7-5 History

Henry IV

(1050-1106) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1084; his efforts to increase the power of the monarchy led him into conflict with Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture; Gregory excommunicated him but later reinstated him in the church after Henry did penance

Domesday Book

(1086) a complete census of its land and livestock ordered by William I, it listed every castle, field, and pigpen in England

Concordat of Worms

(1122) treaty that declared that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority; the emperor, however, still invested them with fiefs

Philip II

(1165-1223) King of France (1179-1223); a shrewd and able ruler, he strengthened royal government in many ways; he granted charters to many new towns and introduced a new national tax; he also quadrupled royal land holdings including the English-ruled lands in Normandy and Anjou

Frederick II

(1194-1250) Holy Roman Emperor (1220-1250); Barbarossa's grandson; he spent little time in Germany; instead, he pursued his ambitions in Italy clashing repeatedly and unsuccessfully with several popes; his absence also led to German nobles becoming more independent

Louis IX

(1214-1270) King of France (1226-1270); he was one of the most popular kings of France; he led the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land and was canonized as a saint in recognition of his faith and services to the Church

Estates General

(1302) set up by Philip II's grandson Philip IV; this body had representatives from all three estates, or classes of French society: clergy, nobles, and townspeople (peasants); it never gained the power of the purse or otherwise served as a balance to royal power

Otto I

(912-973) King of Germany (936-973) Holy Roman Emperor (962-973); conflict between successor emperors and popes involved who would control appointments to high Church office; popes tried to end such outside interference by secular rulers

Gregory VII

(c. 1025-1085) pope (1073-1085); achieved success in his battle with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV on the matter of lay investiture; he greatly expanded papal power by claiming his supremacy over secular rulers

William the Conqueror

(c. 1028-1087) Duke of Normandy (1035-1087); he pressured King Edward of England (his 1st cousin once removed) to name him heir to the throne; upon Edward's death, he invaded England and won the throne after the Battle of Hastings in 1066

Thomas Becket

(c. 1119-1170) archbishop of Canterbury; the issue of which courts to try clergy became a symbol of the power struggle between Royal and Church power in England; King Henry II's temper finally exploded - "What cowards I have brought up in my court," he cried. "Who will rid me of this meddlesome priest?" Four hot-headed knights took Henry at his word; Becket was made a saint almost immediately

Frederick Barbarossa

(c. 1123-1190) German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1152; he fought hard against growing papal authority and led six expeditions into Italy in an attempt to increase his royal holdings; he died while on the Third Crusade

Pope Innocent III

(c. 1160-1216) was only 37 years old when he became pope and quickly extended the authority of the papacy over Rome and in Italy; when King John of England appointed the archbishop of Canterbury without his approval, the pope excommunicated John

King John

(c. 1166-1216) was a son of King Henry II; seized control of the English throne when his brother, King Richard the Lionheart, was captured while on crusade; conflicts with the English nobles forced him to sign Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the English kings

What were two effects of the Holy Roman emperors' attempts to subdue Italy?

German nobles grew more independent; Italy remained in disarray

How did William increase royal power in England?

He kept land for himself.

How did Pope Innocent III assert the power of the Church?

He stated that the pope was second only to God.

How did Henry II's belief that his royal courts had the right to try clergymen accused of crimes affect his relationship with the Church?

It caused conflict because both Church and monarch claimed the same powers.

How was the Church an obstacle to monarchs who wanted more power?

It challenged monarchs' attempts to control the clergy.

How did the Magna Carta affect the power of the English king?

It weakened the king's power.

Which principle of government is reflected in the excerpt above?

Representative government

What compromise resulted from the Concordat of Worms?

The Church was granted the power to elect and invest bishops, but the emperor could invest them with fiefs.

Which of these best explains how the powers listed in the diagram supported the authority of the Catholic Church in western Europe?

The powers were exercised against kings and nobles who failed to adhere to church customs and mandates.

How did both townspeople and monarchs benefit from their mutual support?

Townspeople achieved better business conditions, while monarchs widened their support in towns.

Common Law

a legal system based on custom and court rulings; unlike local feudal laws, it was "common," meaning that it was the same for all the people

Lay investiture

appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy

Holy Roman Empire

empire of west central Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring lands; the real rulers of these lands were the emperor's vassals— hundreds of nobles and Church officials; for German emperors, the challenge was to control their vassals; it was a challenge they never met

Which actions did French kings take to increase royal power?

granted town charters, introduced national tax, extended royal lands

Which actions did Innocent III take to increase the power of the Church?

launched a crusade against the Albigensians, extended the Papal States

Habeas Corpus

principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime; protects people from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment

Albigensians

sect of Christians in southern France; wanted to purify the Church and return to the simpler ways of early Christianity; the Church saw them as heretics because they rejected Catholic beliefs and rituals; tens of thousands of people were slaughtered in a crusade to destroy them (1209-1229)

Magna Carta

the Great Charter; approved by King John of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights of English freeman - asserted that the nobles had certain rights; later extended to all English citizens - made it clear that the monarch must obey the law

Who was the real ruler of the Holy Roman Empire?

the emperor's vassals

Parliament

the legislature of England, and later of Great Britain; eventually gained the crucial "power of the purse" - the right to approve any new taxes; it could check, or limit, the power of the monarch; in time, Parliament developed into a two-house body: the House of Lords and the House of Commons

The Magna Carta was important because it established

the principle that the monarch must obey the law.

Due process of law

the requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does

Which is the best definition of lay investiture?

the right of the monarch to install Church bishops