8.2
For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?
90 minutes
During ____, cells in the pons send messages that inhibit the motor neurons that control the body's large muscles.
REM sleep
PGO waves are associated with ____.
REM sleep
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?
Stage 2
A polysomnograph displays ____.
a combination of EEG and eye-movement records
Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____.
acetylcholine
It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from ____.
acting out our dreams
What does cataplexy involve?
an attack of muscle weakness while awake
The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams ____.
are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep
In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams ____.
are more likely to include complicated plots
Which of the following increases risk of sleep apnea?
being obese
Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they ____.
block histamine
What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?
consistently feeling sleepy during the day
Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep ____.
includes a larger percentage of REM sleep
What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"?
irregular waves with low amplitude
During REM sleep, the EEG shows ____.
irregular, low-voltage fast waves
What is paradoxical about paradoxical sleep?
it is light sleep in some ways and deep sleep in other ways
When does sleep walking occur?
mostly during slow wave sleep
People with REM behavior disorder ____.
move vigorously during REM, apparently acting out their dreams.
Which condition has often been interpreted as an intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness?
narcolepsy
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ____.
neurons are becoming more synchronized
In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____.
norepinephrine
Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____.
occur during NREM sleep
Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening Why?
part of the brain is still asleep.
Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea?
periods without breathing during sleeping
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?
relaxed wakefulness
The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain.
reticular formation
Typically, a person who falls asleep enters ____.
stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.
stages 3 and 4
What is narcolepsy?
sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
Someone in a(n) ____ state alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, the person shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior.
vegetative
What is the best way to determine if an individual who claims to never dream does, in fact, have dreams?
wake them up during REM sleep and ask them if they have been dreaming
REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?
a high level of brain activity
With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is ____.
almost completely inactive during sleep
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
hypnagogic hallucinations
Research found that during REM sleep, activity ____.
increased in both the pons and the limbic system
A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.
interrupted or shortened REM sleep
The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is ____.
only one of several systems involved in arousal
Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as ____.
periodic limb movement disorder
The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____
pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex
One part of the reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal is known as the ____.
pontomesencephalon
With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____.
slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number
