A & P Lab Assignment
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the correct position.
*Glycolysis* produces 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and *2 H₂O* for every molecule of glucose. Glycolysis consumes *2 ADP*, 2 Pi, and 2 NAD⁺ for every molecule of *glucose*. *Anaerobic fermentation* consumes 2 pyruvic acids and *2 NADH* while producing *2 lactic acids* and 2 NAD⁺ for every molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration reactions in the matrix consume 2 pyruvic acids, 8 NAD⁺, 2 FAD, 2 ADP, 2 Pi, and 8 H₂O for every molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration reactions in the matrix produce *6 CO₂*, *8 NADH⁺*, 2 *FADH₂*, 2 ATP, and 2 H₂O for every molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration reactions in the membrane consume 10 *NADH*, 2 FADH₂, and 6 *O₂* for every molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration reactions in the *membrane* produce *32-34 ATP* and 12 H₂O for every molecule of glucose.
Label the organs of the digestive system.
*refer to screenshot*
Classify each event by whether it occurs during the absorptive state or postabsorptive state.
absorptive state: increased glucose uptake and utilization in most cells net protein synthesis in muscle lipid storage in adipose tissue amino acids used in protein synthesis increase glycogen storage in muscle and liver postabsorptive state: glycogenolysis in muscle and liver use of lipids as energy source net protein catabolism in muscle proteins converted to glucose gluconeogenesis in liver
Some B-complex vitamins contain numerical names associated with the order of their discovery such as thiamine (___), _____ (B2), pyridoxine (B6), and cobalamin (B12).
B1; riboflavin
_____ occurs in cytosol and converts glucose to two pyruvic acid molecules.
Glycolysis
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the correct position.
Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 H₂O for every molecule of glucose. Glycolysis consumes 2 ADP, 2 Pi, and 2 NAD⁺ for every molecule of glucose. Anaerobic fermentation consumes 2 pyruvic acids and 2 NADH while producing 2 lactic acids and 2 NAD⁺ for every molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration reactions in the matrix consume 2 pyruvic acids, 8 NAD⁺, 2 FAD, 2 ADP, 2 Pi, and 8 H₂O for every molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration reactions in the matrix produce 6 CO₂, 8 NADH⁺, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, and 2 H₂O for every molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration reactions in the membrane consume 10 NADH, 2 FADH₂, and 6 O₂for every molecule of glucose. Aerobic respiration reactions in the membrane produce 32-34 ATP and 12 H₂O for every molecule of glucose.
With large portions of lipids left at tissues since leaving the liver, the resulting ____ is extremely high in ____ and now picks up used or excess lipids in the circulation and delivers them back to the liver for recycling or excretion.
HDL; protein
Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate whether the identified process is addressing catabolism or anabolism.
anabolism: glucose and fructose forming sucrose, glucose and galactose forming lactose, increasing circulating insulin, free fatty acids binding to a monoglyceride catabolism: maltose being split into 2 glucose, protein unfolding, increasing intestinal carboxypepetidase concentrations, fat globules becoming emulsified
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is associated with the buccal cavity or the stomach.
buccal cavity: labial frenulum, palatine raphae, uvula, submandibular ducts, foliate papillae, bicuspids, gingivae, terminal sulcus stomach: gastric pits, gastric rugae, greater curvature, fundus, longitudinal circular, and olique smooth muscle layers, pylorus
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify where each secretion enters the GI tract.
buccal cavity: salivary amylase, lingual lipase, IgA duodenum: pancreatic amylase, bile, lecithin, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease stomach: pepsinogen, HCl, gastric lipase, intrinsic factor
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound.
carbohydrate: salivary amylase, dextrinase, maltase, lactase, pancreatic amylase, glucoamylase, sucrase, protein: pepsin, HCl, trypsin, chrymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase, aminopeptidase, lipid: lingual lipase, pancreatic lipase, gastric lipase, bile salts, lecithin
Drag the correct term to the indicated categories as it pertains to a balanced diet.
carbohydrates: ingested mostly from plants, glucose, fructose, starch, main source of energy for the body proteins: sources include meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese, incomplete varieties found in vegetables, grains, and legumes, provide structural elements for building enzymes, cells, tissues, lipids: contain about twice as much energy as carbohydrates per gram, sources include animal fats, dairy, products, eggs
After intestinal absorption of lipid, ______ are synthesized in the intestinal epithelium and are secreted via exocytosis to the interstitium for uptake in ______.
chylomicrons; lacteals
Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the given reaction occurs in glycolysis, the CAC, or the ETC.
citric acid cycle: conversion of citric acid to isocitric acid conversion of succinyl-coA to succinic acid conversion fo malic acid to oxaloacetic acid glycolysos: conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate conversion of fructose to fructose 1, 6-siphosphate conversion of phosphoglyceraldehyde to pyruvic acid conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid electron transport chain: establishment of a chemiosmotic gradient in the intermembrane space atp synthase activity oxidation of NADH at enzyme complex
A VLDL that has lost lipids and is now composed of a greater percentage of protein is known as an ____ and functions to deliver lipids to the ______ of the body.
LDL; other cells
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the correct position. Then place the sentences in order of the density of the lipoprotein that they address beginning with the least dense.
Lipids, being hydrophilic are incapable of being transported in the aqueous environment of blood and require assimilation of proteins in the formation of lipoproteins in order to gain mobility throughout the body. After intestinal absorption of lipid, chylomicrons are synthesized in the intestinal epithelium and are secreted via exocytosis to the interstitium for uptake in lacteals. Produced and packaged by the liver, a VLDL transports lipids to the adipocytes for energy storage. A VLDL that has lost lipids and is now composed of a greater percentage of protein is known as an LDL and functions to deliver lipids to the other cells of the body. With large portions of lipids left at tissues since leaving the liver, the resulting HDL is extremely high in protein and now picks up used or excess lipids in the circulation and delivers them back to the liver for recycling or excretion.
Produced and packaged by the liver, a ______ transports lipids to the _____ for energy storage.
VLDL; adipocytes
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is an actual part of the digestive tract or an accessory structure.
digestive: buccal cavity, stomach lumen, esophagus, duodenum, jujunum, ileum, rectum, esophagus, jejunum, colon accessory organ: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
5. Prevents birth defects:
folate
Lipids, being ______ are incapable of being transported in the aqueous environment of blood and require assimilation of proteins in the formation of lipoproteins in order to gain mobility throughout the body.
hydrophilic
Glycolysis produces _____ ATP and two NADH.
two
6. Involved in collagen synthesis and general protein metabolism:
vitamin C
Synthesized in a complex set of reactions involving the skin, liver, and kidneys, _____ ,also known as ____ ,is also found in varying amounts in fortified milk, fish, and fish oils.
vitamin D; calcitriol
Synthesized almost entirely by bacteria in the large intestine, ______ or phylloquinone is involved with blood coagulation.
vitamin K
1. Necessary for rhodopsin synthesis:
vitamin a
An important component of photodetection, retinol, or _______, is found in lipid rich sources such as fish oil, eggs, cheese, and milk.
vitamin a
2. Component of FAD and involved in the citric acid cycle:
vitamin b2
3. Component of NAD and involved in glycolysis and citric acid cycle:
vitamin b3
Ascorbic acid, more commonly known as _______ is a powerful antioxidant found in citrus where deficiency causes scurvy.
vitamin c
7. Promotes calcium and phosphorus use:
vitamin d
8. Prevents oxidation of plasma membranes and DNA:
vitamin e
9. Required for synthesis of many clotting factors:
vitamin k
Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is classified as a micronutrient or a macronutrient.
water soluble: vitamin B ascorbic acid riboflavin cobalamin pantothenic acid biotin vitamin c thiamine pyridoxine niacin folic acid fat soluble: vitamin a vitamin e retinol alpha tocopherol vitamin d vitamin k calcitriol phylloquinone
Place the following anatomical structures in order to identify the correct sequence that food would pass through the body starting with ingestion.
1. oral fissure 2. buccal cavity 3. fauces 4. esophagus 5. cardiac region of the stomach 6. body of the stomach 7. pyloric antrum 8. pyloric canal 9. pylorus 10. duodenum 11. jejunum 12. ileum 13. cecum 14. ascending colon 15. transverse colon 16. descending colon 17. sigmoid colon 18. rectum
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the correct position.
Occurring in all bodily cells, *glycogenesis* is the process of creating massive *polymers* of glucose molecules for storage and osmotic purposes. In times of glucose deficiency, the liver and kidneys can engage in *gluconeogenesis* the process of creating glucose from *protein or lipid* precursory molecules. The breaking of a 6-carbon molecule of glucose into two 3-carbon fragments in preparation for further *oxidation* is called *glycolysis*. During times of *postabsorptive* energy consumption, *glycogenolysis* is the process of breaking down the glucose polymer glycogen for glycolysis and entry into mitochondrial oxidation.
Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate which energy system is being addressed by the label.
immediate energy system: relies on stored levels of high energy phosphates utilizes creatine kinase, produces free creatine phosphate, utilizes the fastest reaction rates glycolysis: describes the partial breakdown of glucose, can produce large quantities of lactic acid during times of oxygen deficiency, produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid per molecule of glucose oxidative respiration: occurs in the mitochondria, utilizes the slowest reaction rates, describes the complete catabolism of glucose, fatty acid chains, and non nitrogen containing residues removed from amino acids, required adequate oxygen supply
Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify whether the structure is associated with the large or small intestines.
large intestine: omental appendages, haustrum, rectal valves, ascending colon, descending colon, taenia coli, rectum, cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, small intestine: major duodenal papilla, villi, microvilli, lacteals, plicae circulares, illeum, brunner glands, interstinal crypts, peyer's patches, jejunum, duodenum
Nuts and vegetable oils are good sources of the ______ antioxidant ____ which is also known by its chemical name, alpha-tocopherol.
lipid-soluble; vitamin e
Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is classified as a micronutrient or a macronutrient.
macronutrient: protein, fat, carbohydrate, water, glucose, actin, myosin, tintin, tropomyosin, troponin, and collagen micronutrient: sodium, iron, calcitriol, niacin, alpha-tocopherol, calcium, magnesium, chloride, ascorbic acid, folic acid
4. Constituent of coenzyme-A and involved in steroid hormone synthesis:
pantothenic acid