A History of Modern Society Chapter 27

How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?

He left big business to regulate itself

Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with the

Russian peasants

Why did Joseph Stalin defeat Leon Trotsky in the struggle for power following the death of Lenin?

As general secretary of the Communist Party, Stalin was more effective at building friends and allies by handing out jobs and promises

Britain adopted a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler for all of the following reasons except

Britain was militarily weak, having disarmed after the First World War.

Why did Stalin call for the liquidation of the kulaks?

He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress.

How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov?

He blamed the murder on facist agents within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control.

In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?

He deemphasized the anticapitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism.

Which of the following best characterizes the "new fascist man" that Mussolini promoted?

He was to be a virile, patriotic warrior

Why did Hitler have the leadership of the S.A. storm troopers, roughly one thousand individuals, killed in 1934?

Hitler wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the S.A. leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.

What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied Powers during the World War II?

Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan.

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?

It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years

How did industrial production in the soviet Union in 1937 compare with that in 1928?

It was Far higher

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because?

Of the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants

The Second World War claimed the lives of how many soldiers and civilians

Over 50 million

According to Hitler's New Order, the European race that was considered subhuman, like the Jews, was the

Slavic Race

The decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany came at the Battle of?

Stalingrad

All of the following are examples of how totalitarianism owed much to the practices and attitudes adopted by governments during the total war of World War I except?

States sought to ethnically cleanse their populations

How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?

The Nazis created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers.

In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?

The Vatican was recognized as an independent state that received heavy support from the Italian state.

How did the fascist vision of society differ from the communist vision of society?

The fascist vision emphasized a community rooted in the bonds of nationalism, while the communist vision emphasized a society rooted in its classlessness.

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?

The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

How did the Nazis manage the Northern European states that they conquered?

They considered the Scandinavian people to be racially related to the Germans.

How did the Nazis seek to give legitimacy to their racial policies?

They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.

What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Action Units)?

They followed the German army into central Europe, systematically murdering undesirables as they moved from town to town.

What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?

They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals.

For what goal did the Soviet government under Stalin aggressively intervene in all aspects of life?

To create a society without classes for social leveling

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?

To force German society to conform to National Socialist ideology

What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?

To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain

What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?

To preserve religious life in Germany

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women

could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science.

In the early 1930s, German chancellor Brüning tried to cope with the Great Depression by

cutting government spending and squeezing wages and prices.

Stalin argued that?

the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own

Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he

used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.

The new elite class in the Stalinist state included all of the following except?

Financiers with access to needed capital