A & P 2

Q-19: What is the "fight or flight" effect?

It is the response of "sympathetic system" to some dangerous effect where body responds to dangerous situation by either fighting or fleeing.

Q-21: What is a major cause of exhaustion?

Loss of K+

Q-27: What endocrine organ influences the general adaptation syndrone?

hypothyroid

Q-24: What hormone regulates "Ca+" metabolism?

parathormone

Q-17: What effect is "not" produced by the glucocorticoids?

Electrolyte balance

Q-29: What endocrine system is involved with the development of antibodies?

Thymus

Q-26: What hormone regulates electrolyte balance?

caldasterone

Q-4:What is the association between "prolactin" and "estrogen" and progesterone?

> Estrogen promotes prolactin secretion but inhibits its action on the breast. Similarly progesterone also inhibits prolactin's action on the breast. >Thus during pregnancy you get increased prolactin produced but only after giving birth (when the hormones start to decrease) does that prolactin actually allow lactation. >its the decline of progesterone specifically that allows lactation >high prolactin after giving birth is why a woman cannot get pregnant right away

Q-4: What is the association between "prolactin" and "estrogen" and progesterone?

>>) Hormones regulate cellular functions, and negative feedback regulates hormone levels. >) Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins, whereas peptide hormones affect the activity of proteins already present in the cell.

Q-4: What is the association between "prolactin" and "estrogen" and progesterone?

>The synthesis and secretion of estrogens is stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is, in turn, controlled by the hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Pathway: Hypothalamus → GnRH → Pituitary → FSH → Follicle → Estrogens >Progesterone production is stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH), which is also stimulated by GnRH. Pathway: Hypothalamus → GnRH → Pituitary → LH → Corpus luteum → Progesterone Progesterone is a steroid hormone that binds to intracellular progesterone receptors that act in the nucleus of cells. Progesterone is produced in males by the adrenal glands and males have the same plasma level of progesterone as women d o during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. There are actually two progesterone receptors. A functional receptor and a nonfunctional receptor that acts to suppress the activity of the functional receptor. Progesterone antagonizes the effect of estrogen by reducing estrogen receptor levels >Three or four days after the baby is born, the breasts begin to secrete milk. Prolactin is produced in the anterior pituitary in cells called lactotropes. •Milk synthesis is stimulated by the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL), and its release from the breasts is stimulated by oxytocin.

Q-4: What is the association between "prolactin" and "estrogen" and progesterone?

>very simply, the hormones Estrogen and Prolactin oppose each other. When one is high it suppresses the other. These two hormones are like a Seesaw, one goes up, the other goes down. Not only this, the Seesaw prefers to have one or the other end down rather than to be balanced in the middle with both hormones equal. >Once it is tipped the other way it usually requires less effort to keep it tipped toward Prolactin because the breasts increase their sensitivity and response to stimulation and put out much more Prolactin with stimulation. >Prolactin is secreted in an episodic fashion throughout the day. Its secretion is inhibited by dopamine and stimulated by estrogen, stress, TRH, and other factors such as suckling and nipple manipulation. Prolactin acts through prolactin receptors present on the surface of cells. In the human, these receptors are stimulated by GH and prolactin with equal potency. Prolactin initiates and maintains lactation in the estrogen primed breast. Prolactin is not a growth factor in breast tissue which is why it is necessary for breast tissue to be primed by the growth promoting action of estrogen in order for prolactin to exert its effects. Even so, lactation is prevented in the presence of high levels of estrogen and progesterone, such as those that exist in pregnancy, and lactation only proceeds with a drop in estrogen/progesterone levels post delivery. Prolactin inhibits gonadotropin secretion and therefore suppresses the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis and the production of testosterone.

Q-16: What hormone controls the secretion of certain adrenal cortex hormones?

ACTH-Adrenal corticothyroid

Q-22: Anti-inflammatory response is closely associated with what hormones?

Cortisols

Q-7: Define "endocrine" versus "exocrine"

Endocrine glands are "ductless" glands = no ducts. "Endo"-within; -crine=secrete" They produce hormones and lack ducts. They release their hormones into the surrounding tissue fluid -have rich vascular and lymphatic drainage that rcvs. their hormones -Ex's: Pit, thyr, parathyr, adren,pine

Q-7: Define "endocrine" versus "exocrine"

Exocrine glands are "duct filled" glands = with ducts. They produce non-hormonal substances like sweat and saliva and have ducts that carry these substances to a membrane surface.

Q-18: What is the "general adaptation syndrone? Who is the developer of the system?

General adaptation syndrome, or GAS, is a term used to describe the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress. the general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. >Stage 1: alarm reaction (ar) The first stage of the general adaptation stage, the alarm reaction, is the immediate reaction to a stressor. In the initial phase of stress, humans exhibit a "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for physical activity. >Stage 2: stage of resistance (sr) Stage 2 might also be named the stage of adaptation, instead of the stage of resistance. During this phase, if the stress continues, the body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to. >Stage3: Stage 3: stage of exhaustion (se) At this stage, the stress has continued for some time. The body's resistance to the stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly. Stressors in humans include such physical stressors as starvation, being hit by a car, or suffering through severe weather. Developer: Hans Selye

Q-14: What hormone produces a "diabetogenic effect"?

Growth hormones

Q-8: What molecules are secreted by mesodermal and epidermal origin?

Molecules secreted having mesoderm origin are steroids. Molecules secreted having epidermal origin are water-soluble origin. The type of endocrine product is determined by which tissue layer a gland originated in. Glands of ectodermal and endodermal origin produce peptide and amine hormones; mesodermal-origin glands secrete hormones based on lipids.

Q-5: Is the posterior pituitary and endocrine organ?

No, the posterior pituitary is neurological tissue

Q-9: Are "prostoglandins" secreted from specialized endocrine glands?

No. Prostoglandins are secreted by cells without confirmation.

Q-20: What are some physiological effects produced by stress?

The brain releases endorphins to relieve pain Heart rate increases and heart increases its strength of contraction to pump more blood Blood pressure rises Digestion slows so the much needed blood may be diverted to muscles Salivation and mucous secretion decreases - the result is a "cotton mouth" feeling Pupils dilate so that you have a more sensitive vision All of your senses - sight, hearing, smell, and taste - become more acute, ready to identify any threats Sweating increases to flush waste and to cool down the body Blood clotting increases to prevent bleeding to death during physical threat Sugars and fats are released into the blood stream to supply fuel Adrenaline and other hormones are released into the bloodstream to provide energy Muscle tension increases to prepare for action in the shortens time Bronchi dilate, allowing for more air into the lungs Shallow breathing

Q-10: Describe first and second messenger mechanisms.

The endocrine system acts by releasing hormones that in turn trigger actions in specific target cells. > Receptors on target cell membranes bind only to one type of hormone. More than fifty human hormones have been identified; all act by binding to receptor molecules. >The binding hormone changes the shape of the receptor causing the response to the hormone. There are two mechanisms of hormone action on all target cells. Nonsteroid Hormones Nonsteroid hormones (water soluble) do not enter the cell but bind to plasma membrane receptors, generating a chemical signal (second messenger) inside the target cell. Five different second messenger chemicals, including cyclic AMP have been identified. Second messengers activate other intracellular chemicals to produce the target cell response.

Q-23: A high metabolic rate is associated with what endocrine system?

Thyroid

Q-15: What hormone stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Thyroxin

Q-6: Is the placenta a temporary endocrine organ?

Yes, it is.

Q-13: Where are regulating hormones produced?

in hypothalamus--acting on antipuitary gland

Q-28: What is the effect of hyperfunction of the parathyroid gland?

it removes Ca+ in bone and raises plasma in blood/bone.

Q-11: What type of hormones "do not" use cycAMP for their function?

lipids

Q-12: What type of system controls hormone activity----"positive" or "negative" feedback?

negative feedback

Q-25: An imbalance in "Ca+" would involve what endocrine organ?

parathyroid

Q-10: Describe first and second messenger mechanisms.

second messenger mechanism- The mechanism by which nonsteroid hormones work on target cells. > A hormone binds to receptors on the cell's plasma membrane activating a molecule; >the second messenger;that activates other intracellular molecules that elicit a response. The second messenger can be cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol triphosphate, diacrylglycerol, or calcium.