A & P chapter 1-4 exam 1 review

What is the difference between a exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?

Exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface, endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream

What are the major manifestations of inflammation?

Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function

What does the sodium-potassium pump located in the plasma membrane do?

It helps maintain cell potential and regulates cellular volume.

Connective tissue is separated into subgroups based on ?

Structure of the extracellular matrix

Be able to identify body parts using anatomical terms.

- Anterior: In front of or front - Posterior: In behind of or behind - Ventral: towards the front of the body - Dorsal: Towards the back of the body - Distal: Away or farthest away from the trunk or the point of origin of the body part - Proximal: Closer or towards the trunk or the point of origin of the body part - Median: Midline of the body - Medial: Towards the median - Lateral: Away from median - Superior: Towards the top of the head - Inferior: Towards the feet - Cranial: Towards the head -Caudal: Towards the tail - External: Towards the surface, superficial - Internal: Away from the surface, deep - Superficial: Nearer to the surface - Deep: Farther from the surface - Palmar: Anterior hand or palm of hand (palmar) - Dorsal (of hand): Posterior surface of hand (dorsum) - Plantar: Inferior surface of foot (sole) - Dorsal (of foot): Superior surface of foot (dorsum)

Know the Organelles and functions

- Nucleus: DNA Storage - Mitochondrion: Energy production - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Lipid production; Detoxification - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Protein production; in particular for export out of the cell - Golgi apparatus: Protein modification and export - Peroxisome: Lipid Destruction; contains oxidative enzymes - Lysosome: Protein destruction

In the process of tissue repair, what are the order of events?

1) homeostasis, 2) inflammatory, 3) proliferative, and 4) remodeling.

Mitosis forms what?

2 diploid cells

Internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks are called __________.

Organelles

_____________ pressure is the force required to prevent the movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmotic

Which type of cell ingests bacteria?

Phagocyte

What is a cell?

The basic unit of all living things

Cells that maintain bone are called __________.

osteocytes

Know the phases of Mitosis!

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

What are Membrane-bound receptors?

proteins in the cell membrane that act as receptors for messenger molecules

A construction worker was injured when a metal rod penetrated his abdominal wall inferior to his umbilicus and in the hypogastric region. The rod passed through to the lumbar region. Which of the following structures was most likely damaged?

urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs.

Osmosis is the diffusion of __________ across a selectively permeable membrane.

water

In reference to the body temperature in living organisms, the set point can be defined as the?

98.6 degrees F

negative feedback.

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

positive feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

A thin layer of tissue that covers an organ or lines a cavity is a __________.

Body membranes

Where are the systems located? (Skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and the reproductive system.)

Each system work together to make our body function.

In general, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the __________; and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the __________.

Lipid bilayer, membrane channels

Support cells of the brain and spinal cord are called __________.

Neuroglial cells

Joshua has had a portion of his liver removed. His physician is confident that Joshua will improve because the liver will regenerate. How is this possible?

Stabile cells of the liver are able to divide and replace the removed liver tissue.

Which type of cell has the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types?

Stem cells

Which system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance?

The excretory system, urinary, or renal, system.

Cilia and flagella are distinguished from each other on the basis of what?

Their function and/or length. Cilia are short and there are usually many (hundreds) cilia per cell. On the other hand, flagella are longer and there are fewer flagella per cell (usually one to eight).

The type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a __________.

Tight junction.

What are channel proteins?

Transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules/ions use as a tunnel through the membrane.

A DNA base sequence is A T G C C G. The sequence of bases in a strand of mRNA transcribed from this sequence of bases in DNA would be?

U A C G G C.

The leading strand of DNA is formed as?

a continuous strand, adding to the 3' end

What is the plasma membrane?

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

A tissue that has a fluid matrix is __________.

blood

Communication between cells is essential to coordinate the activity of the trillions of cells that make up the human body. What is/are directly involved in carrying out communication between cells?

both receptor proteins of the plasma membrane and chemical signal molecules released by cells

Epithelial tissue is characterized by?

cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascularity, regeneration

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of __________.

diffusion

Which tissue type forms glands?

epithelial

The four primary tissue types are?

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Identify the embryonic germ layers.

formed in the earliest stages of embryonic development, consisting of the endoderm (inner layer), the ectoderm (outer layer), and the mesoderm (middle layer).

The study of tissues is __________.

histology

If the esophagus were cut from superior to inferior, as it occurs in the thoracic cavity, this would be considered a __________ section.

longitudinal

The extracellular material of tissues is called __________.

matrix

What is Active transport?

movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient

Stratified epithelium consists of?

multiple layers of cells

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.

negative feedback.

Which type of muscle is attached to bones?

skeletal muscle

Anatomy is?

structure of the human body

The structural and functional unit of all living organisms is the __________.

the cell

Which cells would most likely have the largest number of mitochondria?

the muscle cells.

What is an anticodon?

the tRNA complement to the mRNA codon

What is Endocytosis?

the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

An organelle is?

tiny structure found in the cytoplasm