A & P 2 Exam 2
At a heart rate of 60 beats/minute, a cardiac cycle lasts
1 second
The heart beats approximately ________ times each day.
100,000
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
12 to 18
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.
2.5cm; 15-20
There are ________ pulmonary veins
4
The average lifespan of a red blood cell is
4 months.
Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the heart back to the heart in the cardiovascular circuit. 1. venules2. arterioles3. capillaries4. elastic arteries5. medium veins6. large veins7. muscular arteries
4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6
Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?
45 percent
The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately ________ liters.
5 to 6
Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood, and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.
55; 92
The heart pumps approximately ________ milliliters of blood each minute.
6,000
Define hormone receptor. (Module 16.4A)
A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone.
Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood? (Module 17.7D)
A person with type A blood will have anti-B antibodies that will agglutinate with type B blood.
Define regulatory hormone. (Module 16.5A)
A regulatory hormone is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
A remnant of the ductus arteriosus
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH.
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH.
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH.
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?
AV node
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.
Anemia
Identify the ear like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the heart.
Auricle
Define autorhythmicity. (Module 18.12A)
Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation.
Identify the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle. View Available Hint(s)
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.
Capillaries
What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?
Chordae tendineae
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.
Cystic fibrosis
Define diabetes mellitus. (Module 16.13A)
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels.
Define edema. (Module 19.8B)
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues.
Distinguish among efferent vessels, afferent vessels, and exchange vessels. (Module 19.1D)
Efferent vessels carry blood away from the heart, afferent vessels carry blood to the heart, and exchange vessels exchange nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes between the blood and interstitial fluid.
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH.
Which of the following is normally produced in the liver, and could explain why Joe's blood is ineffective at carrying around important molecules?
Globulins
Define heart failure. (Module 18.16A)
Heart failure is a condition where the heart can no longer meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of peripheral tissues.
What is hematology? (Module 17.4A)
Hematology is the study of blood, blood-producing organs, and blood disorders.
________ transport(s) oxygen and CO2 in the RBCs.
Hemoglobin molecules
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
Hormones
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)
It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.
Which of the following is true regarding the inferior vena cava?
It is considered a large vein.
Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?
It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.
Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?
Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.
Overall, the most common blood type is
O
Name the ridged bundles of muscle found projecting inside the right atrium.
Pectinate muscles
What is the function of the coronary circulation?
Provide a blood supply to the heart
Identfiy the valve located at the exit of the right ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Define respiratory rate. (Module 21.11A)
Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.
The most common form of hemolytic disease of the newborn happens after a __________ woman has carried a __________ fetus
Rh-, Rh+
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
SA node
Why does tetany not occur in cardiac muscle? (Module 18.11A)
Tetany does not occur because cardiac muscle has a long refractory period that continues until relaxation is well under way so summation cannot occur, and thus tetany cannot occur.
Give the alternate terms for heart contraction and heart relaxation. (Module 18.9B)
The alternate term for heart contraction is systole and the alternate term for heart relaxation is diastole.
What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced? (Module 21.7C)
The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.
Describe the structures of the glottis. (Module 21.4B)
The glottis contains the vocal folds that contain the vocal ligaments and the rima glottidis which is the opening between the vocal folds.
Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage. (Module 19.13B)
The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume.
Name the hormone and enzyme secreted by the kidneys. (Module 16.15B)
The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin.
Describe the pulmonary circuit. (Module 19.1A)
The pulmonary circuit transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs, and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium.
Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A)
The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.
Describe the systemic circuit. (Module 19.1B)
The systemic circuit transports blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium.
Which of the following responses do not occur when blood glucose levels are increasing above the normal range, such as after eating a meal?
There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue.
Describe the locations of the parathyroid glands. (Module 16.9A)
They are embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland.
What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems? (Module 16.1A)
To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles.
Trabeculae carneae
Identify the right atrioventricular valve.
Tricuspid valve
Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries? (Module 19.4A)
Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.
What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins? (Module 19.4D)
Varicose veins form when the vein walls weaken and the valves fail so blood begins to pool in the veins.
Why is ventricular fibrillation fatal? (Module 18.13C)
Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not pump blood to the systemic circulation.
Which of these age-based changes is false?
Vital capacity increases.
When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect
a rise in hematocrit. the release of erythropoietin. a drop in oxygen levels. All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries that causes coronary ischemia?
a stent
Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from
a superficial vein
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
In which of the following would the resistance be greater?
a vessel 10 microns in diameter
Which of these descriptions best matches the term platelets?
adhere to collagen beneath endothelium
List the three phases of the stress response. (Module 16.17A)
alarm phase, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
aldosterone.
The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if
an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.
Asthma is
an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways
Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as
anatomic dead space
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonists.
What superficial landmark identifies the boundary between the left and right ventricles?
anterior interventricular sulcus
Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland. (Module 16.6A)
anterior lobe and posterior lobe
A person with Type A blood has
antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
aorta
The inferior point of the heart is called the
apex
Fenestrated capillaries:
are found in the choroid plexus of the brain and the capillaries of the hypothalamus.
all of the following are true of steriod hormones except that they?
are produced by the adrenal medulla
Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? (Module 19.5B)
arterial pressure
Which pathology is described as a thickening and toughening of arterial walls?
arteriosclerosis
Where is blood pressure highest?
artery
List the phases of the cardiac cycle. (Module 18.10A)
atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole
The congenital heart defect most often associated with Down syndrome is
atrioventricular septal defect.
The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the
base
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.
bicuspid
The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to ________ and returns blood to the ________.
body organs; right atrium
TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.
both production and release
The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium.
both right coronary artery and left coronary artery
A slower-than-normal heart rate is called
bradycardia
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin.
RBCs move single file through this structure.
capillary
Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except
carbohydrates.
The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.
cardiovascular
growth hormone does all of the following except
cause fat accumulation within adipocytes
The "C" in COPD stands for
chronic
After losing 25 percent of blood volume in a motorcycle accident, which of the following compensatory responses would not occur?
circulatory shock
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with
closing of the mitral valve.
The function of the atrium is to
collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle.
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.
coronary
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
cortex
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
cricoid
Platelets are
cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.
Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except
decrease levels of calcium ions.
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
all of the following are result of thyroid hormones except
decreased heart rate and force of contraction
Identify the primary inspiratory muscles. (Module 21.10A)
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.
differential count
Name the inner lining of the heart.
endocardium
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.
endocrine
White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the
eosinophils.
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
The adrenal medulla produces
epinephrine.
Which of the following are the most abundant of the formed elements?
erythrocytes
The process of red blood cell production is called
erythropoiesis.
Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________.
erythropoietin; kidneys
The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.
estrogen
To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body
experiences an increase in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure. experiences a recall of interstitial fluids. increases water intake. accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys. -All of the answers are correct.-
Oxygenated blood flows through the right side of the heart.
false
The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart.
false
The moderator band is found on both the right and left side of the heart.
false
The fetal structure that conducts blood from the right to left atrium is the
foramen ovale.
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't
function independently of the endocrine system.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood?
generates body temperature
if a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
glucagon
Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
gonadotropins
inadequate iodine in the diet would not lead to
grave's disease
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
growth hormone
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the
hard palate
Compared to arteries, veins
have thinner walls.
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the
heart
The percent fraction of formed elements relative to whole blood is the
hematocrit.
More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is
hemoglobin.
A typical adult hematocrit is
higher in males than females.
The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures.
hilum
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.
hormones; neurotransmitters
A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except
hypoglycemia.
The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as
hypoxia.
All of the following occur after hemorrhage, except
increase in blood pressure.
Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?
increased body temperature increased heart rate increased oxygen consumption increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation
In quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentration? (Module 16.11B)
insulin
When blood glucose levels rise,
insulin is released.
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
insulin.
Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called
integrative
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).
internal intercostal
Plasma is closest in ionic composition to
interstitial fluid.
The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles.
interventricular septum
Boyle's law states that gas volume is
inversely proportional to pressure.
The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except
is responsive to osmoreceptors.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air
RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for this short lifespan in RBCs is their
lack of nucleus.
The vocal folds are located within the
larynx.
Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs?
left atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
Name the four chambers of the heart. (Module 18.1C)
left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium.
Pulmonary veins carry blood to the
left atrium.
Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?
left lung
Identify the most muscular chamber.
left ventricle
What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?
left ventricle
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
The ________ has a greater workload than the ________.
left ventricle; right ventricle
Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the
lips
The condition known as goiter can result from too
little iodine in the diet
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs
Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs.
All of the following are components of the cardiovascular system except
lymph vessels.
List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans. (Module 16.12C)
maintain circadian rhythms, control the timing of sexual maturation, protect against damage by free radicals
the inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
medulla
Platelets are pinched off from giant multinucleated cells in the bone marrow called
megakaryocytes.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the
mucus escalator.
Identify the two types of leukemia. (Module 17.11B)
myeloid leukemia and lymphoid leukemia
A cancer involving neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils is called a
myeloid leukemia.
Name the hormones secreted by the heart. (Module 16.15A)
natriuretic peptides
Identify the five types of white blood cells. (Module 17.9A)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of
neutrophils.
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
neutrophils.
Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"?
none, quiet expiration is passive.
List the structures of the upper respiratory system. (Module 21.3A)
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
Emphysema:
occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
The glottis is
opening to the larynx
Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
oropharynx
Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone? (Module 16.9C)
parathyroid hormone
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathyroid hormone
A "blue baby" is often associated with what congenital heart defect?
patent ductus arteriosus
When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called
permissive
Which blood disorder involves a deficiency of Vitamin B12?
pernicious anemia
The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx.
Melatonin is produced by the
pineal gland.
An elevated hematocrit value is termed
polycythemia.
A person's blood type is determined largely by the
presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.
During inhalation:
pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.
What branches from the trachea?
primary bronchi
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
produce hormones
The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to
provide adequate alveolar ventilation.
The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except
providing gas exchange.
Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?
pulmonary arteries
Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it
pumps a greater volume.
Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is
recycled to red bone marrow.
In adults, the only site of red blood cell production and the primary site of white blood cell formation is
red bone marrow.
If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
resistance
Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?
respiratory
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
respiratory distress syndrome
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
right atrium
Coronary veins empty into the
right atrium
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit? (Module 19.1C)
right atrium
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the
right ventricle
Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.
several
The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
sinoatrial node
The normal pH of blood is
slightly alkaline.
The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
suprarenal
Two hormones that have additive effects are called
synergists
These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.
systemic venous system
A faster-than-normal heart rate is called
tachycardia
the testes produce
testosterone
The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.
the brain stem
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by
the coronary arteries.
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases.
People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because
their blood lacks A or B antibodies.
The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.
three lobes; two lobes
The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the
thyroid cartilage.
Name the hormones of the thyroid gland. (Module 16.8B)
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin
Trace the pathway of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract. (Module 21.5C)
trachea — main bronchi — lobar bronchi — segmental bronchi — terminal bronchioles — pulmonary lobule
Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed.
true
The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human.
true
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two pumps
Which blood type contains RBCs with surface antigen B only and plasma that contains only anti-A antibodies?
type B
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except
vasodilation.
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins.
The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called
veins.
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular repolarization
The most common congenital heart defect is
ventricular septal defect.
Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?
venules
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
whole blood.