A-H 105 Unit 2 Exam
Baths of Caracalla Culture: Rome Period Style: Late Empire/3rd century -Dedicated in 216 CE and used consistently until 6th century CE -Commissioned to win public favor -Excavated land=analogous with power because of the resources involved in doing so
Culture/Period Style
Colossal Portrait of Constantine Culture: Rome Period Style: Late Empire/3rd century -Marble
Culture/Period Style
Demosthenes Culture: Greece Period Style: Hellenistic -Artist: Polyeuktos -Marble 6'6"
Culture/Period Style
regular placement of windows without affecting the strength or stability of the walls
clerestory openings
A long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a building
colonnade
a monument in the form of a column, erected in memory of a victorious battle, war, or revolution. The column typically stands on a base and is crowned with a victory symbol, such as a statue.
commemorative column
Story and meaning is communicated through symbols and personifications
Allegory
two arches overlapping perpendicularly, supported by piers
Cross/groin vault
Roman duty to the family
Familias
Riace Warriors Culture: Greece Period Style: Early Classical Period -Bronze, 6'9" -Survived because they had fallen off of a ship and sunk, and were therefore preserved because they were not oxidized. -Produced in direct lost wax casting method that allowed for higher surface detail -Overly-exaggerated contrappasto to the point where it is almost unrealistic
Culture/Period Style
Seated Boxer Culture: Greece Period Style: Hellenistic -Bronze 4'2" -Embedded in the athletic tradition, shows defeated athlete
Culture/Period Style
Temple of Aphaia at Aegina, Greece Culture: Greece Period Style: Archaic
Culture/Period Style
Temple of Hera I at Paestum Culture: Greece Period Style: Archaic Period
Culture/Period Style
he Doric order is characterized by a plain, unadorned column capital and a column that rests directly on the stylobate of the temple without a base. The Doric entablature includes a frieze composed of trigylphs—vertical plaques with three divisions—and metopes—square spaces for either painted or sculpted decoration. The columns are fluted and are of sturdy, if not stocky, proportions.
Doric Order
a monumental structure pierced by at least one arched passageway and erected to honor an important person or to commemorate a significant event
Triumphal (commemorative) arch
males adopt veristic tendencies in their portraiture to such an extent that they appear to be extremely aged and care worn. This stylistic tendency is influenced both by the tradition of ancestral imagines as well as a deep-seated respect for family, tradition, and ancestry. The imagines were essentially death masks of notable ancestors that were kept and displayed by the family.
Republican Patrician Portraiture
Translated as "form," rhythmos refers to the way a statue's pose conveys the impression of action.
Rhythmos
-Absorbing and integrating the culture of the peoples they conquered -People could continue worshipping their own gods and participating in their native customs, they only asked that they participate in specifically Roman customs and publicly display respect for/worship the emperor
Assimilation in ancient Rome
-Appropriation=taking something already existing, modifying, relocating into new context, and calling it art
Appropriation in ancient Rome
-a semicircular or polygonal termination to the nave in a Roman basilica. -often functioned as an enlarged niche to hold the statue of a deity in a temple
Apse
-This smile was used by Greek Archaic artists. It is noted as a small smile or smirk on the face of the sculpture. -It is supposed that this smile was created to suggest that the subject of the sculptor was alive and in good health. -Ex: Peplos Kore
Archaic smile
A series of arches put together supported by buttresses
Barrel (or tunnel) vaulting
Rectangular nave, two side aisles, apses at both ends
Basilica Ulpia (plan)
Portrait of a Roman General Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st century -Cloth around body--nudity considered immodest in Roman tradition, and clothing was an identifier that could say a lot about you -Influence of Greek culture combined with Roman conventions: veristic portraiture and Greek full-length nudes/draped gods and goddesses
Culture/Period Style
the body of a temple in which the image of the deity is housed
Cella/naos
-A Roman convention of removing mass from dome ceilings to eliminate weight, while still being decorative -a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault
Coffered ceiling
Both have symmetria, proportion, order, balance, and organization, but the Romans took it to another level by controlling and creating an environment -For example, the acropolis was heavily integrated into the environment while the architecture of Roman cities appeared much more man-made -The Parthenon was elevated up and more exclusive, whereas Roman architecture was much more inclusive -Greek art was more idealized and generalized whereas Roman art was more realistic/particular to Roman events and ideas
Compare Greek and Roman Architecture
A mixture of an aggregate (stone or gravel) and a fixative (sand or cement)
Concrete
-"Counterbalance" -Shows real movement, weight shift of body that is natural It is used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot, so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs in the axial plane. -Ex: Kritios boy
Contrapposto
The defining element of the Corinthian order is its elaborate, carved capital, which incorporates even more vegetal elements than the Ionic order does. The stylized, carved leaves of an acanthus plant grow around the capital, generally terminating just below the abacus. The Romans favored the Corinthian order, perhaps due to its slender properties.
Corinthian Order
Alexander the Great Portrait Culture: Greece Period Style: Hellenistic -Artist: Lysippos -Leonine hair -Gazing up to the heavens/gods or maybe to the distant lands he'll conquer -Furrowed brow--thinking -Eternally young--he died young, no age progression in portraits, so youthfulness becomes part of his "mask"
Culture/Period Style
Anavyssos Kouros Culture: Greece Period Style: Archaic Period -Marble, 6'4" -Created for the fallen warrior Kroisos -Sculpture evolving and becoming more realistic but still very conventional (frontal, hands down to side, left foot forward, static, popcorn hair, archaic smile)
Culture/Period Style
Aphrodite of Knidos Culture: Greece Period Style: Early Classical -Venus Pudica prototype -Sense of modesty, shields nudity -Artist: Praxiteles -Marble, 6'8" -Thought to be first nude freestanding woman
Culture/Period Style
Apoxyomenos (The Scraper) Culture: Greece Period Style: Hellenistic -Artist: Lysippos -Marble, 6'9" -Athlete scraping oil off skin
Culture/Period Style
Ara Pacis Augustae Altar of the Augustan Peace Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st Century -Built to celebrate Augustus's triumphal return from his military campaigns in Spain and France -Recovered by Benito Mussolini -References the 5th century golden age of Greece and the Roman republican period -Depicts a procession -Plants and seated figure represent peace, fertility, and abundance
Culture/Period Style
Arch of Constantine Culture: Rome Period Style: Late Empire/3rd century -Triumphal arch commemorating victory at the Milvian Bridge -Use of "spolia"--reusing, renaming, refashioning...appropriating already existing things--cherry-picked elements from the 5 great emperors -Different visual conventions and narrative devices: hierarchy of scale, abstracted/simplified figures, no sense of spatial depth, symbolic gestures -Very complex narrative program--a result of connecting/collaging
Culture/Period Style
Athena Parthenos Culture: Greece Period Style: High Classical -Cult statue housed in the cella of the Parthenon -Athena goddess of wisdom and war
Culture/Period Style
Augustus of Prima Porta Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st century Marble 6'8" -Augustus held such titles as pontifex maximus (high priest), princeps (first citizen), imperator (commander in chief)
Culture/Period Style
Column of Trajan Culture: Rome Period Style: High Empire/2nd century -Commemorative column -Celebrated Trajan's victory over the Dacians -Low relief narrative frieze carved from top to bottom--complicated story about these two military campaigns that took many years -Shows more of the preparation and teamwork needed to win the war than it does of the actual war -Sits on chamber/plinth -General theme: triumph of civilization over barbarism, what it means to be Roman, and the role of a "good" emperor
Culture/Period Style
Diskobolos (Discus Thrower) Culture: Greece Period Style: High Classical Period -Marble -Artist: Myron -Possesses 'rhythmos' or movement -Suppressed any external show of emotion or physical strain -Depicts the moment of 'stasis' just before release
Culture/Period Style
Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) Culture: Greece Period Style: High Classical Period -Marble -Polykleitos's "canon"--he wrote a treatise in which he laid out what was in his eyes the perfect proportion of the human body as a model for other sculptors to follow -Series of theoretical rods across the body, creates 4 quarters of the body -Body divided into half with opposing forces: right arm and left leg relaxed, left arm and right leg tense -Wanted to create a visual manifestation of the physical potential of movement
Culture/Period Style
Emperor Trebonianus Gallus Culture: Rome Period Style: Late Empire/3rd century -Roman emperors not typically depicted in the nude -In Rome, clothing was a statement about status, and the only thing he's wearing is shoes that wrestlers would have worn
Culture/Period Style
Equestrian Portrait of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Culture: Rome Period Style: High empire/2nd century -Cast bronze, 11' 6" high -Equestrian portrait prototype -Gesture of oratory clemency and/or greeting -Distortions for visual effect -Aurelius best known for his meditations on stoicism--he was very well-versed in law and valued fairness and equity -He hated war but was ruling during a period of constant warfare -Known as philosopher emperor--sense of concern in face, sense of psychology (internal, thoughtful, reflective)
Culture/Period Style
Forum of Trajan Culture: Rome Period Style: High Empire/2nd century -Rome's largest forum -Featured an equestrian statue of the emperor, statues of Dacian captives, two libraries, and a basilica with clerestory lighting -Rectangular nave, 2 side aisles, apses on both ends
Culture/Period Style
Geometric Krater, from the Dipylon Cemetery Culture: Greece Period Style: Geometric Period
Culture/Period Style
Hermes and the Infant Dionysus Culture: Greece Period Style: -Artist: Praxiteles
Culture/Period Style
Kritios Boy Culture: Greece Period Style: Early Classical Period -Has a gaze that shows an awareness of self and others and creates a sense of individual identity -Greeks reaching true realism--artist abandoning conventions to copy exactly what they see
Culture/Period Style
Laocoon and His Sons Culture: Greece Period Style: Hellenistic -Marble 7'10"
Culture/Period Style
New York Kouros Culture: Greece Period Style: Archaic Period -Marble, 6' high (life-sized)
Culture/Period Style
Nike of Samothrace (Nike alighting on a warship) Culture: Greece Period Style: Hellenistic -Marble, 8'1" -Created to commemorate the goddess and a specific naval battle -Caught in a specific moment, just landed, drapery swaying around body
Culture/Period Style
Orientalizing Amphora Culture: Greece Period Style: Oriental Period -Used as grave markers -Had a hole in bottom for drainage, which implies they may have been used for some kind of ceremony for giving wine/water to the deceased -Schematic representation of human forms
Culture/Period Style
Pantheon Culture: Rome Period Style: High Empire/2nd century -Temple built during reign of Hadrian -Dedicated to all the gods (pan=all, theos=god) -Oculus at top is single source of light; floor is slightly lowered in the center to drain rain water coming through oculus -Symbolizes opposites: heaven and earth, darkness and light -Interior of coffers mimics the stars and the heavens -A building that is derived from the human form, its proportions and limitations. It corresponds to the limits of our vision, 'ennobling' not 'reducing' us -Inscription connects Hadrian all the way back to Augustus=shows the importance of lineage/familias to power -Emphasis on the interior -Perfect sphere inside
Culture/Period Style
Parthenon, Athens Culture: Greece Period Style: High Classical -Architects: Iktinos + Kallikrates -Sculptor: Phidias, oversaw sculptural program -Built to honor Athena, patron goddess of Athens -Synthesis of Doric and Ionic elements -2:1 Ratio
Culture/Period Style
Patrician Carrying Portrait Busts of Two Ancestors (The Barbarini Togatus) Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st century -Homage to family and ancestors=status and respect
Culture/Period Style
Peplos Kore Culture: Greece Period Style: Archaic Period -Might have held an offering -Frontal, static, popcorn hair -Painted--might have been in a temple instead of a grave marker
Culture/Period Style
Pont du Gard Aqueduct Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st century -Harnessing nature...taking civilization wherever necessary or desired -Brought clean water to the city of Rome--Romans valued cleanliness (baths) -Built using precise mathematical calculations
Culture/Period Style
Portrait Bust of Emperor Vespasian Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st century -Return to Republican veristic tradition--exaggerated age, wisdom, gravitas
Culture/Period Style
Portrait Head of an Elder from Scoppito Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st century BCE -Example of "veristic portraiture" -Accentuates old age, not idealized, very specific and real, direct look
Culture/Period Style
Portrait of Trajan Decius Culture: Rome Period Style: Late empire/3rd century -Best remembered for his persecution of Christians--had to deal with "the Christian problem" -Psychological realism/the "gaze" -Old, but not old in the heroic philosopher way--haggard, worn-out, weary, gaunt face, pronounced, furrowed brow
Culture/Period Style
Poseidon/Zeus Culture: Greece Period Style: High Classical Period Bronze, 6'10" -In the process of throwing something--either a trident (Poseidon) or thunderbolt (Zeus) -Rhythmos
Culture/Period Style
Temple of Portunus (Fortuna Virilis) Culture: Rome Period Style: Republican Period -Displayed spoils of war in its chambers -Combination of Etruscan and Greek architectural traditions (assimilation and appropriation--updating and modifying to a modern Republican context) -Undecorated frieze and pediment=not emphasizing the exterior because the emphasis is on what's inside -Stone, not marble, but faced in stucco to make it resemble Greek marble temples
Culture/Period Style
Temple of Vesta Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st century
Culture/Period Style
The Acropolis in Athens Culture: Greece Period Style: High Classical -Geographic center of the city -Safest place -Public buildings, temples, markets, etc. at base--the geography lends itself to the notion of private vs. public life
Culture/Period Style
The Arch of Titus Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st century -Triumphal (commemorative) arch -Erected after his death to mark return of Titus to Rome after successfully quashing a Jewish revolt that marked the end of the Jewish Wars -Stands at the end of the Forum Romanum (Roman forum--city center) and built on the route taken by Titus on return from Jerusalem -3 levels, flanked by Corinthian columns -Left side: Spoils of war from the temple of Jerusalem (very active, real, and immediate) -Right side: The triumph of Titus (reality and history integrated into allegory=propaganda=justifying and glorifying Titus and the Flavians)
Culture/Period Style
The Colosseum (The Flavian Ampitheater) Culture: Rome Period Style: Early Empire/1st Century -Symbolic of Vespasian's reign--giving back to the people what is rightfully theirs (was built on property that the previous emperor had claimed for himself) -Fusion of two Greek theaters -Designed to be efficient and utilitarian -Concrete faced in travertine marble -Seats organized by class structure of society -Hosted events such as hunts, chariot races, executions, etc.
Culture/Period Style
The Tetrarchs Culture: Rome Period Style: Late Empire/3rd century -Porphyry (purple with crystals) -Purple associated with power and royalty, stone would have been very expensive -Located at St. Mark's Basilica, Venice -Stylized, iconic, abstracted -Movement away from idealism/naturalism/realism -Not really portraits in the sense of depicting their likeness--instead portrait is used as a symbolic representation of an abstract idea -All four are the exact same size and wearing the same uniform, which emphasizes the idea of rule by 4, equality of the rulers -Gesture of "concordia" (unity)
Culture/Period Style
Portrait Bust of Emperor Caracalla Culture: Rome Period Style: Late Empire/3rd century -Caracalla had an aggressive personality that came across in portraiture -Chiseled buzzcut of a soldier, x shape in face, ruthless gaze
Culture/Period Style *photo*
Veristic "realism," idealism, psychological realism Abstraction, distorted features (decline of naturalism) More about an 'internal' abstract idea
Describe aspects of soldier emperor portraiture
-Res/republicus=a few ruling for he many -Senators came from patrician, land-owning families -Republic a natural manifestation of core Roman value
Describe the Roman Republic
-Beaded or popcorn hair -Pretty stylized faces, simplified eyes -Archaic smile
Describe the conventions of archaic sculpture
This gaze was a facial expression that demonstrated an awareness of self and others and created a sense of individual identity. The sculpture appears to be looking directly at the viewer instead of off in the distance. -Not simply looking, but an awareness that you are being looked at Ex: The Kritios boy
Describe the elements of Early Classical "gaze" in sculpture.
-Slight swelling of stylobate in the center on all four sides -Slight lean of peripteral columns inward -Corner columns thicker than others -Swelling of columns (entasis) -This creates a forced perspective that is very public in nature--it is about the beauty and process of viewing
Describe the visual adjustments made to the Parthenon and why this would have been done
A frieze was a standard part of Greek architecture, a decorative area above the columns and below the roof line. The frieze was part of the entablature, a larger section comprised of a series of horizontal bands.
Frieze
-One of the ancient Roman virtues that denoted "seriousness". ... It is also translated variously as weight, gravity, dignity, and importance and connotes restraint and moral rigor. -One who is wise, dignified, serious, and has a solemnity of manner
Gravitas
Geometric Orientalizing Archaic Early Classical High Classical Late Classical Hellenistic
Grecian Period styles (in order)
From the Latin, "fear of empty space," it is a style of painting when the entire surface of a space is filled with patterns and figures.
Horror vacui
He gave power back to the Senate
How did Augustus consolidate his power in order to become the first Roman emperor?
-Places human beings at the center of moral and social concerns and prioritizes the human 'experience' -Greek humanists sought to understand the world through observation and inquiry rather than through the arbitrary actions of either the gods or previous generations -Always questioning and seeking to strive for excellence through innovation and change -Greeks were the first society to imagine their gods in their own image -Believed men should strive to achieve full potential -Competition and perfection were at the core of the Greek identity -The Greeks were interested in exploring the human ideal (physically, intellectually, emotionally) -In humanist Greek culture there was an explosion of scholarship, learning, and erudition -They explored a very rational approach to the arts, philosophy, architecture, science, literature, theater, and culture
Humanist culture in Ancient Greece
Volutes, scroll-like ornaments, characterize the Ionic capital, and a base supports the column, unlike the Doric order. The Ionic order is notable for its graceful proportions, which produce a more slender and elegant profile than the Doric order. The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius compared the Doric module to a sturdy, male body, while the Ionic was possessed of more graceful, feminine proportions. The Ionic order incorporates a running frieze of continuous sculptural relief, as opposed to the Doric frieze composed of triglyphs and metopes.
Ionic Order
Kouros=male Kore=draped female -Large-scale, monumental, life-sized sculpture used as grave markers -Kouros either athletes or warriors
Kouros/Kore figures
cella/naos, pronaos, colonnade, peripteral colonnade, stylobate
List the parts of a Greek temple
-Portraiture meant to articulate Roman Republican Values (familias, pietas, gravitas) -Exaggerated likeness (the face) is essential to the mask
Mask of Roman Republican portraiture
a rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze, which is a decorative band of alternating triglyphs and metopes above the architrave of a building of the Doric order
Metope
the long narrow part of a Roman basilica
Nave
An oculus (plural oculi, from Latin oculus, 'eye') is a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall
Oculus
The biggest event in ancient Athens was the Panathenaic Procession, the climax of the Panathenaic Festival held to venerate the goddess Athena. Depicted on the frieze surrounding the Parthenon
Panathenaic procession
Mimics and follows the actual path of the real procession Realism linking people of Athens to goddess Athena whose monumental likeness was inside.
Parthenon frieze
A classical architectural element consisting of a triangular section or gable found above the horizontal superstructure (entablature) which lies immediately upon the columns.
Pediment
piety--duty and service to the gods and to the state
Pietas
In basic terms, Plato's Theory of Forms asserts that the physical world is not really the 'real' world; instead, ultimate reality exists beyond our physical world. Ordinary people cannot see past the physical world, because the world of forms is intangible/abstract. The philosopher sees the eternal truth hidden behind the illusion because he thinks independently of the senses.
Plato's Theory of Forms
-a city-state in ancient Greece united by language, customs, religion, culture -polises operated mostly independent of one another but came together in times of war
Polis
a building with engaged columns embedded in the outer walls, except the front of the building Ex: Temple of Portunus
Pseudo-peripteral/engaged columns
emphasis on interior characterization and motivation to explore the spiritual, emotional, and mental lives of the subject
Psychological Realism
-An urban civic space where the most important public buildings were located (commerce, law, public administration, public meetings held there, etc.) -Rectangular open courtyard enclosed by a stoa/covered walkway -May include a temple or a basilica and a public monument dedicated to the emperor
Roman Forum
Republican Period Early Empire (1st century) High Empire (2nd century) Late Empire (3rd century)
Roman Period Styles
-Building an empire through architecture and urbanization of space -Roman cities were defined by their architecture -Roman cities were built for everyone--not just males -Center of the city held the forum, town square, statue of the emperor, and lots of quintessentially Roman buildings (library, basilica, temple) -Cities often had an arch that served as the gateway to the city, baths, theaters -The roads were so well-built that some still exist today -Romans were the first to exploit and maximize the potential of concrete
Roman architectural revolution/describe Roman architecture
Private house that had both public and private areas, including an atrium and tablinum for ancestor portrait busts
Roman domus
Celebrates mythological victories of Athena and connects them to the victories of Athens/Greece. Represents all of Greece (fusion of Doric and Ionic elements) Fuses humans and gods (the real and the mythical) Attention to the exterior connected to the function of the building
Sculptural program of the Parthenon
repurposed building stone for new construction or decorative sculpture reused in new monuments ex: Arch of Constantine
Spolia
a covered, collonated walkway that was considered a place of discourse, a place where people practiced freedom of speech
Stoa
The stepped platform upon which colonnades of temple columns are placed (it is the floor of the temple)
Stylobate
The application of consistent measurements to all parts of the whole, applied to Greek art and architecture Ex: Polykleitos's canon
Symmetria
Rule by four
Tetrarchy
Triglyph is an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze in classical architecture, so called because of the angular channels in them. The rectangular recessed spaces between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze are called metopes.
Triglyph
Latin for truth Verism=severe naturalism/individualism
Verus
shaft, base, fluting, entasis, capital
What are the different parts of a column?
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian
What are the three classical orders?
-The arch can span greater distances--vertically and horizontally -Enables lighting of larger interior spaces -Allowed for more complex integration of interior and exterior spaces -Internal void becomes the focus of the architectural design--more focus on negative space instead of solely on the architecture -The arch becomes a metaphor of Rome itself--largeness, wholeness, permanence...the individual enclosed in an architectural space is analogous to being part of the larger enclosed Roman empire
What was revolutionary about the vault?
The arch
What was the core of Roman architecture?
Tepidarium: warm-water bathing hall Caldarium: hot-water bathing hall Fountains and gardens Library Palaestra: exercis court Apodyterium: changing room Frigidarium: cold-water bathing hall Natatio: unheated swimming pool Shops and offices -Baths were not just for bathing--they were important social spaces
What were the components of Roman baths?
-Democracy=demos (people) + kratos (rule) -Greek democracy is a democracy of Athenian men (women/outsiders did not have a voice)
Where does democracy come from? Describe Greek democracy.
Citizens=Athenian males Not women, slaves, or resident aliens
Who was allowed to participate in Athenian democracy?
Myron
Who was the artist for the Diskobolos (Discus Thrower)?
Polykleitos
Who was the artist for the Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)?
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
Who were the five good emperors?
A colonnade around the perimeter
peripteral colonnade
the outer part of a temple forming a portico immediately in front of the cella and delimited by the front wall of the cella and the columns
pronaos
A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column
volute capital
