A & P (Chap 4 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes)
Stratified
Epithelial cells arranged in multiple layers.
Simple
Epithelial cells arranged in single layer.
Pseudostratified
Epithelial cells staggered so they appear to be in multiple layers, but are not.
Pericardium membranes-
Fibrous Pericardium- forms the cavity that encloses the heart, the pericardial cavity. Periosteum- the membrane covering a bone. Perichondrium- the membrane covering cartilage.
Fascia
Fibrous bands or sheets that support organs & hold them in place.
Squamous
Flat & irregular
Collagen
Flexible white protein.
Serous Pericardium
Forms part of sac that encloses the heart.
Types of Epithelial membranes-
SEROUS MEMBRANES- line the walls of body cavities and are folded back onto the surface of internal organs, forming their outermost layer. MUCOUS MEMBRANES- they line tubes and other spaces that open to the outside of the body. CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES- commonly known as skin, has an outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium and an inner layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Osseous Tissue
Pertaining to bone tissue.
3 Serous Membranes-
Pleurae- line the thoracic cavity and cover each lung. Serous Pericardium- forms part of the sac that encloses the heart, which is located between the lungs. Peritoneum- the largest serous membrane. It lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, covers the abdominal organs, forms supporting and protective structures within the abdomen.
Visceral Layer of Serous Membrane
Portion attached to organ.
Parietal Layer of Serous Membrane
Portion attached to wall of cavity or sac.
Atrophy
Process of muscles & other tissue waste from loss of cells.
Transitional Epithelium-
capable of expansion but returns to its original size once tension is relaxed (ex: as when the bladder is emptied)
Nervous Tissue-
conducts nerve impulses
Muscle Tissue-
contracts and produces movement
Stem Cells-
during development, all tissues derive from young, actively diving cells
Nerves-
each body structure is in direct communication with the brain by a means of its own set of "wires", called nerves. Nerves from all over the body come together and feed into a great trunk cable called the spinal cord, which then leads into the central switchboard to the brain.
Fascia-
fibrous bands or sheets that support organs and hold them in place.
Goblet Cells-
single-celled exocrine glands that secrete mucous (clear, sticky fluid)
Histology-
specializing in the study of tissues
Connective Tissue-
supports and forms the framework of all parts of the body
Osteoblasts-
the cells that form bones. When these cells mature, they are called osteocytes
Brain
Central controlling area of central nervous system.
Types of Connective Tissue-
Circulating connective tissue, Loose connective tissue, Dense connective tissue, Cartilage, Bone Tissue
Ligament
Connect bone to bone.
Tendon
Connect muscles to bones.
Dense Connective Tissue
Contains many fibers & is quite strong.
Muscle Tissue
Contracts & produces movement
Epithelial Tissue
Covers surface, lines cavities, & forms glands.
Bursae
Cushioning sacs of synovial membranes near joints.
Epithelial Membrane
1. Outer surface made of epithelium. 2. Made closely packed active cells that manufacture lubricants & protect deeper tissues from invasion by microorganisms.
Types of Serous Membranes
1. Pleurae 2. Serous Pericardium 3. Peritoneum
Types of Loose Connective Tissue
1. Areolar. 2. Adipose.
Neuron
1. Basic unit of nervous tissue. 2. Nerve cell. 3. Consists of nerve cell body plus small branches from cell.
Types of Connective Tissue
1. Circulating. 2. Loose. 3. Dense. 4. Cartilage. 5. Bone.
Mucus
1. Clear, sticky fluid. 2. Secretion produced by most epithelial tissues.
Mucous Membranes
1. Contain goblet cells that produce mucus. 2. Form continuous lining in digestive, respiratory, urinary, & reproductive systems. 3. Vary in structure & function, but all have underlying layer of areolar tissue known as lamina propria.
Superficial Fascia
1. Continuous sheet of tissue that underlies the skin. 2. Compound of areolar & adipose tissue. 3. Insulates the body & cushions the skin. 4. Also called subcutaneous fascia.
Deep Fascia
1. Covers, separates, & protects skeletal muscles, nerves, & blood vessels. 2. Consists of dense connective tissue.
Fibrocartilage Cartilage
1. Firm & rigid. 2. Found between vertebrae of spine, anterior joint between pubic bones of hip, & knee joint.
Cardiac Muscle
1. Forms bulk of heart wall. 2. Produces regular contractions. 3. Involuntary muscle.
Epithelium
1. Forms protective covering for body. 2. Forms membranes, ducts, & lining of body cavities & hollow organs. 3. Repairs itself quickly after being injured.
Fibrous Pericardium
1. Forms the cavity that encloses the heart, the pericardial cavity. 2. Fibrous sac & serous pericardial membranes.
Bone Tissue
1. Hardest type of connective tissue. 2. Solidified by minerals in matrix.
Circulating Connective Tissue
1. Has fluid consistency. 2. Cells suspended in liquid matrix. 3. Two types are blood & lymph.
Irregular Dense Connective Tissue
1. Has mostly collagenous fibers in random arrangement. 2. Makes up strong membranes that cover joints & various organs.
Regular Dense Connective Tissue
1. Has mostly collagenous fibers in regular, parallel alignments. 2. Can pull in one direction.
Types of Cartilage
1. Hyaline. 2. Fibrocartilage. 3. Elastic.
Smooth Muscle
1. Involuntary Muscle. 2. Forms walls of hollow organs in ventral body cavities. 3. Sometimes referred to as visceral muscle. 4. Also found in walls of many tubular structures.
Types of Dense Connective Tissue
1. Irregular Dense Connective Tissue. 2. Regular Dense Connective Tissue.
Peritoneum
1. Largest serous membrane. 2. Lines walls of abdominal cavity, covers abdominal organs, & forms supporting & protective structures within abdomen.
Serous Membranes
1. Line walls of body cavities & are folded back onto the surface of internal organs, forming outermost layer. 2. Secret thin, watery lubricant that allows organs to move with minimum friction. 3. Thin epithelium is smooth, glistening tissue called mesothelium overlying areolar tissue. 4. Referred to as serosa. 5. Arranged so that one portion forms lining of closed cavity, while another part folds back to cover surface of organ contained in cavity.
Osteocytes
1. Mature bone cell. 2. Maintains bone but does not produce new bone tissue.
Areolar Tissue
1. Named from word that means "space" because of open composition. 2. Contains cells & fibers in soft, jelly-like matrix. 3. Main cell is fibroblast. 4. Forms important component of many tissue membranes. 5. Most common type of connective tissue.
Spinal Cord
1. Nervous tissue contained in spinal column. 2. Major relay area between brain & peripheral nervous system.
Gland
1. Organ or cell specialized to produce substance that is sent out to other parts of body. 2. Manufactures secretions from materials removed from blood. 3. Divided into 2 categories based on how they release secretions: Exocrine & Endocrine.
Adipose Tissue
1. Primarily composed of fat cells with minimal intercellular matrix. 2. Acts as heat insulator underlying skin. 3. Provides protective padding surrounding organs & joints.
Exocrine Glands
1. Produce secretions that are carried out of body. 2. Usually have ducts or tubes to carry their secretions away from glands & to organs, cavities, or body surface, & act in limited area near sources. 3. Most are composed of multiple cells in various arrangements, including tubular, coiled, or saclike formations.
Fibroblast
1. Produces protein fibers & other components of matrix. 2. Produce collagen & elastic fibers.
Endocrine Glands
1. Secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid. 2. Have extensive network of blood vessels.
Types of Epithelial Membranes
1. Serous. 2. Mucous. 3. Cutaneous.
Goblet Cells
1. Single-celled exocrine glands that secrete mucus. 2. Scattered among epithelial cells lining respiratory & digestive passageways.
Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal. 2. Cardiac. 3. Smooth.
Types of Epithelial Tissues
1. Squamous. 2. Cuboidal. 3. Columnar.
Two Regions of Fascia
1. Superficial Fascia. 2. Deep Fascia.
Types of Connective Tissue Membranes
1. Synovial Membranes. 2. Meninges.
Synovial Membranes
1. Thin layers of areolar tissue that line joint cavities. 2. Secrete lubricating fluid that reduces friction between ends of bones, thus permitting free movement. 3. Line small cushioning sacs near joints called bursae.
Membranes
1. Thin sheet of tissue. 2. Lipid bilayer surrounding cell or organelle.
Skeletal Muscle
1. Works with tendons & bones to move body. 2. Described as voluntary muscle because we make it contract by conscious thought. 3. Cells are very large & remarkable in having multiple nuclei & pattern of dark & light banding.
2 Types of Loose Connective Tissue-
Areolar tissue- means "space" because of its open composition Adipose tissue- primarily composed of fat cells
2 Types of Circulating Connective Tissue-
Blood- circullates in the bloodstream, Lymph- fluid that circulates in lymphatic vessels
Osteoblasts
Bone-Forming Cell
Nerves
Bundle of neuron fibers outside the central nervous system.
Elastic Cartilage
Can spring back into shape after it is bent.
Transitional Epithelium
Capable of great expansion but returns to its original form once tension is relaxed.
3 Types of Cartilage-
HYALINE CARTILAGE- tough, translucent material, (ex: called gristle, that covers the ends of the long bones) FIBROCARTILAGE- firm and rigid (ex: is found between the vertebrae of the spine) ELASTIC CARTILAGE- can spring back into shape after it is bent. (ex: outer portion of the ear)
Loose Connective Tissue
Has soft consistency, similar to jelly.
Cartilage
Has very firm consistency.
Myocardium
Heart muscle.
Matrix
Intercellular background material.
2 Types of Dense Connective Tissue-
Irregular dense connective tissue- mostly collagenous fibers in random arrangement Regular dense connective tissue- mostly collagenous fibers but in a regular, parallel alignment
Pleurae Membranes
Line thoracic cavity & cover each lung.
Columnar
Long & narrow
Periosteum
Membrane covering bone.
Perichondrium
Membrane covering cartilage
3 Types of Muscle tissue-
SKELETAL MUSCLE- works with tendons and bones to move the body. (this type of tissue is voluntary muscle) CARDIAC MUSCLE- it forms the bulk of the heart wall (myocardium), it performs regular contractions, known as heartbeats. (this type of tissue is involuntary) SMOOTH MUSCLE- forms the walls of hollow organs in the ventral cavities such as the stomach, intestines, bladder (this type of tissue is involuntary)
Meninges
Several membranous layer covering brain & spinal cord.
Neuroglia
Specialized cells that support & protect nervous tissue.
Structures of Epithelial Cells
Squamous: flat and irregular Cuboidal: square Columnar: long and narrow
Cuboidal
Square
Striations
Stripes or bands, as seen in skeletal muscle & cardiac muscle.
Fascia is found in 2 Regions-
Superficial- the continuous sheet of tissue that underlies the skin. Deep Fascia- covers separates, and protects skeletal muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. (consists of dense connective tissue)
Connective Tissue
Supports & forms framework of all parts of body.
Connective Tissue Membranes-
Synovial- membranes are thin layers of areolar tissue that lines joint cavities, also line small cushioning sacs near the joints called bursae. Meninges- several membranous layers covering the brain and spinal cord.
Hyaline Cartilage
Tough translucent material that covers ends of long bones.
Epithelial Membranes-
named because of its outer surface made of epithelium
Neuroglia-
nervous tissue that is supported and protected by specialized cells.
A Gland-
organ or cell specialized to produce a substance that is sent out to other parts of the body. Glands are divided into 2 catergories- endocrine & exocrine
Exocrine Glands-
produce secretions that are carried out of the body
Endocrine Glands-
secrete not through ducts, but directly into surrounding tissue fluid
Bone Tissue-
the tissue that composes bones iscalled osseous tissue, much like cartilage in its cellular structure
Epithelial Tissue-
tissue that covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands (forms a protective covering for the body)
