation - Collection - Measurement QNo.: 4

- Measurement

Q: Which of the following is most beneficial to read in an article? - Introduction - Figures - Methods - References QNo.: 256

- Methods

Q: The most frequently occurring number is a set of values called the:? - Mode - Median - Mean - Range QNo.: 167

- Mode

Q: The most frequently occurring value of a data set is called the? - Mean - All are not correct. - Mode - Median - Range QNo.: 26

- Mode

Q: For the Means procedure to run, the data in Data View:? - Must be in the form of ranks - Need not contain a grouping variable - Must contain a grouping variable - Must be nominal data QNo.: 328

- Must contain a grouping variable

Q: As income level declines, tooth decay increases. This is an example of what:? - Negative correlation - Internal Validity - Positive correlation - External Validity QNo.: 144

- Negative correlation

Q: Females and males are examples of what kind of data? - Ordinal - Interval - Ratio - Nominal QNo.: 159

- Nominal

Q: Types of toothbrushes would be an example of what:? - Interval - Nominal - Ordinal - Ratio QNo.: 136

- Nominal

Q: Identifying someone's gender is an example of? - Nominal measurement - Interval measurement - Ordinal measurement - Ratio measurement QNo.: 375

- Nominal measurement

Q: Identifying someones age is an example of? - Ratio measurement - Nominal measurement - Interval measurement - Ordinal measurement QNo.: 376

- Nominal measurement

Q: No relationship existing between variables is an example of what:? - Empirical Consequence - Null Hypothesis - Research Protocol - Negative Correlation QNo.: 150

- Null Hypothesis

Q: Which of the following constitutes discrete variables? - Student's top typing speed. - Favourite animal among children. - An athlete's body temperature after exercise. - Number of reported crimes in one week QNo.: 169

- Number of reported crimes in one week

Q: Which of the following methods would you use to enter data on gender into SPSS so you could conduct statistical analyses? - Enter data for male participants into SPSS first, then data for female participants second - Type male or female into the appropriate column of the data view - Numerically code male and female with different numbers - Type M into the appropriate column for male participants and F for female participants QNo.: 315

- Numerically code male and female with different numbers

Q: Empirical Consequences are:? - Orderly, controlled plans - Statements that reflect a research question - Verification of Results - Observable or relying on experiences QNo.: 151

- Observable or relying on experiences

Q: Which of the following method of data collection is not discussed in the case study? - Mail survey - Questionnaires - Interviews - Observations QNo.: 385

- Observations

Q: The first stage of coding qualitative data is referred to as? - Open coding - Selective coding - Axial coding - None of these QNo.: 339

- Open coding

Q: On matters of academics (knowledge) a researcher should consider himself as? - All are not correct - Entirely dependent on the teacher - A status quo maintainer - Fairly knowledgeable - Open minded and radical QNo.: 39

- Open minded and radical

Q: Classifications of dental disease is an example of what:? - Nominal - Ratio - Ordinal - Interval QNo.: 137

- Ordinal

Q: The stages of a malignant (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is: - Numerical - Ordinal - Nominal - Alphanumeric QNo.: 67

- Ordinal

Q: The stages of a malignant disease (cancer) is recorded using the symbols 0, I, II, III, IV. We say that the scale used is ? - Nominal - Alphanumeric - Category - Ordinal - Numerical QNo.: 49

- Ordinal

Q: A researcher conducting an overt ethnography which involves them fully experiencing the job of a call centre operator adopts which of the following roles? - Observer-as-participant. - Participant-as-observer. - Complete participant. - Complete observer. QNo.: 286

- Participant-as-observer.

Q: A circle divided into sector proportional to the frequency of items shown is called: - Histogram - Bar chart - Frequency polygon - Pie chart QNo.: 105

- Pie chart

Q: A small scale trial run of a particular component is known as:? - Lab experiments - Pilot testing and Pre-testing - Pilot testing - Pre-testing QNo.: 183

- Pilot testing and Pre-testing

Q: Both the sampling as well as the non-sampling errors must be reduced to a minimum in order to get representative a sample of the.........as possible? - Ethics - Group - Population - Universe - Region QNo.: 7

- Population

Q: In biostatistics, group of individuals taken for study is called as: - Population - Group - Block - Flock QNo.: 107

- Population

Q: Target population is also called? - Population element - Population frame - Population - Survey population QNo.: 275

- Population

Q: Which of the following is not a feature of theoretical framework? - Presenting findings - Making an inventory of variables - Making an inventory of propositions - Specify the direction of relationship QNo.: 255

- Presenting findings

Q: Cross _ sectional study is also known as: - Longitudinal study - Follow _ up study - Incidence study - Prevalence study QNo.: 82

- Prevalence study

Q: After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, EXCEPT? - Full names of the authors - Price - Volumes - Titles QNo.: 365

- Price

Q: Conducting surveys is the most common method of generating? - Qualitative data - Secondary data - None of the above - Primary data QNo.: 177

- Primary data

Q: Conducting surveys is the most common method of generating? - Secondary data - Primary data - None of the above - Qualitative data QNo.: 348

- Primary data

Q: Data in the population Census Report is: - Ungrouped data - Grouped data - Secondary data - Primary data QNo.: 117

- Primary data

Q: Our rural masses are facing multiple health problems. The best approach to deal with their problems is to provide:? - Primary health care. - Safe water supply and sanitation - Free medical care - Health education - Basic health services QNo.: 127

- Primary health care.

Q: The sampling technique in which every element of the population has an equal, nonzero probability of being selected in a sample, is called? - Probability sampling - Quota sampling - Convenience sampling - Purposive sampling QNo.: 274

- Probability sampling

Q: What is the Cluster sampling? - Process of sampling complete group of units. - Process of sampling incomplete group of units - Method of sampling which divides the population into layers - Process of sampling complete group of units and Method of sampling which divides the population into layers QNo.: 220

- Process of sampling complete group of units.

Q: Non-sampling errors are introduced due to technically faulty observations or during the..................of data? - Collection - Interview - Processing - Sequencing - Analysis QNo.: 3

- Processing

Q: Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling? - Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done - It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups - Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample - Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions QNo.: 227

- Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions

Q: What type of epidemiological study is designed to determine the relationship between a condition and a characteristic shared by some members of a group? - Analysis - Experimental - Retrospective - Prospective QNo.: 152

- Prospective

Q: The role of a project supervisor is to:? - Negotiate access to the research setting on the student's behalf - Give you a reading list - Make sure you keep to your schedule and deadlines - Provide intellectual support, guidance and critical feedback QNo.: 295

- Provide intellectual support, guidance and critical feedback

Q: Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative research? - Purposive sampling - Quota sampling - Simple random sampling - Systematic sampling QNo.: 229

- Purposive sampling

Q: Flower color is a: - Continuous variable - Qualitative variable - Quantitative variable - Absolute variable QNo.: 109

- Qualitative variable

Q: The Scientific Method is:? - Variables - Quantitative Research - Qualitatitive Research - Data QNo.: 143

- Quantitative Research

Q: Uses NUMBERS to describe phenomenon. Output is discrete or continuous? - Inferencial statistics - Qualitative variable - Quantitative variable - Continuous variable QNo.: 165

- Quantitative variable

Q: Variables whose values can be expressed numerically are called: - Quantitative variable - Qualitative variable - Continuous variable - Absolute variable QNo.: 108

- Quantitative variable

Q: A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions and records the answers himself is known as the:? - Interview schedule - All of the given options - Questionnaire - Interview guide QNo.: 181

- Questionnaire

Q: A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions and records the answers himself is known as the:? - Questionnaire - All of the given options - Interview guide - Interview schedule QNo.: 351

- Questionnaire

Q: One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is? - Questionnaire design - Research design - Interview design - Survey design QNo.: 352

- Questionnaire design

Q: A sample is a portion of the...........population that is considered for study and analysis? - Random - Selected - Distribution - Total - Fixed QNo.: 6

- Random

Q: What type of sample has the least bias? - Convenience - Systematic - Stratified - Judgment - Random QNo.: 161

- Random

Q: Each member in the population has an equal chance of being selected:? - Stratified Sampling - Systematic Sampling - Random Sampling - Convenience Sampling QNo.: 153

- Random Sampling

Q: Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population? - Purposive sampling - Quota sampling - Random sampling - Convenience sampling QNo.: 235

- Random sampling

Q: Experimental studies are: - Prevalence and incidence studies - Randomized controlled Trials and Non-Randomized Trials - Cohort and case _ control studies - Cohort and prevalence studies QNo.: 95

- Randomized controlled Trials and Non-Randomized Trials

Q: The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the: - Variance - Range - Coefficient of variation - Interquartile range QNo.: 124

- Range

Q: Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency? - Range - Mean - Median - Mode QNo.: 103

- Range

Q: Surveillance data must be? - Use simple case definitions - All are correct - Rapidly collected and Use simple case definitions - Provide very precise estimates - Rapidly collected QNo.: 61

- Rapidly collected and Use simple case definitions

Q: Tools of measurement in Epidemiology are: - Rates and Ratios - Ratios and proportion - Rates, Ratios and proportions - Rates and proportions QNo.: 79

- Rates, Ratios and proportions

Q: Height and weight are an example of what kind of data:? - Interval - Ordinal - Nominal - Ratio QNo.: 160

- Ratio

Q: What is the most powerful type of data? - Interval - Nominal - Ordinal - Ratio QNo.: 162

- Ratio

Q: Which of the following describes the nature of qualitative data interpretation? - Integrative - Reflection - Reflection, integrity, explanation - Explanatory QNo.: 257

- Reflection, integrity, explanation

Q: Research method is applicable in all of the following fields, EXCEPT;? - Health care - Business - Government offices - Religion QNo.: 283

- Religion

Q: Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable? - Grade point average - Religion - Nationality - Annual income - Age QNo.: 12

- Religion

Q: When cross-tabulating two variables, it is conventional to: - Represent the dependent variable in rows and the independent variable in columns - Assign both the dependent and independent variables to rows - Represent the independent variable in rows and the dependent variable in columns - Assign both the dependent and independent variables to columns QNo.: 199

- Represent the dependent variable in rows and the independent variable in columns

Q: Internal validity refers to ? - Generalizability - All of the above - Operationalization - Researcher's degree of confidence. QNo.: 186

- Researcher's degree of confidence.

Q: Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:? - Respondents are willing to co-operate - All of the given options - Respondents are not willing to co-operate - Respondents do not like any participation QNo.: 184

- Respondents are willing to co-operate

Q: The number of questionnaires returned or completed divided by the total number of eligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the survey is called the:? - None of the given options - Response rate - Inflation rate - Participation rate QNo.: 182

- Response rate

Q: A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___.? - Sensitivity - Procedure - Results - Hypothesis QNo.: 368

- Results

Q: All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;? - Data are systematically analyzed - Data are collected systematically - Results are used to improve practice - Results are generalizable QNo.: 284

- Results are generalizable

Q: Case control studies are often called as: - Follow _ up studies - Prospective studies - Ecological studies - Retrospective studies QNo.: 84

- Retrospective studies

Q: The data from each row in a coding schedule can be entered into a quantitative analysis computer program called:? - N-Vivo - Outlook - SPSS - Endnote QNo.: 322

- SPSS

Q: Statistics is a numerical quantify, which is calculated from: - Population - Sample - Observations - Data QNo.: 118

- Sample

Q: What is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules? - Population - Statistic - Sample - Element QNo.: 236

- Sample

Q: The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as - Survey research - Census - Sampling - None of the above QNo.: 234

- Sampling

Q: The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as:? - None of the above - Survey research - Sampling - Census QNo.: 252

- Sampling

Q: According to their website, you will be able to, so what do you get with EndNote? - Watch the bibliography and figure list appear as you write! - Collaborate using EndNote Web, the Web-based research and writing component of EndNote - Organize references, images, PDFs and other files - Search bibliographic databases on the Internet QNo.: 303

- Search bibliographic databases on the Internet

Q: Most surveillance systems use which of the following study designs? - Mortality - Cohort - Serial cross-sectional - Syndromic QNo.: 64

- Serial cross-sectional

Q: Relative risk? - Cannot be greater than 1 - is the ratio of the risk of disease for those exposed and those not exposed to that risk factor - is expressed as a percentage - Shows the relationship between a factor assumed to influence the occurrence of disease, and the disease - is proportion QNo.: 54

- Shows the relationship between a factor assumed to influence the occurrence of disease, and the disease

Q: In _____, each population element has a known and equal chance of selection.? - Stratified sampling - Purposive sampling - Quota sampling - Simple random sampling QNo.: 382

- Simple random sampling

Q: In...., each population element has a known and equal chance of selection.? - Quota sampling - Stratified sampling - Simple random sampling - Purposive sampling QNo.: 279

- Simple random sampling

Q: Which of the following would usually require the smallest sample size because of its efficiency? - Quota sampling - One stage cluster sampling - Simple random sampling - Two stage cluster sampling QNo.: 233

- Simple random sampling

Q: Which one of the following sampling type is used in operations test to select the units? - Judgment sampling - Cluster sampling - Simple random sampling - Quota sampling QNo.: 380

- Simple random sampling

Q: Which of the following is not a factor in the failure of the systems developments projects: - Continuation of a project that should have been cancelled - Failure of systems integration - Inadequate user involvement - Size of the company QNo.: 397

- Size of the company

Q: Which of the following is a discipline? - Social facilitation - Sport - Self-efficacy - Sociology QNo.: 373

- Sociology

Q: Which one of the following is not included in the elements of Primary Health Care? - Specialized services - Family planning services - Immunization services - Health education regarding water and sanitation - Provision of essential drugs QNo.: 128

- Specialized services

Q: Which of the following is a field? - All of these - Self-efficacy - Sport tourism - Sociology QNo.: 374

- Sport tourism

Q: Which one of the following measurement dose not divide a set of observations into equal parts? - Percentiles - Deciles - Standard Deviations - Quartiles QNo.: 119

- Standard Deviations

Q: Which of the measures given here are based on every item of the series? - All of them - Standard deviation - Quartile deviation - Mean - Range QNo.: 41

- Standard deviation

Q: Mu is an example of a: - Sample Statistic - Standard population - population parameter - Population variance QNo.: 123

- Standard population

Q: A statistical measure based upon the entire population is called parameter while measure based upon a sample is known as ? - Standard deviation - All are correct - Statistic - Sample parameter - Inference QNo.: 45

- Statistic

Q: SPSS stands for which of the following? - Statistics Problems Solved Smart - Simple Program for Statistics and Science - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - Simple Package for Science Statistics QNo.: 307

- Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

Q: Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as ? - Parameter inference - Data analysis and interpretation - All are correct - Statistical inference of external validity of the research QNo.: 44

- Statistical inference of external validity of the research

Q: Randomly selecting a proportionate amount from subgroups is an example of what:? - Convenience Sampling - Random Sampling - Systematic Sampling - Stratified Sampling QNo.: 145

- Stratified Sampling

Q: When there is a need to apply different data collection methods to different parts of the population, the best sampling method would be? - Stratified random sampling - Cluster sampling - Systematic random sampling - Double sampling QNo.: 273

- Stratified random sampling

Q: Which of the following is not a type of non-probability sampling? - Quota sampling - Convenience sampling - Stratified random sampling - Snowball sampling QNo.: 243

- Stratified random sampling

Q: The primary tool used in structured design is a: - Data-flow diagram - Module - Program flowchart - Structure chart QNo.: 395

- Structure chart

Q: The interview in which questions are already prepared is called __.? - Unstructured interview - Telephonic interview - Personal interview - Structured interview QNo.: 369

- Structured interview

Q: The interview in which questions are already prepared is called...? - Structured interview - Unstructured interview - Telephonic interview - Personal interview QNo.: 278

- Structured interview

Q: What type of the interview that is in which questions are already prepared? - Personal interview - Telephonic interview - Unstructured interview - Structured interview QNo.: 260

- Structured interview

Q: Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily? - Case study - Naturalistic observation - Laboratory observation - Survey QNo.: 262

- Survey

Q: A research method in which subjects respond to a series of items in a questionnaire:? - Survey. - Experiment. - Random sample. - Taret roup. QNo.: 264

- Survey.

Q: The most important goal of a behavioral intervention is? - Effective use of behavioral theory - Change in belief - Comprehensive coverage - Sustained behavior change - Change in behavior QNo.: 66

- Sustained behavior change

Q: Which of the following is the name given to the record of procedures conducted by SPSS which appears first in the Output Viewer? - Command file - Analysis commands - SPSS commands - Syntax commands QNo.: 320

- Syntax commands

Q: Picking every 5th or 10th unit at regular intervals is: - Systemic sampling - Quota Sampling - Stratified Sampling - Random sampling QNo.: 97

- Systemic sampling

Q: Systemic water fluoridation will reduce caries in school children by 30%. What is the independent variable? - Caries - 30% - Systemic water fluoridation - School children QNo.: 157

- Systemic water fluoridation

Q: In which section of the SPSS output will you find the chi-square analysis? - Between group comparisons - Test statistics box - Within group comparisons - Anova QNo.: 323

- Test statistics box

Q: The students t-test measures what:? - Test the difference between 2 means - Differences between two frequency distributions - Whether two distributions are independent or dependent - Test for differences between 3 or more means QNo.: 142

- Test the difference between 2 means

Q: In a five-number summary, which of the following is not used for data summarization? - The median - The largest value - The Smallest value - The 25th Percentile QNo.: 126

- The 25th Percentile

Q: The Means... procedure for computing the mean score of each of several groups is found in: - The Reports menu - The Tables menu - The Descriptive Statistics menu - The Compare Means menu QNo.: 336

- The Compare Means menu

Q: Which of the following statements about the Means... command is true?: - The number of groups must not exceed two - The Means command requires a grouping variable in the data set in order to calculate the group means - The Means command will not run if the data are ordinal - The Means command will not run at all if there is no grouping variable in the data set QNo.: 206

- The Means command requires a grouping variable in the data set in order to calculate the group means

Q: Given the N values in a series, the geometric mean is ? - The fourth root of the product of N values - The square root of the product of N values - All are not correct - The third root of the product of N values. - The Nth root of the product of N values QNo.: 40

- The Nth root of the product of N values

Q: The average of series of numerical values is: - The Sum of the values divided by their number - An indicator of measurement of the values of the series - Lower than the minimum value in the series - Lower than the average value in the series QNo.: 69

- The Sum of the values divided by their number

Q: What is a cross-sectional design? - One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood - The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time - A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes - A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time QNo.: 238

- The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time

Q: Select all of the following statements which you believe to be true. An ordinal variable is one for which: - The categories of response are ordered. - The data are continuous and follow an ordered sequence. - The data are categorical. - There can only be two categories of response. - The data are discrete and can take one of many values. QNo.: 390

- The data are discrete and can take one of many values.

Q: In the part of Data View shown below:? - Icon number 4 is for saving the data file - The display numbered 5 is the cell where control is currently located - Icons number 1 and 2 are for displaying and magnifying value labels - Icon number 3 is used to find a particular value label QNo.: 331

- The display numbered 5 is the cell where control is currently located

Q: If a study is "reliable", this means that:? - It was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted - The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated - The measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions - The findings can be generalized to other social settings QNo.: 290

- The measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions

Q: In inferential statistics, we study: - How a sample is obtained from a population - How to make decisions about range and standard deviations - The method to make decisions about population based on sample results - How to make decisions about mean, Median or mode QNo.: 112

- The method to make decisions about population based on sample results

Q: In descriptive statistics, we study: - The methods for organizing, displaying and describing data - The description of decision making process - How to describe the non-probability distribution - How to describe the probability distribution QNo.: 113

- The methods for organizing, displaying and describing data

Q: The result of a statistical test, denoted p , shall be interpreted as follows: - The null hypothesis H0is accepted if p < 0.05 - The alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected p > 0.05 - The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p < 0.05 - The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p > 0.05 QNo.: 73

- The null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p < 0.05

Q: In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:? - The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other - An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined - The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed - A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research QNo.: 292

- The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed

Q: The appropriate analytical technique is determined by? - Nature of the data collected - The research design - The research design and Nature of the data collected - Nature of the hypothesis QNo.: 179

- The research design and Nature of the data collected

Q: The appropriate analytical technique is determined by? - Nature of the hypothesis - Nature of the data collected - The research design - The research design and nature of the data collected QNo.: 350

- The research design and nature of the data collected

Q: Which of the following researchers is conducting a semi-structured interview? - The researcher who does not wish to use a tape recorder. - The researcher who has a schedule of fifty questions that they need answered by the participant. - The researcher who has a guide which states some specific topics to be covered. - The researcher who has planned only one question in advance. QNo.: 287

- The researcher who has a guide which states some specific topics to be covered.

Q: What should be the content of an abstract? - The topic under examination, the research question or hypothesis, objectives and a brief résumé of the conclusions - The topic under examination, the research question or hypothesis, objectives, and methods of the study,a brief résumé of the conclusions - The topic under examination, the research question or hypothesis, objectives, and methods of the study - The topic under examination and the research question or hypothesis QNo.: 341

- The topic under examination, the research question or hypothesis, objectives, and methods of the study,a brief résumé of the conclusions

Q: In order to save time and money, psychologists collect their data by? - The use of samples - Stopping people in the street - Using poorly paid student helpers - The use of censuses - The use of prevalence QNo.: 1

- The use of samples

Q: Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue? - Theoretical review - Methodological review - Integrated review - Context review QNo.: 364

- Theoretical review

Q: Social research methods include all of the followin, except:? - Surveys - Therapy - Experiments - Interviews QNo.: 263

- Therapy

Q: What is cross-sectional survey? - There is a category of studies that falls between observational and true experimental studies. In these, there is an intervention, but it is often not completely planned by the person doing the research. - This is more practical, but suffers from other disadvantages. It is a "retrospective" study. This means that (like a detective) you begin at the end, with the disease, and then work backwards, to hunt for possible causes. - There is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, about the problem at one specific point in time - These are like surveys, but extend over time. This allows you to study changes and to establish the time-sequence in which things occur. Therefore, you can use this to study causes. - The mainstay of experimental medical studies, normally used in testing new drugs and treatments. QNo.: 216

- There is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, about the problem at one specific point in time

Q: Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling? - Quota sampling - They are all forms of nonrandom sampling - Purposive sampling - Convenience sampling - Snowball sampling QNo.: 225

- They are all forms of nonrandom sampling

Q: What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research topic? - They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic. - They are readily available. - They are primary sources. - They avoid reporting statistical data so one can interpret the results more easily. QNo.: 258

- They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic.

Q: What is case-control study? - This is more practical, but suffers from other disadvantages. it is a type of study design used widely, originally developed in epidemiology, although its use has also been advocated for the social - The mainstay of experimental medical studies, normally used in testing new drugs and treatments. - These are like surveys, but extend over time. This allows you to study changes and to establish the time-sequence in which things occur. Therefore, you can use this to study causes. - There is a category of studies that falls between observational and true experimental studies. In these, there is an intervention, but it is often not completely planned by the person doing the research. - There are studying about the problem that the problem is that you cannot be sure which came first, so this is a very weak design for drawing conclusions about causes. QNo.: 218

- This is more practical, but suffers from other disadvantages. it is a type of study design used widely, originally developed in epidemiology, although its use has also been advocated for the social

Q: What is the convenience sampling? - Method used in order to pilot questionnaires or generate hypotheses for further study - This is selection by count - Method used to locate data for development and challenging of hypotheses that derived from previous interviews - This is sampling of subjects for reasons of convenience for easy to recruit, near at hand, likely to respond. QNo.: 221

- This is sampling of subjects for reasons of convenience for easy to recruit, near at hand, likely to respond.

Q: Work study is also recognised as? - Time study - None of the above - Motion study - Time study and Motion study QNo.: 246

- Time study and Motion study

Q: What is the purpose of the toolbar in SPSS? - To display all the statistical analyses available - To explain procedures more fully than in the procedures across the top of the Data Editor - To enable procedures to be carried out without going to the options and selecting the appropriate procedure - To remind the researcher to perform certain procedures, e.g. save regularly - To list procedures not included in the procedures across the top of the Data Editor QNo.: 312

- To enable procedures to be carried out without going to the options and selecting the appropriate procedure

Q: Which of the following is NOT a function of referencing? - To demonstrate breadth of reading - To ensure a sufficiently long reference list - To justify your approach - To attribute a quotation QNo.: 372

- To ensure a sufficiently long reference list

Q: Why do you need to review the existing literature? - To make sure you have a long list of references - Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count - To help in your general studying - To find out what is already known about your area of interest QNo.: 371

- To find out what is already known about your area of interest

Q: After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is? - To focus group discussions - To generate the hypothesis - To use experiments in an investigation - To conduct surveys QNo.: 349

- To generate the hypothesis

Q: After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is? - To generate the hypothesis - To conduct surveys - To use experiments in an investigation - To focus group discussions QNo.: 178

- To generate the hypothesis

Q: Which of the following is the basic purpose of pretest interview in this case study? - To identified the potential problem - To use agency representative - To know the sample size - To develop the questionnaire QNo.: 389

- To identified the potential problem

Q: A practical tip for transcribing interviews is to:? - All of the above. - Get the respondent to do it. - Transcribe only those sections of an interview that are important. - Invest in the latest voice recognition software. QNo.: 288

- Transcribe only those sections of an interview that are important.

Q: Which one you use icon for enter data in SPSS Statistic? - All are corrects - Analyze - Data - Transform QNo.: 204

- Transform

Q: If we reject Null Hypothesis, when actually it is true, it is known as? - Power - Specificity - Type I error - Type II Error QNo.: 101

- Type I error

Q: Precise measurement of exposure is important in epidemiologic research. Namely, when the exposure is not precisely measured the association between exposure and effect is likely to be...? - Confounded - Overestimated - Underestimated - Random QNo.: 135

- Underestimated

Q: Which of the following is the best way to deal with missing data? - Only enter data for cases where you have a complete data set - Use numbers not used elsewhere to represent different kinds of missing data - Leave the cell where data is missing blank - Remove variables where data is missing QNo.: 316

- Use numbers not used elsewhere to represent different kinds of missing data

Q: . ... is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure concept does indeed measure the intended concepts.? - Replicability - Scaling - Validity" - Reliability QNo.: 280

- Validity"

Q: Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different people? - Sample - Parameter - Variable - Validity QNo.: 163

- Variable

Q: The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the..........? - Hypothesis - Variables - Concept - Theory QNo.: 191

- Variables

Q: The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the..? - Hypothesis - Theory - Concept - Variables QNo.: 358

- Variables

Q: Standard deviation is the square of: - Variance - Mode - Standard error - Regression QNo.: 104

- Variance

Q: Which of the following is not a measure of central location? - Median - Variance - All are not correct. - Mean - Mode QNo.: 22

- Variance

Q: If, after performing a Student test for comparison of means, we obtain p = 0.0256, then? - We reject H1 - We reject H0 and accept H1 - We cannot decide - We can decide - We accept H0 QNo.: 57

- We reject H0 and accept H1

Q: If, after performing a student test for comparison of means, we obtain p=0.0250, then: - We reject Ho and accept H1 - We accept H0 - We cannot decide - We reject H1 QNo.: 74

- We reject Ho and accept H1

Q: When should the type of measure used be defined in SPSS? - At all times - When you intend to graph nominal variables - When you intend to graph interval variables - When you intend to graph ordinal variables QNo.: 321

- When you intend to graph nominal variables

Q: When might you sample the entire population? - When your population is very small, When you have extensive resources, and When you don't expect a very high response - When your population is very small, When you have extensive resources, and When you don't expect a very low response - When your population is very big, When you have extensive resources, and When you don't expect a very low response - When your population is not very small, When you have extensive resources, and When you do expect a very high response - When your population is very big, When you have extensive resources, and When you don't expect a very high response QNo.: 214

- When your population is very small, When you have extensive resources, and When you don't expect a very high response

Q: The Measure column in Variable View is used to specify? - Whether the variable is of the numeric or the string type - The number of places of decimals to which values are expressed in Data View - The name of the dependent variable - Whether the variable is scale (or continuous), ordinal or nominal QNo.: 325

- Whether the variable is scale (or continuous), ordinal or nominal

Q: How is the active cell denoted in the Data View window? - Highlighted in red - With a flashing frame - With a bold frame - Highlighted in blue QNo.: 317

- With a bold frame

Q: Which one of the following is correct about cohort study: - Starts with the disease - Relatively in expensive - Yields incidence rate - Involves fewer number of subjects QNo.: 91

- Yields incidence rate

Q: Which of the following should be included in a research proposal? - Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them - Your academic status and experience - The difficulties you encountered with your previous reading on the topic - All of the above QNo.: 297

- Your choice of research methods and reasons for choosing them

Q: Hypothesis is: - an Experiment - a theory - a supposition from an observation - a report QNo.: 98

- a supposition from an observation

Q: The sum of deviations of the individual data elements from their mean is? - always less than zero - always equal to zero - All are not correct. - sometimes greater than and sometimes less than zero, depending on the data elements - always greater than zero QNo.: 24

- always equal to zero

Q: A longitudinal or prospective study is also referred to as ? - observational study - cohort study - cross-sectional study - ecological study QNo.: 133

- cohort study

Q: The mean of a sample is? - computed by summing the data values and dividing the sum by (n - 1) - computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items - always smaller than the mean of the population - always equal to the mean of the population - All are not correct QNo.: 20

- computed by summing all the data values and dividing the sum by the number of items

Q: A tabular summary of a set of data showing the fraction of the total number of items in several classes is a? - All are not correct. - frequency - relative frequency distribution - cumulative frequency distribution - frequency distribution QNo.: 27

- frequency distribution

Q: If a data set has an even number of observations, the median? - All are not correct. - cannot be determined - is the average value of the two middle items when all items are arranged in ascending order - is the average value of the two middle items - must be equal to the mean QNo.: 23

- is the average value of the two middle items when all items are arranged in ascending order

Q: Work study examines? - duration of work - None of the above - method and duration of work - method QNo.: 245

- method and duration of work

Q: When should measures of location and dispersion be computed from grouped data rather than from individual data values? - as much as possible since computations are easier - All are not correct. - whenever computer packages for descriptive statistics are unavailable - only when the data are from a population - only when individual data values are unavailable QNo.: 37

- only when individual data values are unavailable

Q: &#61549; is an example of a? - All are not correct - population parameter - mode - population variance - sample statistic QNo.: 48

- population parameter

Q: The difference between the largest and the smallest data values is the? - All are not correct - interquartile range - Variance - coefficient of variation - range QNo.: 21

- range

Q: A numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample, such as sample mean, is known as a ? - population mean - population parameter - None of the above answers is correct. - sample statistic - sample parameter QNo.: 15

- sample statistic

Q: The extension given to SPSS data files is _.? - pptm - sav - spss - doc - spo QNo.: 319

- sav

Q: The result of a statistical test, denoted p, shall be interpreted as follows? - the null hypothesis H0 is accepted if p <0.05 - the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p> 0.05 - the alternate hypothesis H1 is rejected if p> 0.05 - the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p <0.05 - None of the above answers is correct. QNo.: 56

- the null hypothesis H0 is rejected if p <0.05

Q: The measure of dispersion that is influenced most by extreme values is? - the variance - the range - the interquartile range - the standard deviation - All are not correct. QNo.: 36

- the range

Q: The descriptive measure of dispersion that is based on the concept of a deviation about the mean is? - the standard deviation - the interquartile range - All are not correct. - the range QNo.: 38

- the standard deviation

Q: If on a group of 457 patients, for a risk factor we calculated a Relative Risk RR= 12.74, the possibility of developing the disease being investigated is? - the same in the case of exposure in the case of non-exposure - very small when exposed to the factor - Equal in the exposed - very high when exposed to the factor - lower in the exposed than in the unexposed, RR being less than 100 QNo.: 55

- very high when exposed to the factor