AAFCS HD & Family Studies

Define the following terms: 1. Affective skill 2. Cognitive skill 3. Psychomotor skill

1. Affective skill- how effectivley an individual can recognize, understand, and handle emotions and relationships. Affective skills allow an individual to feel appropriate emotion in response to certain situations or stimuli, and then to respond appropriately 2. Cognitive skill- an individual's ability to gather and understand info. Cognitive skills allow an individual to comprehend new situations and apply the knowledge that he or she has gathered elsewhere 3. Psychomotor skill- an individuals ability to coordinate his or her physical movements. In other words, psychomotor skills are a person's control over simple and complex motor functions

Define the following terms with regard to their importance in the development and education of family members: 1. Behavioral modeling 2. Consumer education 3. Heritage

1. Behavioral modeling- manner in which children model their own behavior after the behavior of their parents and other people with whom they interact. Children learn what behavior is socially acceptably mimicking the behavior of the people around them. 2. Consumer education- process of teaching a person about the marketplace and its goods and services, the suppliers, and the various considerations associated with searching for goods and services. These concepts are critical for family members to learn so that they can survive in a consumer society 3. Heritage- anything inherited from one's ancestors, including traditions, customs, or physical characteristics. The family conveys the traditions, customs, and social norms of the previous generation to the generations that follow.

Define the following terms: 1. Early childhood intervention 2. Intellectual giftedness

1. Early childhood intervention- the process by which children who are experiencing or showing signs of developmental difficulties are diagnosed and treated early to allow them to continue developing in the best manner possible. Early childhood intervention services usually take place before the child reaches school age because studies indicate that the earlier a child who is experiencing difficulties receives special education, the more effective that education will ultimately be. 2. Intellectual giftedness- refers to children who are born with a significantly higher than average IQ and who are capable of learning concepts and information much more quickly than other children their age. Even though intellectual giftedness is an asset to the child, the child often requires education that is adjusted for the speed at which the child can learn. Otherwise, the child will become bored, frustrated, isolated, and may begin to underachieve.

Define the following terms using examples to clarify them: 1. Role 2. Role confusion 3. Role strain

1. Role- collection of social rights, behaviors, and obligations that is assigned to a particular individual. For example, a mother's role might be that of a provider because she is out in the workforce earning an income for the family 2. Role confusion- occurs when an individual is uncertain of what role or roles he or she should play in a particular situation. For example, a nurse might run into a patient whom she took care of previously while out grocery shopping and be unsure of whether to act in a formal, nurse to patient manner, or in an informal, friendly manner 3. Role strain- when an individual is placed in a situation in which carrying out the duties of a certain role will prevent the individual form fulfilling his or her obligations of another role. For example, a working mother might be both caregiver and provider. If her child becomes ill, she cannot carry out both roles; she is forced to choose between working or caring for the sick child.

Explain how familial roles of men and women in the US have changed in the past 50 years.

50 years ago, women were the primary caretakers of the family's children, and they were in charge of maintaining the household while men worked to provide for the family. This has changed, however, because of the drastic increase in the number of women entering the work force since that time. This is partially because it has bemuse more difficult for families to subsist on one income alone. Both members of the marital couple are often forced to work to provide responsibilities of caretaker and provider. Men, who were once the primary providers for the family, are still out in the workforce, but their spouses have joined them, and both individuals have to find ways to make the time to care for the family's children.

List the common goals that FCS education attempts to accomplish as set by the Association for Career and Technical Education

9 goals: 1. improving the overall quality of life for individuals and families 2. Helping individuals and families become more responsible members of society 3. encouraging healthy eating habits, nutrition, and lifestyles 4. improve how individuals and families manage their resources 5. Helping individuals and families balance their personal, family, and work lives 6. Teaching individuals better problem-solving techniques 7. Encouraging personal and career development 8. Teaching individuals better problem-solving techniques 9. Recognizing human worth and taking responsibility for one's own actions

Identify and explain some of the factors that a consumer should consider when choosing where to go for health care

A consumer in need of health care might take into account the number of complaints and the types of complaints a facility or specific doctor has received and consequently examine the qualifications of the doctors who practice in that facility. These factors are important to a consumer for any health care decision ranging from choosing a physician for a simple examination to choosing a surgeon for a complex surgery because they give the consumer a basic idea of the overall quality and reliability of the doctor and medical facility. By determining the number of complaints and the types of complaints that have been filed against a doctor or facility, a consumer can get an idea of what kinds of mistakes and how many of those mistakes the facility or doctor has made. Experience can also be a key factor in how reliable a particular doctor is and can greatly affect the quality of his or her care, as more experienced doctors are usually better capable of providing more effective care.

Describe some of the basic techniques that a family can use to effectively resolve a conflict

A family can successfully resolve a conflict by following steps very similar to those of the basic problem-solving model. First, the family needs to attempt to identify the problem, making sure to maintain open communication while remaining objective and minimizing hostility. After the problem is identified, the family must strive to recognize the various positions that each member has regarding the conflict while again attempting to minimize hostility. After each person involved in the conflict has made his or her position clear, the family must move toward a compromise that will work for everyone. Each step of the conflict resolution process requires that the people involved in the conflict remain as patient and as understanding as possible, which can often be extremely difficult when a solution or compromise cannot be determined immediately.

Identify some private and government agencies that can provide resources to consumers who are making a purchasing decision.

A number of agencies can provide resources that help inform consumers about the advantages, disadvantages, and even the scams related to certain products and services. Some of the government agencies that are most useful to consumers are the Federal Citizen Information Center, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the National Fraud Information Center, and the Federal Trade Commission. All of these agencies have extensive information online, as well as available print publications, about many of the most common products on the market. Probably the most well known and useful private agencies to consumers are Consumer's Research, a non-profit agency that publishes the magazine Consumer Reports, and the Better Business Bureau, which is a private organization made up of businesses that sets certain standards which its members are expected to follow.

Explain the difference between wants and needs

A want is anything that a person desires, as opposed to a need, which is anything that a person requires to continue functioning. A plasma tv, for example is a want because it is not necessary to an individual's continued survival. An example of needs would be food and water, both of which are things an individual requires to survive. Because people are inherently different, wants or desires vary from person to person. Typically, a person ahas more desires than his or her resources can fulfill. Needs, however, are universal because they are everyone's basic necessities and just be met for the continued existence of an individual.

Identify and describe the steps that a well functioning family should take to solve any given problem

A well-functioning family would first identify the problem itself and determine the cause of the problem. The family would then develop a list of solutions that could potentially solve the problem, and they would attempt to determine the benefits of each solutions. After determining the benefits of each solution, the family would choose the solution that seems to best solve the problem and then, after putting the solution into effect, monitor the solution to make sure that it actually solved the problem. Finally, the family would decide whether the solution worked or not to determine whether it was necessary to try something else. This entire process is important to the functioning of a family because it prevents problems from being misdiagnosed early on and prevents them from getting too far out of control

Describe the first 3 layers of Maslow's hierarchy of human needs

Abraham Maslow theorized that there are 5 types of human needs that, if arranged in order of importance, form a pyramid. Maslow maintained that individuals would not be able to focus on the upper layers of the hierarchy until they were first able to meet the needs at the lower layers. The first layer represents the physiological needs, which are the basic needs required for an individuals' survival such as food, water, breathable air, and sleep. The 2nd layer of the pyramid is safety needs, which are elements that an individual needs to feel a sense of security such as having a job, good health, and a safe place to live. The 3rd layer corresponds to the love and belonging needs, which are needed to form social relationships such as those with friends, family, and intimate loved ones.

Explain the importance of using affective, cognitive, and psychomotor skills together in an individual's day-to-day living.

An individual who has mastered his or her psychomotor skills may be in excellent physical health, but the individual's emotional and intellectual health will suffer if he or she is unable to make effective relationships and understand basic concepts. The situation is the same for individuals who can only maintain effective relationships or who can only understand complex concepts, as it will be significantly more difficult for them to perform everyday functions if they have poor control of their psychomotor skills. For an individual to maintain his or her physical and mental health, along with that of his or her family, the individual must be able to use a combination of different skills.

Briefly explain Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Children will learn more effectively if they are allowed to actively adapt to the world around them through play and exploration rather than being taught skills and knowledge y others. Piaget's theory suggests that there are four major stages that children will go through as they begin to acquire new skills that'll aid their ability to learn and process information independently. The 4 stages that Piaget identifies are sensorimotor, which spans from ages 0-2; the preoperational stage, spanning from ages 2-7; the concrete operational stage for ages 7-11; and the formal operational stage for ages 11 and up. Piaget's theory is important to the study of child development because it was the 1 theory that recognized that children can actively and effectively learn on their own rather than being dependent on another person for learning to occur.

Explain the difference between clear and masked communication

Clear communication occurs when an individual explicitly states the information he or she is trying to convey, and there is no ambiguity as to the meaning of the statement. For example, "I am upset because Daniel is not home from the movies yet" is an example of clear communication because there is no question that the individual making the statement is upset at Daniel for not being home. On the other hand, masked communication occurs when an individual states the information he or she is trying to convey in a vague and somewhat confusing manner. For example, "I am upset" is an example of masked communication because there is no indication as to why the person is upset. As these examples illustrate, clear communication is always more effective in conveying a particular piece of information than masked communication.

Explain the importance that community advisory committees can have to an education professional who is designing a teaching plan

Community advisory committees can be extremely useful to an education professional who is attempting to determine what areas of the FCS discipline a teaching plan should emphasize because the committees offer insight into the concerns and demographics of the students. Each community has its own problems, concerns, and level of diversity, and it is important that an FCS teacher can recognize and focus on areas of concern in the school's community. For example, a community that is having problems with widespread teenage drug abuse and teenage suicide may want the community's FCS teachers to focus more on the topic of avoiding substance abuse and the methods of handling depression. The goal of an FCS educator is to improve the overall quality of life for the students and their families, and the educator cannot do that if he or she does not know what problems need to be addressed.

Describe the third stage of Piaget's their of cognitive development

Concrete operational stage- occurring between ages 7 and 11. The stage in which a child's thinking becomes more logical regarding concrete concepts. In this stage, children are capable of understanding concepts of mass, volume, and number. For example, they can understand that two containers of different shapes that each have the same amount of liquid poured into them still contain the same amount of liquid despite their differences in appearance. The child also begins to identify and organize objects according to shape, size, and color. The child will not be able to understand more abstract concepts such as those found in calculus or algebra, however, until he or she reaches the formal operational stage of development.

Explain the difference between direct and indirect communication

Direct communication occurs when a person who is attempting to convey a given piece of information simply states that information to the person he or she wants to receive the info. Indirect communication is when the person communicating the info states the info, but not to anyone in particular. For example, if a parents says, "Christine, we need to set the table," that is an example of direct communication because the parent is addressing the person he or she wants to talk to directly. However, if the parent instead simply mutters out loud, "We need to set the table," rather than saying it to someone in particular, that would be an example of indirect communication. Direct communication is far more effective in carrying out the day-to-day functions necessary to maintain a family than indirect communication because various tasks can be assigned directly to a particular individual.

Define divorce, and explain the impact it has on the family unit.

Divorce is the termination of the union created by marriage before the death of either member of the union. It has a significant impact on the stability of the family unit as a whole, and it affects the relationships and well-being of the individual members of the family. Frequently, when the marital couple decides to divorce, there has already been significant stress placed on the entire family from the difficulties the marital couple has been experiencing. However, divorce can often lead to a great deal more stress being placed on the family, especially when children are involved. As a result, individuals within and outside the marital couple may become more withdrawn or hostile as the structure of the family changes. Divorce also allows both members of the marital couple to later remarry, as their legal obligation to each other no longer exists. This can further alter the family structure by adding stepparents to the mix.

Describe the 6 stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Early adulthood stage- covers ages 18-34. In this stage, the young adult is concerned with the crisis of intimacy versus isolation in which an individual needs to begin establishing intimate relationships with others. If an adult is unable to form intimate relationships with others, perhaps because of disappointing relationships in the past, this person will become more withdrawn and will isolate himself or herself from others. Isolation can prove to be a perilous problem in the development of a healthy adult, as it prevents the individual from forming lasting relationships. The lack of social interaction can also lead to severe personality flaws, which may hinder the development of future relationships.

Explain the importance of eliminating sexual stereotypes in relation to an individual's role in a family or work setting.

Eliminating sexual stereotypes is a major concern of FCS edu. It is important for students to disregard sexual stereotypes and recognize that an individual's gender does not necessarily affect the role he or she plays. In the early and mid 1900s, women were commonly seen as caretakers of the home and men as providers for the family. However, these roles have changed drastically over the past 50-60 years, and are not entirely realistic at this point. As the cost of living increases, it becomes more difficult for a single individual to provide for an entire family. As a result, it is more common for men and women to share the caretaker and provider roles to satisfy the physiological, financial, and psychological needs of the family.

Describe FCS education

FCS education aims to improve a variety of skills that are essential for the day-to-day functioning of an individual and his or her family. FCS edu includes specific topics such as family interaction, human development, nutrition, consumer economics, types of housing and housing design, textiles, parents, and the appropriate cooking and handling of foods. FCS edu covers both the physical and the psychological needs of the individual, and emphasizes appropriate social interaction between the individual and the rest of society.

Identify some of the specific careers that individuals might be able to use FCS skills in and explain what skills apply to those careers

FCS skills are useful in food management, financial management, human resources, public relations, tailoring, dress-making, etc. Indeed, regardless of career, wan individual always finds a use for these skills in life. An individual in food management needs to know about nutrition and the proper handling and preparation of food. Financial advisors need to know how to assess rescues, cut costs, and determine how much an individual needs to save before retirement. Human rescue and public relations managers need social skills and training in time and resource management, human development, and psychology. Finally, tailors and dressmakers use their knowledge of textiles and textile design to create better garments.

Briefly describe some of the ways that a family might make communication more effective

Families with individuals who use direct, clear communication are the most effective. These family members listen to one another, spend more time communicating, respect one another's points of view, and pay attention to the more subtle forms of affective communication. By communicating directly and concisely with other family members, yeah family ember creates a much more effective form of communication than that which would be found in any other setting. If the individuals receiving the info listen to and respect their fellow family members and more importantly make the time to listen to them in the first place, the communication between family members will become much stronger. Of course, this communication can be strengthened even further if members of the family are careful to take note of emotional indicators that allow them to identify the feelings of another family member without that person having to verbally express his or her feelings.

Explain what the FCCLA is and identify the purpose of the FCCLA

Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America, is a youth organization for students in FCS education. The FCCLA offers a variety of publications and programs designed to educate people about parenting, relationships, substance abuse, teen pregnancy, and teen violence, among other concerns. By focusing public attention to the problems that young people face, the FCCLA gains support for programs and laws that help protect young people and their families. The FCCLA also shows students how they can improve their FCS skills and apply those skills later in life

Define and explain the terms "family" and "single individual"

Family- commonly considered a group of individuals related by birth, adoption, or marriage who reside together, usually for the purpose of raising children. However, a family can refer to any group of people who live together in the same household even if they are not related by blood or legal ties. This means that an unmarried couple who is living together or even a pair of roommates may still be considered a family. Single individual- opposite of a family because it is a person who lives alone and therefore does not regularly interact with relatives or other individuals within the household.

Explain the importance of improving the overall quality of life to FCS education and explain some of the ways that this education attempts to improve the overall quality of life.

First of nine goals for FCS education is to improve the overall quality of life for individuals and families, which is also the primary mission of all the goals. FCS education teaches people about how individuals, families, and the rest of society interact with each other, along with methods for improving those interactions. These methods include problem-solving techniques, common scams and problems to avoid, methods to stay healthy both physically and psychologically, and the distribution of a variety of other information regarding how the individual, family, and rest of society function. Ultimately, FCS education strives to improve the quality of life by educating individuals and families in the best manner to function on a day-to-day basis. However, this goal is truly accomplished only when the other eight goals of FCS education are met as well.

Describe the fourth stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Formal operational stage- starts at age 11 and continues until the end of an individual's life. During this stage, an individual understands more abstract concepts and develops a logical way of thinking about those concepts. In other words, an individual begins to understand ideas that are less concrete or absolute and that cannot necessarily be backed up y physical evidence or observation such as morality, advanced math, and a person's state of being. It is also within this stage of development that individuals can understand all the variables in a problem and are able to determine most, if not all, the possible solutions to a problem rather than just the most obvious solutions. This stage is never truly completed; it continues throughout a person's life as the individual develops and improves his or her ability to think abstractly.

Explain the importance of identifying and defining the goals and values of a family or other organization before making a decision.

Identifying and defining the goals that a family or other organization needs to meet and the moral values that the family or organization wants to uphold can be extremely important prior to any decision because doing so offers a guide as to what options are unacceptable before an incorrect choice is made. By setting well-defined goals to achieve in the future, a family or organization can choose the options that appear to move it closer to the achievement of those goals. Defining the family's or organization's moral values is also important, because doing so aids in eliminating choices that might be directly opposed to what the family or organization considers correct and ethical.

Explain some of the ways an educator might teach students about various careers

In order to help students determine their interests and develop their skills, teachers should give them some example descriptions of various careers. Some of these examples may be FCS careers, though it is not necessary for them all to be so. The class should examine a diverse sampling of different careers, especially since FCS skills can be applied to virtually any setting. For example, a construction worker might not need to know about food, textiles, or housing design, but he or she still needs to know various problem-solving techniques. It can also be extremely useful for students to get some hands-on experience applying FCS concepts to the task associated with different careers.

Explain the importance of balancing home and work roles and how FCS education attempts to help balance these roles

It is important that an individual is able to balance his or her work and home roles because it is becoming more and more common for individuals to have to act as both caregiver and provider for the family. The ever more common presence of dual roles in society can be extremely difficult for an individual to balance, as there may be instances where work-related responsibilities and family-related responsibilities conflict with one another. FCS education attempts to each individuals how to avoid and how to handle these conflicts through the use of successful life management tactics such as time and resources management, problem-solving and decision-making techniques. FCS education also attempts to give individuals a basic understanding of what responsibilities and qualities are necessary for the successful completion of each role so that individuals can set better priorities and find better ways to plan their lives

Identify some examples of how different types of resources can be used

Land resources can be used as locations for homes and businesses or as sites for other natural resources located on a piece of land, such as oil, minerals, soil that can be used for planting, and water for drinking and fishing. Examples of people who can be considered labor resources are marketers who determine the best way to sell a product, salespeople who sell the product to the consumer, factory workers who assemble that product, and anyone else who aids in achieving the end goal of those dealing with the product. Capital refers specifically to money but capital goods include the machinery that turns raw goods into a finished product in a factory. Information resources may be books or online sites that can be used to learn how to construct a better product or how to better manage a particular organization. Al of these resources can be used in a variety of ways, and most projects require a combination of different types of resources.

Explain some of the ways that the effects of teenage pregnancy on both the mother and her child can be reduced

Maintaining a stale and effective support system before and after a child is born is the most important factor for a teenage mother to function and raise her child in a healthy fashion. Studies have shown that most of the physical effects on the children of teenage pregnancy are a result of malnutrition and poor prenatal care. Both of these factors can be greatly reduced or eliminated if the young mother has help form parens or outside resources that teach her what to eat and where to get appropriate care. Because teenage parens almost always lack the resources and the life experience necessary to both supply and care for the child, a strong support system is essential in helping the mother financially and in raising the child.

Explain Havinghurst's developmental task concept

states that there are certain tasks each individual needs to go through at points during his or her life to continue developing into a happy and successful adult. These tasks, separated into 3 groups by their causes, are tasks resulting from physical maturation, personal causes, and societal pressures. A child learning to crawl is an example of a task that becomes necessary as the child matures physically. An individual learning basic first aid because he or she is interested in becoming an EMT is an example of a personal cause. An example of a task resulting from societal pressure is a child learning to behave appropriately in a store.

Explain the importance of professional organizations in regards to FCS education

Many of these local and national professional organizations offer seminars, courses, and publications on a wide range of topics directly to individuals and families to teach them about essential career and management skills, how to be smart consumers, the importance of following nutritional guidelines, and information about a wide range of other topics. These professional organizations also provide publications, advice, and curriculum guides to educational professionals that help these professionals teach and stay informed regarding important changes to the curriculum that result from changes in legislation, society, and the education system. These organizations also have a profound effect on FCS edu by influencing public policy and gathering support for programs that help educate and protect individuals and families from unsafe habits, business practices, products, and lifestyle.

Define marriage, and explain its importance to a well-functioning family.

Marriage is a union between two individuals that is often held as a legally binding contract in which the members of the union state their intention to live together and aid each other in maintaining a family. Even though couples who simply live together in the same household can constitute a family under the commonly used definition, the institution of marriage offers a level of stability to the family structure that is not present when an unmarried couple makes up the center of the family. This added stability is primarily a result of the societal, religious, and governmental recognition of the institution of marriage, which creates an expectation that the marriage-and ultimately the family-will remain intact. Although many married couples eventually separate and divorce, it is more difficult for a member of the marital couple to leave the family than it would be for a member of a couple who has no legal or societal obligation to remain together.

Describe the layers Maslow added to his hierarchy of human needs that were not included in his original hierarchy

Maslow later added 2 more layers above the self-actualization layer. The are the cognitive layer and the aesthetic layer. The cognitive layer is the layer that represents an individual's need to acquire and ultimately understand both abstract and concrete knowledge. The aesthetic layer, which became the fail layer in later versions of the pyramid, is the layer that represents the individual's need to discover, create, and experience beauty and art. Maslow later theorized that if an individual was unable to meet the needs of any given layer of the pyramid, those needs could become neurotic needs. Such needs are compulsions that, if satisfied, would not facilitate the individual's health or growth.

Explain the importance of non-financial resources to a family during difficult economic times

Non-financial resources can be extremely useful to a family that is experiencing financial problems. Non-financial resources can often be used to produce income or reduce costs that the family is experiencing. For example, a family that may not want to sell its house can rent out a room to make additional money. A family member who is a seamstress could lower the family's costs by mending everyone's clothing instead of throwing it away and buying new garments. A carpenter in the family could make necessary repairs to the family home, eliminating the cost of paying anyone else for labor. Any skill that a family member possesses can help cut the family's costs, and any service the family can offer to people outside the home can serve as a way of gathering additional income

Identify some of the characteristics of occupational FCS education

Occupational FCS edu is a teaching discipline that is similar to the standard discipline of FCS edu but focuses less on the skills for day-to-day living and more on how those skills can be used in the workplace. Occupational FCS edu covers information regarding skills that can commonly be applied in fields such as health services, food service, child care, hospitality, fashion design, interior design, and many other similar fields. Occupational FCS edu places more emphasis on FCS skills that directly relate to a career, such as management techniques and ethical businesses practices, than the standard family and consumer education discipline. The occupational FCS edu, discipline ultimately takes the skills that an individual has learned from the standard discipline and shows how those skills can be applied to a career.

Explain the manner in which a family aids in the development and education of family members

One of most important function a family provides is developing and education family members. Parents and grandparents pass their heritage and teachings of social norms and acceptable behavior to the children of the family through their customs, traditions, and ultimately their actions. Children learn about their heritage through the traditions of the family and also often learn lessons about the manner in which they are expected to behave by using the behavior of their parents and the rest of the household as a model for how they, too, should behave. Children also learn about the manner in which the world around them functions through the interactions of the members of the family with the world outside the household. This allows the child to understand more complex types of social interaction such as what goods the family needs, where the family must go to fulfill those needs, and what is needed to acquire those necessities

Explain the importance of social interaction outside the family

Outside social interaction is extremely important for all family members, regardless of age, because it offers an opportunity for the world around them, and learn more about values that one might not learn from the family alone. This especially true in the case of children. Research shows that children who have regular outside social interaction, through things such as extracurricular activities, are less likely to rebel or cause problems and more likely to excel in school and relationships. Outside social interaction is also necessary for the children of a family to eventually leave the household and create families of their own, as they need to seek out their own relationship. Therefore, social interaction with individuals outside of the family is necessary not only for the fulfillment of the members of the family, but also to continue the life cycle of the family.

Identify and describe some genetic and environmental traits

Research has shown that some traits that are almost completely genetic include eye color, blood type, and most diseases. In most cases, genetics also determines one's risk of future diseases, vision, and vision impairments. Religion and language, on the other hand, are examples of traits that researchers have proven to be almost completely environmental. These traits are all linked to specific genes or to specific environmental factors, but most traits are actually a result of both environmental and genetic influences. Traits such as height, weight, and skin color are all examples of traits that are influenced by both an individual's genes and his or her environment.

Explain some of the reasons why later researchers challenged Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Researchers have challenged Piaget's theory of cognitive development because studies indicate that Piaget may have underestimated the abilities of younger children to learn and understand various concepts. Piaget's theory indicates that younger children are unable to understand certain concrete and abstract thoughts early within their development even if another individual teaches the child .However, this notion has been disproved. Research shows that song children can be taught how to handle and understand problems that Piaget believed only older children would be able to comprehend. Researchers have also challenged Piaget's theory because studies indicate that if a younger child is given a task like one and older child might receive, but the difficulty of the task is adjusted to compensate for age, the younger child would actually understand the concept more effectively. Piaget's theory is still important, though ,because it presents the importance of active learning in a child's development. Notably, Piaget's throw ignores many of the benefits of adult learning.

Describe some social and economic factors that can affect the overall functioning of the family

Social and economic factors affect the overall functioning of a family. In fact, researchers use an index called the socioeconomic status, or SES, to measure the ability of the family to function in a healthy fashion. The SES uses the educational background of the members of the members of the family, the family's total income, and the skill-both actual and perceived-required by the occupations of the individuals who act as providers for the family to measure the family's ability to function. Individuals who are well-educated tend to marry later in life, receive jobs with higher incomes, and have careers with a higher social status, which all add stability to the marriage and stability to the overall functioning of the family. Families that earn a higher income are also less concerned with obtaining basic necessities because the family consistently has the means to obtain them. As a result, there is often less stress experienced by the family.

Identify some of the factors that might indicate whether an individual is using his or her affective skills effectively

Some of the factors that can be used to measure how well-developed an individual's affective skills are include determining how well the individual receives emotional stimuli and how well the individual responds to those stimuli. It is also important to determine how easy it is for the individual to acknowledge the worth of a particular situation, relationship, or individual and whether the individual has an organized and well-conceived value system. An individual's ability to receive and respond to emotional stimuli can be measured by how aware the individual is of a particular stimulus, and how focused the individual is on that stimulus. An individual's ability to assign value to a situation and uphold a value system can be measured by how motivated the individual is, how the individual behaves, and how consistent that individual's behavior is. For example, a student that always comes to class and clearly always pays attention may have well-developed affective skills.

Explain the relationship between the age at which a couple marries and the risk of future divorce

Studies indicate that the age at which a couple marries may have a significant impact on whether they remain married for an extended period. Individuals who marry before either member of the couple is 18 will often separate within a few years of their marriage. Individuals who are in the 18-25 range will separate less frequently than those who marry before 18, but they are still at a very high risk for their marriage ending in divorce than those who marry at younger ages. Ultimately, statistics show that the risk of divorce decreases as the age of each member of the couple at the time of the marriage increases

Explain substance abuse and the effect that it has on human development

Substance abuse- disorder in which an individual begins to overuse or becomes dependent on a particular drug or a group of drugs that ultimately has a negative impact on his or her health and human development. Substance abuse, especially when the individual becomes addicted to or dependent on the drug, can affect the individual's ability to interact both socially and physically. His or her ability to communicate intelligibly or even to complete relatively simple tasks can be severely hindered. After an individual has become chemically dependent on a particular drug, his or her body develops a physical need for the drug, and the individual will experience the effects of of withdrawal if he or she is unable to meet that need. However, substance abuse not only affects a person by causing health problems, it also severely hinders an individual's ability for social development, as the individual often has difficulty improving social skills because of his or her inability to control behavior, actions, and even basic speech.

Explain the effects that teenage pregnancy can have on a young woman's development and the development of the child to be born.

Teenage pregnancy can be defined as the act of a woman expecting a child prior to her twentieth birthday or, in some areas, prior to her being considered a legal adult. Teenage pregnancy can have a significant number of physical, social, economic, and psychological effect. Studies show that women who become pregnant as teenagers have a significantly higher chance of giving birth to the child prematurely, a higher risk of complications during pregnancy, especially when the mother is under the age of 15. It has also been shown that teenage mothers are most likely to drop out of high school and are even more likely never to finish college. This can make it much more difficult for a teenage mother to find a job, especially if she is the sole caretaker of her child. Also, children born to teenage mothers have been shown to be at higher risk for behavioral problems and often have more difficulty functioning in school.

Describe the first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

The 1st stage is infancy, which spans from birth-12 months. In this stage, a child is presented with the crisis of trust versus mistrust. Although everyone struggles with this crisis throughout their lives, a child needs to be able to realize the concept of trust and the elements of certainty. For example, a child learns that if his or her parents leave the room, they aren't going to abandon the child forever. If a child lei unable to realize the concept of trust because of traumatic life events, such as abandonment, the child may become withdrawn and avoid interaction with the rest of society.

Describe the 1st stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development

The 1st stage, the sensorimotor stage, lasts from birth to age 2. This is the period during which a child uses his or her sense of sight, hearing, and touch to learn about and explore elements of the world. Using these senses, children are able to discover new ways of solving simple problems such as using their hands to drop a block into a bucket and then remove it from the bucket. Another example is learning to use their eyes to find an object or person that has been hidden. As a result, it is also at this stage that a child begins to develop hand-eye coordination and the ability to reason out a method of achieving goals.

Describe the fourth and fifth layers of Maslow's hierarchy

The 4th layer is esteem layer, which represents the individual's need to respect him or herself and be respected and accepted by others. The 5th and top layer is the self-actualization layer. It represents the individual's need for morality, creativity, and trust. Maslow theorized that individual's could survive without reaching the higher levels of the pyramid but that would feel a sense of anxiousness if these needs were not met. Maslow also believed that individuals who reached the higher levels of the pyramid did not receive any tangible benefit from meeting these needs other than a feeling of fulfillment and the motivation to fulfill needs higher on the pyramid.

Describe the seventh stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

The 7th stage is the middle adulthood stage, occurring between the ages of 35-60. In this stage, an adult comes aware of the crisis of generativity versus stagnation in which the individual is concerned with continuing his or her genetic line before it is too late. Generatively refers to the ability to produce offspring and then nurture, guide, and prepare that offspring for future life. At the same time, however, generatively in this context also refers to any act that gives something of value to the next generation such as teaching children how to read. If an individual is unable to contribute to the next generation in some form, the individual will feel a sense of failure resulting from stagnation, which is simply a lack of accomplishment.

Explain the concept of nature versus nurture in relation to human development

The concept of nature versus nurture is the idea that of all a person's traits, some result from his or her genetic heritage, an some result from his or her environment. In this context, nature refers to any trait that an individual is born with, or has acquired through genes. Nurture may be seen as the opposite of nature; it refers to any trait that an individual learns from the environment. Nurture often refers specifically to the environment created by the parents of the child, but it can refer to any environmental condition that affects the development of the child. The concept of nature versus nurture is important because it shows that individuals inherit some of their traits from their parens, but they also develop many of their traits from their environment.

List the first three of the six major age periods identified by Havinghurst in his developmental taks concept, and give an example of a task that took place during each age period.

The first 3 major age periods identified by Havinghurst in his developmental task concept are infancy and early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Infancy and early childhood is the period from ages 0-5, and it consists of tasks such as learning to walk, talk, and eat solid foods as well as learning right from wrong. Middle childhood is the period of development from ages 6-12 that includes tasks such as learning to get along with others, moral values, and skills and knowledge required for day-to-day living. Adolescence is the period from ages 13-18, and it requires tasks that include learning how to relate with members of the opposite sex, learning the social role of one's gender in society, and preparing for life after childhood

Explain some of the steps that an educator might take when determining the best way to meet the special needs of a student

The first step is to identify exactly what that particular child's needs consist of, as each student is unique in his or her ability to learn and comprehend. If a student is performing poorly, a teacher must determine the cause of the student's poor performance. Once the cause has been identified, the teacher can then determine how much assistance the students needs. If the student's needs can be met through such techniques as one-on-one attention or special project assignments, this is usually the best course of action. However, if the student has needs that require solutions beyond simple changes in curriculum, including potential psychological or physiological disorders, the educator has an obligation to consult with other educational professionals and to discuss other options with the child's parents

Name and briefly describe the four major ways a family can be structured

The four major types of family structures are nuclear, extended, single-parent, and blended. Each of these structures is based on the idea that a family is a group of people who participate in raising the next generation. A nuclear family is the traditional concept of a family in which a mother, father, and their children live in the same household. An extended family is an expansion of the nuclear family that includes the mother, father, and their children as well as aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents. A single-parent structure is a family in which one parent is the only one in the home caring for the children. A blended family, also known as a stepfamily, is one in which a parent marries or remarries when he or she already has his or her own children, and there is a parent, stepparent, and one or more children living in the household.

List the last 3 of the 6 major age periods identified by Havinghurst in his developmental task concept, and give an example of a task that took place during each age period.

The last 3 major age periods are early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later maturity. Early adulthood is the period of life from ages 19-29, and it is the age range where tasks such as starting a long-term relationship, finding a career, and starting a family are required. Middle adulthood is the period from ages 30-60 that includes takes such as finding adult recreational activities, achieving in one's chosen career, and helping one's teenage children become healthy and happy adults. Later maturity is the period from ages 61-death. This period consists of tasks such as adjusting to the death of a spouse, adjusting to the effects of old age, and finding people in one's peer group to interact with.

List and briefly describe the last four stages of the family life cycle, beginning with the stage that comes after the full nest III stage

The last four stages of the family life cycle are the empty nest I stage, the empty nest II stage, the solitary survivor in labor force stage, and the retired solitary survivor stage. During empty nest I stage, the head of the household is married and still in the labor force, but the couple has no children at home. Empty nest II stage is the same as empty nest I stage except that the head of the household has retired. the next stage, solitary survivor in labor force stage, occurs when one member of the couple has passed away, and the survivor must continue to work to support himself and herself. The final stage, the retired solitary survivor stage, is the same as the solitary survivor in labor force stage except that the survivor has retired, and there are no longer any individuals living in the household who are still in the labor force.

Describe the last stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

The last stage is the later adulthood stage, which is the period that starts at age 60 and extends to the end of one's life. In this stage, an individual is confronted with the crisis of ego integrity versus despair. During this time, an adult begins to examine the course of his or her life by reflecting on the kind of person that he or she has been. If the adult feels that he or she has had a meaningful life and has accomplished something during it, this will lead to a strong sense of integrity. However, if the individual is unhappy with the way he or she has acted, this person will experience despair and will fear death as the absolute end of further achievement.

List some of the common causes of conflict within a relationship

The many sources of conflict within a relationship are too numerous to mention, but some of the common problems include the following: setting expectations that are too high, not appreciating or respecting the other person in the relationship, not considering the feelings of the other person ,being afraid of showing affection or emotion, being overdependent, being inflexible, expecting the other member of the relationships to change, and lacking effective communication. Preventing conflict can be extremely difficult. Preventing it altogether is virtually impossible, but avoiding some or all of these common sources of conflict can greatly reduce the number of conflicts that take place within any given relationship.

Explain the importance of the married couple within the context of a family

The married couple, or in some cases, the couple living together is the core of the family and therefore has a profound effect on the relationships and well-being of the family. If a marital couple is having difficulty in their relationship, and the stress of those difficulties becomes apparent, the rest of the family will most likely exhibit signs of stress. For example, if the marital couple is consistently seen fighting, or even if they just become withdrawn after a fight, other family members may react to the stress and become withdrawn, upset, or even hostile. On the other hand, marital couples who are not experiencing marital difficulties and who appear warm and affectionate will foster the same feelings of warmth and affection in the rest of the family.

Identify some of the factors that indicate whether an individual is using his or her cognitive skills effectively

The measures of cognitive skills development are the ability to retain knowledge, comprehend knowledge, apply knowledge, and evaluate knowledge. Knowledge retention can be measured by testing recall of certain facts and information through conversation or in an exam setting. Knowledge comprehension can be demonstrated by describing a concept in a different form, explaining a concept in more detail, simplifying a concept, or predicting a result based on a particular concept. Breaking a concept down into individual parts and demonstrating how those parts make up the whole can slo show comprehension. Knowledge application can be demonstrated by the use of a particular concept in a real-life situation. Finally, knowledge evaluation can be indicated by an ability to make judgements and accurately assess the utility of a given concept.

Explain the basic purpose of a family

The primary purpose of a family is to ensure the survival of the family and to nurture the children. Families facilitate survival by sharing the work and tasks such as earning a living and taking care of the home. Family also provides emotional support to one another during stressful times. The family nurtures the children by offering social and emotional interaction, protecting them from potential danger, and educating them in social norms and customs. The family also provides the basic necessities required for the basic physical development of the children in the household, including food, clothing, shelter, and play.

Name and describe the tow major types of communication that individuals within a family use to maintain the functioning of the family.

The two primary types of communication used by family members are affective communication and instrumental communication. Affective communication is communication in which an individual demonstrates his or her feelings through facial expressions, motions, gestures, or by stating his or her feelings outright. Instrumental communication is when an individual informs another member of the family of a piece of factual information that is necessary to carry out the normal day-to-day functions of the family. An example of instrumental communication is a mother informing her child where he or she can find his or her socks. Families that use both types of communication usually function more effectively than families that use instrumental communication more often than affective communication.

Explain some of the ways that the risk of teenage pregnancy can be reduced.

The two primary ways that the risk of teenage pregnancy can be reduced dare through the promotion of contraceptive use or abstinence and through the promotion of social interaction between teenagers and their parents. The best way to reduce the risk of teenage pregnancy is to abstain from intercourse, but the use of a contraceptive, even though it does not guarantee that a teenager will not bemuse pregnant, can greatly reduce the chances of pregnancy when used correctly. Studies have also shown that teenagers who have regular, open communication with their parents are more likely to wait to have intercourse until later in their lives. However, regardless of what precautions are use, the risk of teenage pregnancy cannot be eliminated completely, as there is always the risk of contraceptives failing, or the risk that a teenager may become a rape victim.

Describe any major changes that have occurred to the structure of families in the United States in the past several decades.

The typical family structure in the United States has changed dramatically in recent years as the norm moves away from the nuclear family and toward the blended family. As more people divorce and remarry, blended families are becoming much more common. In this family structure, children are cared for by both biological and stepparents. This increase in the number of blended families, which were unheard of 50 years ago, has resulted in two substructures: simple and complex. In a simple stepfamily, only one of the individuals marrying has children before the marriage. In a complex stepfamily, both parents marrying have their own children before the marriage.

Identify some of the factors that increase the risk of teenage suicide

There are a number of factors that increase the risk of teenage suicide, but studies indicate that a teenager's history, emotional and physical health, social pressures, and access to the methods necessary to carry out a suicide are the most influential factors. If a teenager has attempted suicide, has a history of drug or alcohol abuse, a history of

List and briefly describe the first 5 stages that a family goes through during its life cycle

There are commonly 9 stages in the family life cycle. The first 5 stages are as follows: the bachelor stage, the newly married couple stage, full nest stage I, full nest stage II, and full nest stage III. The bachelor stage is the stage in which the individual is yet to be married, and the family has not yet been established. The 2nd stage is the newly married couple stage in which 2 individuals have just married but do not have children. The 3rd stage is the beginning of the three full nest stages, when the parents are beginning to raise children. During full nest stage I, the youngest child is under 6. The 4th stage, full nest stage II, is when the youngest child is 6 or over. The 5th stage, full nest stage III, is the stage in which an older married couple has independent children.

Explain some of the functions, other than offering advice to education professionals, that community advisory committees perform

assessing the performance of FCS programs, assessing the performance of students with special needs, and providing equipment, technology, and resources for FCS programs. Theses resources may include raw materials, textile samples, charts and diagrams, library books, and access to computers and design software. Community advisory committees also help students improve their chances of finding better jobs and careers and act as a public relations liaison for local FCS programs. Ultimately, the primary purpose of a FCS community advisory committee is to ensure that FCS program has all of the resources and training necessary to achieve the program's goals

Describe the roles that are essential to the functioning of a healthy family

There are five major roles that are essential to the functioning of a healthy family. These roles are provision of necessities, development and education, emotional support, management of the family, and satisfaction of the married couple's needs. Individuals within the family need to provide necessities by creating income so that the family has access to food, clothing ,and shelter. Family members need to teach not only customs, but also skills that will help the members of the family achieve academically and professionally. Families must provide emotional support for the family members during times of high stress. In addition, the family needs someone to take a leadership role and handle issues such as managing finances and maintaining the roles essential to the family's survival. The married couple has its own requirements, including basic necessities, sexual needs, and emotional needs that must be met for the family to continue functioning normally.

Describe some factors, other than age, that may have an effect on the risk of a marriage ending in divorce

There are many factors that may influence the risk of a marriage ending in divorce, including income, education, religion, pregnancy before marriage,and whether the parents of the married couple are divorced. Couples who make over $50,000 a year are at a much lower risk of divorce than couples who make less than that amount. Couples comprised of well-educated individuals who have graduated from high school and have at least some college background also have a much lower risk of divorce than less educated individuals. Couples with no religious background or drastically different religious backgrounds have a much higher risk of divorce than couples who have children after they are married. Individuals with parents who are divorced also have higher risk of divorce than individuals from intact families.

Briefly explain some of the basic concepts that family and consumer education focuses on

There are several concepts at the core of FCS edu, but one of the most important concepts is that families form the basic unit of society. Another important concept of FCS edu is that individuals need to be life-long learners in order to develop and function successfully. Finally, FCS edu promotes the idea that individuals and families need to have an understanding of the advantages of experimenting with different decision-making methods and diverse ways of thinking in order to solve any given problem.

Explain the role that the FCCLA and other family-oriented youth organizations play in FCS education

They play an important role in influencing national policy related to protecting families and consumers. Additionally, these organizations are important because they support FCS educational programs, which strive to improve the overall quality of life for individuals and families by teaching people skills that will enable them to live better lives.

Define time management and explain its importance

Time management is the process of using skills, tools, principles, and practices together in order to most efficiently use the time that an individual or group of individuals has available. The efficiency goal of time management is similar to that of work simplification; however, time management itself does not actually make work easier. Instead, time management itself does not actually make work easier. Instead, time management involves finding the most proficient way to complete a task at hand in the amount of time given. Time management is extremely important in both business and personal settings, as people often do not have enough time available to complete every single taks they face. Planning how to complete the greatest number of tasks possible in the amount of time available allows people to get more value out of their time and efforts.

Explain the impact new acts of legislation can have on family and consumer science education

When a new act of legislation is passed, it can often have a profound impact on the types of materials used in FCS classrooms, as well as the issues that should be addressed by FCS education. It is important that individuals understand the legal protections and rights granted to them by the various acts put into place by state and federal governments. Since laws are constantly changing, FCS educators must be able to adapt quickly and add information regarding new legislation to their curriculum

Define work simplification and explain some of the ways that work can be simplified

Work simplification is the process of discovering and implementing a series of procedures allowing an individual or a group of individuals to complete a task more easily and efficiently. Based on the particular type of task being performed, work can be simplified in a number of ways by determining the best possible way to complete a task without significantly impacting the overall quality of the work. Some of the basic methods used to make any taks easier and more efficient include ensuring that individuals have access to necessary equipment, that work areas are organized, and that any steps in the work process that do not directly affect the outcome of the work are eliminated.

Describe the 5th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

adolescence stage, which covers ages 11-18. In this stage, the child is faced with the crisis of identity versus role confusion. During this stage, the child attempts to find his or her place in society and identify future goals and the skills and values necessary to achieve those goals. At this stage, the child also becomes more aware of how people perceive him or her and becomes concerned with those perceptions. If the child is unable to determine what future goals he or she is interested in pursuing, it can lead to confusion about what roles the child will play when he or she reaches adulthood.

Identify some of the methods an educator could use to demonstrate family and consumer science concepts

best methods always involve promoting students' active participation. Some examples of active participation include allowing students to use a sewing machine; having students test the qualities of various textiles to see how soft, lustrous, resilient, absorbent, etc. each material is; and requiring students to prepare a meal. Students can also demonstrate active participation with the following activities: comparing advertisements to find the best offer for a particular product, examining common marketing tactics, visiting or working in a local daycare center, and being involved in local community service activities. Many of these activities serve not only as effective ways of teaching students about the important concepts of FCS, but also as a means of testing the students' ability to apply the techniques, skills, and information that they have learned

Briefly explain Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

breaks the process of human development into 8 stages necessary for healthy functioning. The 8 stages Erikson identified are infancy, younger years, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood. During each of these stages, individuals must overcome a developmental obstacle, which Erikson called a crisis, to be able to progress and face the crises of later stages. If an individual is not able to overcome one of the crises along the way, later crises will be more difficult for him or her to overcome. Erikson's theory also maintains that individuals who are unable to successful pass through a particular crisis will likely encounter that same crisis again.

Describe the 3rd stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

early childhood stage, spanning from ages 3-5. In this stage, a child is faced with the crisis of initiative versus guilt. The child is presented with the need to discover the ambition necessary to continue functioning independently. This stage is strongly linked with the moral development of the child as he or she begins to use make-believe play to explore the kind of person he or she wants to become in the future. If children are unable to explore their ambitions or if they are expected to function with too much self-control, they will develop feelings of guilt as they begin to see their ambitions, dreams, and goals as unattainable or inappropriate.

Explain the importance of laboratory settings in family and consumer sciences education and give some examples of places that might be used as a laboratory setting

it offers students an opportunity to gain hands-on experience using a variety of skills and techniques. Many important areas of the FCS discipline center around using a combination of various skills to achieve a certain end result and sometimes the best way to teach the appropriate way to integrate these skills is through experience. A lab setting offers students a place to demonstrate and improve their skills related to the FCS field with the advantage of having a teacher present to answer questions and correct mistakes. Some examples of useful lab settings for FCS field include kitchens or food science, day care centers, and testing labs for textiles and consumer products

Describe the 4th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.

middle childhood stage, which covers ages 6-10. In this stage, a child is faced with the crisis of industry versus inferiority and is presented with the need to develop the ability to complete productive tasks such as schoolwork and working in groups. If children are unable to learn how to work effectively, either alone or in a group, they will develop a sense of inferiority as a result of their inability to complete the tasks set before them that their peers are capable of completing. For example, if a child is regularly unable to complete their homework because the child does not understand the material while the rest of the child's peers are not having difficulty, this can lead the child to develop a sense of inferiority.

Describe the 2nd stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

preoperational stage- spans from ages 2-7. This is the stage in which children begin to use words, symbols, and pictures to describe what they have discovered about particular elements of the world around them. During this stage, children begin to develop an understanding of language, and they can focus their attention on a particular subject or object. Piaget theorized that children at this stage have a faulty sense of logic when attempting to understand certain concepts such as volume, mass, and number when some element is changed. For example, if a liquid is poured into a tall container, and then an equal amount of liquid is poured into a smaller but wider container, the children would believe that the taller container contains more liquid even though this obviously is not the case.

Identify some of the factors that indicate whether an individual is using his or her psychomotor skills effectively

psychomotor skills are assessed by testing performance of physical skills and acts, particularly the precision and fluency with which these acts are performed. Physical skills can be measured by noting how difficult it is for the person to accomplish a complex physical activity, such as climbing a rope or assembling a model. The precision of those skills can be measured by examining the quality and duration of the performance. For example, if the individual has constructed a model plane: does the model look like a plane? are its wings and other parts attached correctly? how long did it take to assemble? Finally, an activity is narwal for an individual if he or she can perform it without thinking.

Identify some of the methods an educator might use to determine whether a student understands a particular concept

to see if the student can actively apply the information he or she has learned to such everyday tasks as cooking, sewing, and time management; however, a student may not be able to demonstrate his or her understanding of certain concepts if a lab setting is not available. Alternative methods by which an educator can evaluate a student's level of comprehension include administering written test, assigning projects and research papers, teaching students to design charts and diagrams, involving students in the evaluation of case studies and scenarios, and requiring students keep a journal of their activities and eating habits. Which evaluation method an educator should use depends primarily on the curriculum being covered and the abilities of the students who are taking the class

Describe the 2nd stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

younger years stage, which covers ages 1-3. In this stage, a child is faced with the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt. The child is presented with the need to become independent and learn skills such as using the toilet without assistance. If the child is able to overcome this crisis, he or she will gain the sense of self-pride necessary to continue fostering the child's growing need for independence. If, however, the child is unable to overcome this crisis and cannot establish his or her own independence, the child will develop feelings of shame and doubt about his or her ability to function without assistance.