A The nature of management, B Strategic management & planning, C Organizational structure and design, D Culture, E Networking, F Motivation, G Individual decision making, H Group DM, I Leadership, J Organizational Change, K Issue/selling, Team group...

What are the six external environment factors that should be considered in the strategic management process? (recall examples)

1. Sociocultural forces: demographic and cultural characteristics of a society. 2. Technological forces 3. Economic forces 4. Political & legal forces (pollution laws, fed gov spending and impact on economy) 5. global forces (institutional: rules, policies, and enforcement that effects firms behavior within a country. Physical: countries infrastructure, roads, land, minerals, telecommunication) 6. competitor environment and your industry

What are the disadvantages of group/team decision making?

1. Time to make a decision 2. Potential for groupthink, escalation of commitment and group polarization

Describe the five characteristics of Transformational leaders

Individualized Consideration Attributes -instills pride, gains respect and trust, display confidence Behaviors -communicates most important values and purpose, provides vision and create a collective sense of mission Inspirational motivation Talks optimistically and enthusiastically about the future, communicates high expectations, articulate compelling vision of the future, express confidence that goals will be achieved. Intellectual Stimulation Re-examine critical assumptions, seek differing perspectives, suggest new ways of looking at things Individualized Consideration Gives personal attention, treats each employee individually, coaches, advises to help individual develop their strengths

What is key feature of an effective communication pattern/network?

Individuals who are more engaged in their job. communication network can help identify gaps in information flow, efficient use of resources and failure to generate new ideas.

What are the two generic strategies for gaining a competitive advantage? (recall examples)

Integrated differentiation cost leadership strategy: facilitated by golbalization and technology, actions designed to differentiate the firms products in the marketplace while also keeping a low cost position relative to competitors. target does this by creating a strong distinctive brand while still competing with low cost brands like Walmart. Multipoint competition strategy: involves competing with firms across markets; product and geographical markets, by using strengths in one market to overcome weaknesses in another. Ups and fed ex. Ups was leader in ground shipping and delivery where fed ex was overnight and fed ex began to expand to UPS market and compete in product and geographical.

Building on your knowledge on motivation, leadership, decision making, networks and change provide your assessment about the effect of Yahoo's telecommuting policy change. Is it likely to work out, Yes/No? Why so?. Be sure to refer to concepts and theories we covered in class to establish your conclusion.

No - People need interaction AND caves to elicit creativity. -62% of innovation is born in private spaces. - Beware of echo chambers built on self similarity mingling. - People are motivated by different things Employees who work from home: Tend to work 5-7 hours longer a week, Are more productive, Are more satisfied, committed, less likely to leave. -Reads as a conspiracy to slim the organization and force parents to leave Yahoo Yes - Co-location may help create cross- pollination, which is imperative for creativity and innovation. - Managers THINK that people that show up are more dependable and responsible

Actions to take: IMPORTANT

Organizational change needs to fit the strategy, culture and structure of the organization you seek to create Effective organization change needs to covey: - the why, how and what of change Co-create change with employees by listening and working with employees

Will greater motivation/satisfaction lead to better performance?

Are more likely to be engaged and satisfied in their work Archive higher level of performance in their organizations Report great personal resilience.

What are established objectives?

4) Established Objectives are long term objectives that translate the organizational mission and strategic intent into concrete measurable goals. • Create shared understanding of priorities • Delegate responsibilities • Allocate resources • Accountability

What are the definitions of the organizational structure dimensions listed below: ( make sure that you understand each dimension, know how to apply it to concrete example and know its implications for strategy and organizational performance) Complexity Specializations Departmentalization

1. Complexity - Number of different types of activities that occur in the organization 2. Specialization -Degree to which jobs are narrowly defined and based on unique expertise 3. Departmentalization - Basis on which jobs are grouped Ex: functions, customers, geographic territories, products, processes

What are the major components of the strategic management process?

1. Determine strategic vision 2. Determine organization mission 3. analyze external environment/ internal (SWOT) 4. Establish objectives 5. Formulate Strategy 6. Implement Strategy -• Action plans --• Implement plans ---• Monitor outcomes

What are the advantages of group/team decision making?

1. Diversity of members' skills, knowledge and expertise 2. The likelihood that employees will accept a decision increases when individuals take part in the decision making processes. 3. Higher capability of error detection in groups

What are the four primary functions of management? [Hint- what do managers do] Be sure to know how to explain every one of those

1. Planning and decision making: setting goals and deciding best how to achieve them. 2. Organizing: deciding how to effectively group activities and resources 3. Controlling: Overlooking and aiding ongoing operations to facilitate goal attainment. 4. Leading: Motivating members of the organization to work effectively towards goals in the best interest of the organization.

What is a SWOT analysis? What does each letter stand for? How does it integrate internal and external analysis?

3) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats You can do internal and external analysis with SWOT

Chain of command Hierarchy Span of control De/centralization Formalization/Informal organization

4. Chain/s of command - Line or lines through which individuals and groups report; tall and flat organizational structures 5. Hierarchy - Distance from the top of the organization is an entry level worker. Traditional hierarchy pushes us to focus on rank, professional development and procedure. 6. Span of control - Number of people a manager can efficiently and effectively manage/ number of employees reporting to a given supervisor. 7. De/centralization - Centralized: decisions are made at the top, only by a few individuals (Japanese companies, toyota) -Decentralized pushes decision making authority to lowest possible level. (phillips) 8. Formalization - Degree to which people be bound by rules and regulations. related to decision making, communication, and control

What are the three level of strategy?

5) 3 levels of Strategy: ---1) Corporate level strategy ---2) Business level strategy ---3) Unit level strategy

size of team

5-7

What is a competitive advantage?

A firm's ability to provide value to customers that is greater than what a competitor can provide.

What leadership characteristics does Coach Knight exhibit? What kind of a leadership style does he portray?

A mix of both. He portrays transformational through making individuals ignore self interest and work as a team however beyond that he mostly is a transactional leader. Clearly has Management by Exception (active): Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action Management by Exception (passive): Intervenes only if standards are not met and uses his "type" of basketball not willing to really change his coaching style nor play style.

teams are

A small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable (Katzenbach & Smith, 1993)

Describe strengths and weakness of four styles we discussed in class. Acting Speculating Caring Paying attention to details

Acting - "Let's do it;" Likes to act, try things, plunge in. Speculating - likes to look at the big picture and the possibilities before acting. Caring - likes to know that everyone's feelings have been taken into consideration and that their voices have been heard before acting. Paying attention to detail —likes to know the who, what, when, where and why before acting.

the types of decision heuristics (decision biases) 3. Anchoring

Anchoring Anchoring is one such heuristic, where managers (novices and experts) make a decision based on an initial parameter or parameters. The initial value(s) may be drawn from memory or experience, or may be supplied by others. When based on irrelevant or no longer pertinent information, faulty decisions are likely to result. When making forecasts, people often use the past as the starting point. While the past may be relevant, the environment may offer other pertinent clues to the future. Illuminating potential anchoring biases may enable decision-makers to consider what information they are considering.

What are the three levels through which culture is manifested? Define and explain each one. Apply it to the culture at the UO

Artifacts Can be observed and/or felt e.g., Physical layout, dress code, language/lingo Values Stated or documented norms, ideologies, etc. Assumptions Often unconscious, but shape perceptions, thought processes and behavior Show up in some values and artifacts

What are the key questions one need to examine when assessing organizational change initiative?

Ask yourself- 1. Why do we need to change? 2. What is the problem we seek to solve? 3. What type of a solution fits the problem? 4. How do we effectively introduce and implement change?

the types of decision heuristics in bounded rationality (decision biases) 1. Availability 2. Representativeness 3. Anchoring 4. Framing Make sure you know the differences between them, when do they occur and how do they challenge the rational decision making process

Availability bias reflects our tendency to judge the likelihood of things by their availability in memory. suggests that people base their prediction of the frequency of an event based on how easily an example can be brought to mind. Events that come to mind easily seem more common, more probable, and more important than events that are less available in memory. "CEOs with previous CEO experience see lower post-succession performance than their peers who did not possess prior CEO experience".

What is likely to happen to performance when new strategic plans are implemented?

Can be confusing/ implenting new techniques through old channels can cause inconsistencies with new strategy and end up hurting the company.

What is a bureaucracy? What are the strengths of such structure? What are the weaknesses of such structure?

Bureaucracy/Mechanistic Model A structure of highly operating routine tasks achieved through specialization, very formalized rules and regulations, tasks that are grouped into departments showcasing narrow spans of control, and centralized authority that follows the chain of command. CEO Vp mark, Vp finance, VP operations, Vp r and d product 1 prod 2 prod 3 country 1 Strengths: Can reliably perform standardized activities very efficiently. Less duplication of personnel and equipment. Can get by with less talent- less costly Weaknesses: Only efficient as long as employees handle familiar tasks/issues Poor ability to adapt and improvise.

What type of strategy has the most impact on competitive advantage? Why so?

Business level strategy: How the company is going to compete and achieve its strategic objectives, its mission, and ultimately its strategic vision. include cost leadership, differentiation, focused cost leadership, focused differentiation, Integrated differentiation cost leadership, and Multipoint competition strategy.

What are the resistance challenges evident during the refreezing stage?

Challenges: • Pull of past competencies/habit s/routines • Non immediate results

What are the resistance challenges evident during the movement stage?

Challenges: • Lack of clarity • Lack of capability • Lack of sufficient incentives

What are the resistance challenges evident during the unfreezing stage?

Challenges: • Inertia • Mistrust • Lack of information

Does planned organizational change represent an effective way to promote change within an organization? Why?

Change is difficult Over 75% of all planned change initiatives do not stand the test of time... So why bother if chances are we will fail?

Is charisma necessary for effective leadership? Why so? List two examples of charismatic leaders who were effective and two who were not.

Charisma is not necessarily a recipe for effective leadership It's a myth that great leaders are simply charismatic. Charisma isn't enough to make successful leaders. some charismatic leaders may not be effective leaders as they can be bold, assertive and powerful But they also tend to keep power for themselves and rarely admit mistakes preventing learning within organizations. Charismatic leaders who are larger than life don't necessarily act in the best interests of their organizations. Charismatic leaders effective: Oprah - through charisma and empathy John F Kennedy - charisma and empathy. Great speaker, understood how to see the wrong and fight for what was right. ineffective:

What kind(s) of power does Coach k. draw on? What kind(s) of power does Coach Knight drawon?

Coach K: Referent power and expert power Coach Knight: Legitimate, expert, coercive

List the three types of informal networks? What is the difference between these networks? What kind of information flows through each one of these? When will they be most useful, why? Communication Advice Trust

Communication networks: Show what employees discuss work related information on a daily basis. Should be examined when productivity is low Advice: Prominent players in an organization who others lean on for problem solving and technical information. useful to examine for routine changes Trust: which employees share politically information and back one another in crisis. Trust networks often show the causes of problems such as poor performance by teams. Most important when implementing a radical change or when facing a crisis

What are the four criteria that lead to a competitive advantage?

Competitive advantage is created by having and managing resources to provide goods and services that (1) Provide superior value (2) Rare (quality/quantity) (3) Difficult to imitate (4) Non-substitutable

What kind of problems may be better handled by groups?

Complex problems where an array of expertise and knowledge can be shared to find a better solution than individuals.

What is a matrix? What are the strengths of such structure? What are the weaknesses of such structure?

Consists of two organizational structures that are superimposed on eachother. (nike) Strengths: Dual lines of authority reduce "bureupathologies" It can facilitate coordination of multiple set of complex and interdependent projects Efficient allocation of specialists Make for better communication and more flexibility Quicker information flow Potential for greater innovation Weaknesses: It creates confusion about authority Foster power struggles Stressful for individuals who have low tolerance for ambiguity

Describe the four characteristics of Transactional leaders

Contingent Reward: Constant exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good performance, recognizes accomplishments Management by Exception (active): Watches and searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes corrective action Management by Exception (passive): Intervenes only if standards are not met Laissez-Faire Abdicates responsibilities, avoids making decisions

What are the three advantages of diverse networks?

Diverse network will help you gain (1) private info (2) access to diverse set of skills (3) power

Describe escalation of commitment

Escalation of commitment Occurs when a decision makers are unwilling to change a course of action despite unequivocal evidence showing that the decision was incorrect Possible reasons for escalation of commitment: 1. Stick-to-it-iveness 2. Desire to be consistent

What personal characteristics/traits may be used to identify individual's potential for leadership? What aspects of leadership will these personal characteristics predict?

Extraversion (.41) Most strongly related to leaders emergence but not leaders' effectiveness. 2. Conscientiousness (.28) 3. Openness (.24) 4. Emotional Intelligence-empathy especially. (.62- .78) "The caring part of empathy, especially for people with whom you work, is what inspires people to stay with a leader when the going gets rough. describe leaders and differentiate them from non leaders.

What is a simple structure? What are the strengths of such structure? What are the weaknesses of such structure?

Flat organization with like one boss. Strengths: fast, flexible, inexpensive to maintain, clear accountability Weaknesses: Difficult to maintain as organizations grow. High centrality and low formalization create high information load at the top and slow DM.

Team development

Forming team, role allocation, building trust, developing culture, growing trust, reforming

the types of decision heuristics (decision biases) 4. Framing

Framing bias framing refers to the manner in which a question or problem is presented. Mere framing can dramatically affect people's choices in ways that violate classic axioms of rational choice economics. Why does this happen? Even doctors have been found more likely to recommend an operation with 93 percent survival rate than a 7 percent mortality rate.

Discuss the seven dimensions one should keep in mind when planning to issue sell (FBI HATS).

Framing: Opportunity vs. Loss frame Moral vs. Business frame,Focus on resonance Bundling: Connect issue to another issue that is hot and central to the organizational agenda Coalition: your key supporters, your key potential supporters. History: Know your facts and have credible resources to back you up Political homework are as important as your idea- Identify who is likely to object, Has the idea been brought up before? What happened then? Initiate informal conversations to test the water Approach: Formal vs. informal Public vs. private Know your organization and act in ways that align with tradition. Timing: Timing is everything, find the right time Solution:

List four ways to organize bureaucracy. What is the advantage of each one of them?

Functional Structure: well suited for small/med firms w/ limited production diversification. reduces duplication of firms functional resources. Product Structure: workers in different functional areas within the product group can focus more on specific products and customers Customer Structure: Gives indepth understanding of customers Geographic/Regional Structure: develops in depth knowledge of specific regions or countries.

What is globalization? How might globalization impact our workplaces? Who benefits from globalization?

Globalization is the development of the increasing international and cross national nature of everything from politics to business. Events in other countries may effect a managers organization. Affect goals and decisions, how they coordinate and lead. develop global teams. creates more disruption. Promotes greater involvment in international markets. can better supply chains. outsource to other countries to cut costs. create more demand from other markets.

Describe Group polarization. List examples of group polarization

Group Polarization Refers to the tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. Social media outlets such as Facebook and Twitter demonstrate that group polarization can occur even when a group is not physically together.

Describe Groupthink What are the initial conditions, common groupthink characteristic, decision dynamics and outcomes of groupthink?

Group Think A mode of thinking in which premature striving for agreement or closure overrides the search for alternatives Highly cohesive group. time pressure, Illusion of invulnerability, Collective rationalization, not analyzing all alternatives, leads to poor decision making.

Under what conditions groups may be as good as their best individuals?

Groups = the best individual given a simple problem 1. If someone in the group has the correct answer 2. Members are willing to accept it

Under what conditions groups will be better than their best individuals?

Groups > best member given a complex problem 1. Heterogeneous members with complementary skills 2. Ideas that can be freely communicated 3. Climate in which good ideas will be accepted

What is a mechanistic structure? When might we want to use it? Why?

High specialization, rigid departmentalization, clear chain of command, narrow spans of control, centralization, high formalization. W=Worker BOSS Manager - Manager - Manager wwww wwww wwww

Watch the zappos video for the nature of management class- What organizational structure is Zappos trying to create?

Holacracy allows function based organization, with a focus on the task at hand, Namely your product. Holacracy pros and cons Advantages More flexibility in role/task allocation Job fit- employee engagement and job crafting More adaptable/greater potential for innovation Disadvantages Greater ambiguity and lack of clarity Complex framework for decision making Heightened need for coordination Compensation Hiring Short term focus

Is resistance an obstacle organizations need to minimize? Why so?

I believe it is an obstacle. The only way change works is if its met with not a lot of resistance. It can easily work much better if individuals are excited and motivated about the change rather than initiated in resistance

Under what conditions groups may be worse than their best individuals?

If members wont accept good ideas.

There are five common informal networks challenges: Describe imploded relationships What can we do to mend them? Describe irregular communication patterns What can we do to mend them? Describe fragile structures What can we do to mend them? Describe structural hole in the networks What is the advantage of having structural holes in a network? Who benefits from such holes? What can we do to mend them? What are bow ties? Who benefits from their existence? What can we do to mend them?

Imploded Relationships - Department employees have few links to other groups. Find superconnectors Irregular Communication Patterns - Department employees have links only to other groups where this lack of cohesion can reveal competing factions. Find super connectors Fragile Structures - Department employees have links to one other division where links to several other divisions are more desirable Holes in the Network - Department employees lack relationships with specific others where managers think relationships should exist "Bow ties" - Department employees are dependent on single employee but not each other

How can we redesign a job? What is job enlargement? When might it be used?

Job Enlargement The horizontal expansion of jobs

How can we redesign a job? What is job enrichment? When might it be used?

Job Enrichment The vertical expansion of jobs

How can we redesign a job? What is job rotation? When might it be used?

Job Rotation The periodic shifting of a worker from one task to another

What is leaders' focus of action? What is managers' focus of action?

Leaders: Focus of action Coping with and fostering change Managers: Focus of action Coping with complexity

What is transformational leadership?

Leadership that motivates followers to ignore self interests and work for the larger good of the organization to achieve significant accomplishments; emphasizes articulating a vision that will convince subordinates to make major changes

What do leaders do?

Leadership: The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals Leaders: • Establish direction by developing a vision of the future • Align people through communication • Inspiring people to overcome hurdles

How does the retrospective decision making model work?

Let's consider how many times you've made decisions this way while shopping for clothes. You start with an item that catches your eye and then you start a convincing yourself and the people around that it's the "best" choice. If your implicit favourite is the cheapest among the competition, you emphasize its price; if it is not, you emphasise its quality or styling. Ultimately, you end up buying the item you intuitively favoured, feeling comfortable that you made the right choice. This is called retrospective decision.

Who should be contact to build a coalition for change? Who is the least likely to be helpful for this task?

Like minded individuals, key supports. Someone in social network (upper management) that is a key supporter.

How is leadership different from management? (Use the question below to fully address this question) Define leadership vs. Management What do Managers do?

Management: Use of authority inherent in designated formal rank to obtain compliance from organizational members What do they do? • Coordinating and staffing org. • Monitoring- handling daily problems • Implementing leader's vision and strategy

What approach is Coach Knight using most often? What does this say about his assumption regarding human nature and his employees?

Managerial grid Coach k would fit in the high right of the leadership grid. He has high concern for people and high concern for production Hersey blandchard situation theory coach k has high directing behavior and high supportive behavior so it makes him fall under the coaching characteristic however if your being too directive its hard to also be supportive. Have to find the happy medium between being supportive and directive.

How is empathy related to effective leadership? Describe the managerial grid. What are the components of this theory, how could they be used to understand effective leadership? What is the key assumption regarding effective leadership underlying this theory?

Managerial grid - scale of 1-9 5,5 in complete middle Concern for people on y axis Concern for production on the x axis We can understand leadership on a basis of empathetic (service based) relationships between managers and workers. empathy: leadership is about empathy. Its about having the ability to relate to and connect with people for the purpose of inspiring and empowering their lives.

How is management defined

Managing is the process of assembling and using sets of resources in a goal oriented manner to accomplish tasks in a organization Involves assembling and using sets of resources (human, financial, material and Informational). Involves a series of activities and operations such as planning, deciding, implementing and evaluating. Involves acting in a goal directed manner to accomplish tasks.

What major challenges do managers face? Managing strategically Managing resources Managing entrepreneurially/Ambidexterity Managing change

Managing strategically: to achieve goals mangers must effectively implement strategy. Means managers of all levels must to set and accomplish goals that contribute to the ultimate goals of organization. Managing change: Managers must find ways to gain employees acceptance of change in order to implement it effectively, do this by "create small wins". start in a small area, make it successful. Managing resources: Managing capital, human capital, physical resources and technology. Manager must ensure efficient use of resources that maximize achieving goals. Managing entrepreneurially/Ambidexterity: Regularly search for new opportunities or find ideas that could create new markets and innovation. Entrepreneurial mindset.

What leadership characteristics does Marcus Mariota exhibit?

Marcus falls into the transformational. Does it for his team. Gives personal attention through individual consideration. Optimistic/high expectations, confidence, instills pride. hes the goat

What types of organizational structures are most conducive for innovation and differentiation?

Matrix Make for better communication and more flexibility -Quicker information flow - Potential for greater innovation Holacracy More adaptable/greater potential for innovation the organic model has cross functional teams, cross hierarchial teams. (facebook) Free flow of info Wide spans of control decentralization low formalization good for innovation

What do managers need to do to assure that strategic plans yield desired organizational results?

Monitor implementation, support the plan receives, and monitor the level of resistance.. monitor outcomes,

What assumptions about motivation does Coach K make? What assumptions about motivation does Coach Knight make? Are Coach K and Knight equally effective? Considering Knight got fired, not really. He lost his job because of his management style. Although beyond losing his job, his players were disciplined and really good.

Motivation comes from his transactional leadership although still was there for kids in times of need.

Expectancy theory Key components/relationships:Draw the model we used in class slides:Be sure to be able to identify all components How would you use this model to diagnose a job that is not motivating employees? Be ready to offer relevant solutions to diagnosed problems.

Motivational force = expectancy: perceived probability that effort leads to good performance x instrumentality: perceived probability that good performance will lead to rewards x Valance: value of rewards to the individual.

Job Design: What core job characteristics are identified in the job characteristics model? Be sure to know what every one of the component mean How would you use this model to diagnose a job that is not motivating employees? Be ready to offer relevant solutions to diagnosed problems.

Motivational potential score = ((skill variety +task identity +task significance)/3) x Autonomy x Feedback

Movement

Movement Overcoming resistance: • Educate people about the desired change • Verify capabilities • Communicate anticipated benefits Challenges: • Lack of clarity • Lack of capability • Lack of sufficient incentives

Why does culture matter

Organizational culture impact organizational effectiveness in a number of ways: Clearly defined culture provides -direction and guides decision making Compelling organizational culture can -encourage adaptability to respond to new circumstances -elicit higher employee involvement and commitment -is associated with greater employee retention.

Define Culture

Organizational culture is a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs, which governs how people behave in organizations. These shared values have a strong influence on the people in the organization and dictate how they dress, act, and perform their jobs. A pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered or developed by a group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore is to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, feel and act in relation to those problems.

What actions can be taken to overcome resistance during the refreezing stage?

Overcoming resistance: • Compensate for early negative consequences • Celebrate early"wins"

What actions can be taken to overcome resistance during the movement stage?

Overcoming resistance: • Educate people about the desired change • Verify capabilities • Communicate anticipated benefits

What actions can be taken to overcome resistance during unfreezing?

Overcoming resistance: Communicate reason for change

Describe the culture at Amazon

Physical artifacts: Informal offices, Dog friendly, On-site farmers' markets, Upbeat posters, huge outdoor/indoor playground Language: Amabots, Amholes: workers who become apart of the culture Patterns of actions: Easter Sunday Conference calls, Collaborative Anytime feedback Tool, Rank and yank,(competition-and-elimination system) Values: 14 leadership principles Assumptions: Meritocracy as motivational tool/Purposeful Darwinism,Constant evaluation is motivating, Hyper competition is generative, Zero sum game, Conflict brings about innovation

Describe the five types of power that leaders/managers can draw from

Position power- legitimate, coercive, reward power Personal power- expert and referent power

Define power

Power is defined as the ability to direct or influence behaviors

What is the definition of human capital? How is it different than social capital?

Social capital refers to connections within and between social networks such as relationships, reciprocation, trust, and social norms that help individual or collective action. where as human capital is specific skills and knowledges embodied in labor

Refreezing

Refreezing Overcoming resistance: • Compensate for early negative consequences • Celebrate early"wins" Challenges: • Pull of past competencies/habit s/routines • Non immediate results

How does the rational model of decision making differ from the bounded rationality model?

Relaxes many assumptions of the rational model instead more closely captures what people actually do because people are not completely rational when making decisions. 1. Evaluate one solution at a time 2. Use decision heuristics as a (rules of thumb) 3. Satisfice rather than optimize

the types of decision heuristics (decision biases) 2. Representativeness

Representativeness Bias We use the "representativeness" heuristic when we judge the likelihood of something in terms of how well it represents, or matches, a particular category or a stereotype The representativeness heuristic enables you to make a fast and frugal snap judgment

Applied the FBI HATS to the case of Talia Jane (Yelp employee) What framing did Talia use? Identify an alternative framing that could be more effective

She focused on her moral from her job at yelp and being almost homeless. she framed it as an oppertunity to get yelp to donate to food charities, maybe get workers to go volunteer. She could have framed this letter an an oppertunity to try to help her co workers more rather than not bringing up the elephant on the forehead of her actually writing this letter

Did Talia explore the history of changes proposed at yelp? How so? Can she do better? Suggest ways to do this better

Shows that the history of change has not worked.

Describe Hersey and Blanchard's situation theory. What are the components of this theory?

Shows what kind of leadership characteristics and individual has. from delegating, supporting, coaching and, directing if your able to be delegating, low supporting and low directing = delegating high supporting and low directing = supporting low supporting and high directing = directing high supporting and high directing = coaching

Does size of social networks matter? What are the advantages of large networks?

Size refers to the number of members in a social network Larger friendship network was positively related to social integration Size of one's strategic information network was positively related to number of promotions

What is the strategy used by Starbucks? Dunkin Donuts? Ikea? How do they attempt to effectively achieve it?

Starbucks =differentiation Dunkin Donuts = cost leadership Ikea= Integrated differentiation cost leadership strategy

What is a strategic vision? How is it different than organizational mission?

Strategic Vision: Short compelling statement that conveys the identity, direction and long term aspirations of the firm. start with why! Organizational mission: Org. Mission represents the foundation of the purpose of the organization. It contains references to the firm's • Philosophy • Identity • Principle product/services • Customers and markets • Geographic focus • Obligation to stakeholders

Big Spaceship Case: Understand key issues from the case. What strategy were they using? Was this strategy appropriate for this market? [ We'll cover this next Wed]

Strategy was understanding the why of the customer. Creating something new and effective through differentiation. Yes appropriate for market.

What are weak/strong ties?

Strength of relationships in a social network refers to the degree of closeness that characterizes a relationship.

What is organic structure? When might we want to use it? Why?

The organic model has cross functional teams, cross hierarchial teams. (facebook) Multiple tasks are differentiated to one person Free flow of info Wide spans of control decentralization low formalization good for innovation

What is motivation

The processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal

What is the definition of organizational structure?

The sum of ways an organization divides its labor into distinct tasks and then coordinates them

Describe Lewin's 3 step change mode Unfreezing

Unfreezing- : Overcoming resistance: Communicate reason for change Challenges: • Inertia • Mistrust • Lack of information

What is Prospect theory? What behaviors can we predict when we use this theory to anticipate decision making behavior? In other words- under which conditions will individuals be risk seeking/risk averse? Does this match or challenge rational decision making processes? Why does this pattern occur?

The theory states that people make decisions based on the potential value of losses and gains rather than the final outcome, and that people evaluate these losses and gains using certain heuristics. Key heuristics: Availability Representativeness Anchoring Framing risk seeking when decisions are made around loss where as risk averse when decisions are made around gains. This challenges the rational decision making process because it shows that humans are not completely rational like the rational decision making process assumes. It occurs because people are more bounded by losses rather than gains.

What is transactional leadership?

Transactional leadership is leadership that focuses on motivating followers self interests by exchanging rewards for their compliance; which leaders promote compliance by followers through both rewards and punishments. more passive

What leadership characteristics does Coach K. exhibit? What kind of a leadership style does he portray?

Transformational Coaches close to players. Gives individual attention. Builds pride, confidence, and vision. inspirational motivation Individualized Consideration Individualized Consideration

Which social network will be useful for promotion of radical change? Which person in this network may be most helpful for this task? Which social network will be useful for promotion/implementing of routine organizational change? Which person in this network may be most helpful for this?

Trust network. Advice network.

What are the benefits of the Amazon culture?

Uber competitive. cultures makes employees work very hard, collaborate and innovate. Workers must work hard for job security, constant feedback, intensity, high standards.

What are the benefits of weak ties?

Weak ties are beneficial for: Obtaining routine information Finding a job -our acquaintances are a source of unique information (i.e., our close friends tend to know about the same job openings). Getting hired for a new job

What kind of information are groups likely to recall better than individuals?

When DM requires consideration of a substantial amount of information, groups have an advantage over individuals because of their memory for facts.

What are the disadvantages of the culture at Amazon?

Workers are competing with eachother for job security, could bring about conflict/sabotaging each other. High turnover. Bad employee retention. Unhappy workers. horrible benefits, not much trust.

Use this model to diagnose at what stage might Yahoo be? What is the stage of change evident in the First Elizabeth video?

Yahoo is in the Unfreezing stage. their challenges are inertia, mistrust and lack of information as to why and the reasons for change seem untrustworthy. The video shows that there is a lot of resistance, not only from yahoo employees but also the media.

"I want every little girl who's told she's bossy to be told instead that she has leadership skills" Sheryl Sandberg. Apply the managerial grid to this quote. What aspects on the managerial grid are used by bossy girls/boys? Do these behaviors portray effective leadership practice? Why so

Yes they portray leadership potential but the conotation of the word bossy gives negative feel.

Does Talia use involvement? How can she do this better? Suggest ways to build a coalition

Yes, she shows her co workers are also struggling

Group Emotional Intelligence What is it?

a key indicator on group success recognition and regulation recognition: self awareness, social awareness regulation: self management, social skills in terms of yourself your team as a hole, your team towards others

What is a super connector?

a person in your network that introduces you to many developers

What is the definition of social networks?

a social structure made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations) that are tied by interdependency, such as friendship, development, advice, trust, communication, trade, financial transactions or even disease transmission

What is satisficing? How does it differ from maximizing?

accept an available option as satisfactory rather than the most optimal

What are the basic steps of the rational (classical) model of decision making?

assumptions: The problem is clear Objectives are clear Everyone agrees on criteria and weights of criteria All alternatives are known All consequences can be anticipated Decision makers are fully rational Unbiased Have and can process all information Consider thoroughly all consequences Problems: 99% of time reality does not work with these assumptions because people are not completely rational when making decisions!. Even if it did, the rational process could consume too much time 1. Identify decision situations: problems & opportunities 2. Develop objectives and criteria: relative weightings 3. Generate alternatives: past solutions, creative new solutions 4. Analyze alternatives 5. select alternative 6. implement decision 7. Monitor and evaluate results

What is the approach Talia is using? Can you offer her advice on how to use an approach that can be more effective? Can timing be an issue? How so?

bundling, framing, involvement

What types of organizational structures are most conducive for cost leadership?

bureaucracy models such as functional, product, customer, and regional structures. A structure of highly operating routine tasks achieved through specialization, very formalized rules and regulations, tasks that are grouped into departments showcasing narrow spans of control, and centralized authority that follows the chain of command.

What are the advantages of structural holes?

creates opportunity to increase your social network and increase the informal network of an organization. Can complete and create echo chambers and

What is Job crafting? According to this theory, what are the key aspects you need to address when you attempt to craft a job to be more motivating?

find ways for employees to redesign their job in ways that can foster job satisfaction, engagement, effort, and get them to thrive. What are your motives in your current job compared to a crafted job What are your strengths in your current job compared to a crafted job What are your passions in your current job compared to a crafted job Employees who try job crafting: Are more likely to be engaged and satisfied in their work Archive higher level of performance in their organizations Report great personal resilience.

Does Talia use Bundling? Suggest ways use bundling in this situation

if issue is linked to another issue considered important, new issue gains by association. she linked her issue to the problem of college debt, homeless ness, her co workers, and charitable ways to get yelp to give back.

Describe the 4 conditions that this theory outlines? What is the appropriate approach leaders should take for each one of the conditions outlined? Why so? What is the underlying assumption this theory makes about leadership style/behavior? [ Hint: How is it different from the one underlying the Managerial Grid]

if your being too directive its hard to also be supportive. Have to find the happy medium between being supportive and directive. its best to be supporting and have concern for people in order to be a favorable leader.

What is a broker?

link specialists in a firm with trustworthy and informative ties.

What are the benefits of strong ties?

obtaining complex knowledge If you have a best friend at work, you are 7 times as likely to be engaged in your job. You also are significantly more likely to: Engage with customers Get more done in less time Innovate and share new ideas Have fun on the job People with at least three close friends at work were 96% more likely to be extremely satisfied with their lives

What are echo chambers? What types of networks create them?

overtime people meet eachothers friends, one typically shares their contacts to one another so that everyone becomes friends, the similarity of thought and skill reverberates, creating what we call an echo chamber

Is telecommuting a sub-optimal way of organizing work?

people are motivated by different things Employees who work from home: Tend to work 5-7 hours longer a week, Are more productive, Are more satisfied, committed, less likely to leave.

What is your opinion about the solution Talia is proposing

seems like its beating around the bush

Who benefits from technological Change?

small firms compete on a bigger scale. new technology often brings development of new products and new processes for accomplishing tasks. increased competition in all markets.

globalization:

the flow of goods and services, capital, and knowledge across borders.

What is the definition of human capital?

the stock of productive skills and technical knowledge embodied in labor.

Watch the zappos video for the nature of management class- Describe the organizational structure at Zappos using the organizational structure dimensions listed above

unformal decentralized very complex small span of control