A & P I (Ch.1)

An organ is best described as which of the following?

A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function

Which evolutionary process leads to the establishment of species characteristics that favor survival and reproduction?

Adaptation

What are features that have evolved in response to environmental pressures called?

Adaptations

___________________is the study of body structures.

Anatomy

Who was the anatomist that taught anatomy to medical students using cadavers in the 1500s?

Andreas Vesalius

Who was the first to observe and describe microorganisms using a microscope?

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Which habitat refers to living in the trees?

Arboreal

Which philosopher believed that not only could disease have supernatural causes, but natural causes as well, and argued that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple components?

Aristotle

Place the levels of structural hierarchy in the body in order of complexity, from the smallest/simplest at the top to the largest/most complex at the bottom. Position 1 of 6 Atom correct toggle button unavailable Atom

Atom Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

A physician who is listening to your heart beat is utilizing which diagnostic procedure?

Auscultation

In performing a physical examination, the act of listening to sounds made by the body is known as

Auscultation

The "Galen of Islam" whose influential textbook was the leading authority in European medical schools for 500 years is _____

Avicenna

Who was the Muslim scholar that wrote the book called The Canon of Medicine?

Avicenna

Rene Descartes and Francis _________ revolutionized the philosophy of science, arguing for a more systematic enterprise aimed at new discoveries

Bacon

What is the ability to walk upright on two feet called?

Bipedalism

Evolutionary trends between species are often studied in which discipline?

Comparative anatomy

What is the study of more than one species in order to observe their structural similarities and differences called?

Comparative anatomy

Study of how biological processes vary in different animal species

Comparative physiology

Which forces can act as selective "pressure"?

Competition for food, Predators ,Disease

Charles ________ is best known for his theory of natural selection

Darwin

The term for the process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships is

Dissections

Which method is used to control experimental bias where neither the subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving the treatment and which are receiving the placebo?

Double-blind method

Physiology of hormones

Endocrinology

A change in the genetics in a population over a period of time is called ______

Evolution

The term for the conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data is ________ bias

Experimenter

Which statement best describes a theory?

Explanatory statement that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study

_________________surgery is the practice of diagnosing illness by opening the body

Exploratory

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person is called which of the following?

Fact

True or false: Statistical tests help scientists establish statements of absolute truth

False

True or false: Statistical tests help scientists establish statements of absolute truth.

False

True or false: The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially proved false by experimentation or data collection

False

True or false: The study of ultrastructure focuses on examining individual cells, but not the fine details of cells

False

True or false: Vesalius was the first to describe the "cell theory."

False

Which physician to the Roman gladiators wrote on the anatomy of humans based on his dissections of pigs, monkeys, and other animals?

Galen

What type of anatomy focuses on body structures that can be observed without magnification?

Gross

Who was the Greek physician considered to be "the father of medicine"?

Hippocrates

The ______ oath is a code of ethics for physicians

Hippocratic

The study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials, is called

Histology

Which branch of medicine examines tissues for disease?

Histopathology

The Englishman who invented the modern compound microscope in the 1600s and observed plant cells was Robert

Hooke

An educated guess that is capable of being tested and potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection is known as a(n)

Hypothesis

Of the following, which one is testable, falsifiable, and consistent with what is already known?

Hypothesis

What is an educated speculation based upon observations that can be tested by experimentation called?

Hypothesis

Which method of reasoning begins with a hypothesis or question and then tries to answer that question?

Hypothetico-deductive method

To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?

Independently verified

What is the act of looking at the body called?

Inspection

What are the benefits of a large sample size?

It enables us to place greater confidence in the outcome, It controls for chance events, and It controls for individual variation.

Which of the following are the criteria for a good hypothesis?

It is consistent with what is already known., It is testable and falsifiable.

What is a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon called?

Law of nature

Who was the famous Jewish physician who served in the court of the sultan, Saladin?

Maimonides

Who suggested that all organisms are composed of cells?

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe what?

Microorganisms

Which of the following is made by joining two or more different atoms together?

Molecule

Which of the following states that some individuals have hereditary advantage over their competitors?

Natural selection

Physiology of the nervous system

Neurophysiology

The inductive method allows one to make conclusions based on what?

Observation

What is a group of organs with a unique collective function called?

Organ system

What is a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions called?

Organelle

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a(n)

Organism

Which of the following describes a single complete individual?

Organism

Taking a pulse by feeling the radial artery is an example of which of the following?

Palpation

When a doctor feels for a swollen lymph node, what action is she using in her exam?

Palpation

Study of disease mechanisms

Pathophysiology

The subdiscipline of physiology that is concerned with the mechanisms of disease is

Pathophysiology

A(n) _____________ review is the method of evaluating results by other experts in that field.

Peer

What is the method of having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?

Peer review

What is the act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds called?

Percussion

A __________________ is the name of a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment

Placebo

What is a substance with no significant effect on a subject's physiology but is given to a control group that thinks they are being given the treatment called?

Placebo

Which structure encloses a human cell and controls the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell?

Plasma membrane

Effects of a subject's state of mind on their physiology are known as __________ effects

Psychosomatic

Placebos are often given to avoid what kinds of effects?

Psychosomatic

is a branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body

Radiology

Which of the following are features of an arboreal habitat?

Relatively less competition Rich supply of leaves and fruit Relative safety from predators

Who improved the microscope and was the first to observe and describe cells?

Robert Hooke

he number of animals (or people) used in an experimental study is called the _______________ size

Sample

Which can be revealed through percussion during a medical exam?

Scar tissue, Pockets of fluid, Pockets of air

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation?

Scientific method

A group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an organ

System

Which of the following are statistical tests?

T test and Chi-square test

Experimenter bias is defined as which of the following?

The conscious or subconscious influence an experimenter may have on the interpretation of their data

What does the term dissection refer to?

The process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships

What is an explanatory statement, or set of statements, that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge of a phenomenon and provides direction for further study called?

Theory

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n)

Tissue

In an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the________ group contains the variable being tested

Treatment

True or false: The double-blind method is used to control experimental bias where neither the subject nor the person giving treatment and recording data know which subjects are receiving treatment and which are receiving placebo

True

Who was the first anatomist to publish an atlas of anatomy?

Vesalius

Who was the Englishman from the 1500s known for his study of physiology, especially of the heart?

William Harvey

Which philosopher is credited with leading scientific inquiry along the modern path by using the scientific method?

bacon

Physiology is the study of ______

body functions

An example of a well-designed experiment would have a(n) ______ group, which would receive a placebo, and a(n) ______ group, which would receive the intervention (i.e. treatment) being tested

control, experimental

Dissection and anatomy both mean ______

cutting apart

_______________is a change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over a period of time

evolution

Students are looking at major arteries and veins on the surface of the heart, which does not require a microscope. They are studying the ______ of the heart

gross anatomy

Most exploratory surgery has been replaced with

medical imaging techniques

Organelles are composed of

molecules

What is an anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it called?

organ

Students are studying how the heart pumps blood through the body, which is its major function. They are studying the ______ of the heart

physiology

In an experiment, the control group is unaltered, while the ___________ group contains the variable being tested

treatment