AAMC FL3 BB

Post translational modification in eukaryotes

- 5' cap - poly A tail - alternative splicing

Slow Twitch Fiber Characteristics

- aerobic - high capillary density - high myoglobin - high mitochondria - high Ca2+ pumping density - low glycogen storage

optimal enzymatic activity temperature

37 degrees celsius

Which type(s) of restriction enzyme(s) can recognize the HIF binding sequence? A restriction enzyme that has: a four-base recognition sequence a six-base recognition sequence an eight-base recognition sequence A.I only B.II only C.III only D.I and II only

4 and 6 are the magic numbers for restriction enzymes :) D

Why is the level of tubulin included in the Figure 2B? A.Tubulin is used as a control to assess the total protein level in different samples. B.Tubulin controls the expression of NDU in hypoxia and normoxia. C.Tubulin is induced by hypoxia at the same time as NDU. D.Tubulin expression is regulated by NDU.

A. tubulin concentration does NOT change. It will be stable. therefore, it will be used as a control.

Which amino acid residue is involved in the bond that joins the α and β subunits of HGF? A.A B.C C.S D.Y passage says they are joined together by a disulfide bond

B. cysteine is the only AA that can make disulfide bonds :)

Mucous secretions in the respiratory tract inhibit microbial infections. These secretions are produced by which of the following tissue types found in the lungs? A.Smooth muscle B.Epithelial C.Nervous D.Connective

Epithelial :)

secondary active transport

Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport.

The rate of a typical enzymatic reaction is increased by which of the following changes? A.Decrease in a substrate concentration B.Increase in pH from 6.8 to 7.4 C.Increase in the energy of activation D.Increase in temperature from 20°C to 37°C

KEY WORD IS INCREASED. A- this would make it go slower B- this might denature it C- increase activation energy is opposite of what an enzyme does. D: optimal enzymatic activity is at 37 degrees celsius.

Complex I

NADH dehydrogenase

Cells that contain a large amount of phosphorylated p38 are most likely: A.increasing in size. B.replicating their DNA. C.dividing. D.undergoing growth arrest. passage: Phosphorylation of p38 is an indication of normal apoptotic signaling in GM6112 cells.

Soooo. If it is NORMAL apoptotic, then the cells would not be doing anything to divide. This marks off a, b, and c. We are left with D. apoptotic signaling leads to growth arrest.

According to the passage, relative to slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch fibers are likely to exhibit which property? A.Greater Ca2+-pumping capacity B.Increased capillary density C.More mitochondria D.Higher levels of oxygen-binding proteins

You know from the passage that fast twice uses anaerobic exercise. this will immediately cross out d and c. capillary density would also be with slow twitch fibers. A is the correct answer because ca2+ pumping capacity would increase because these muscles are faster.

reverse transcriptase

a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template found in viruses!

ETC is an _________ process.

aerobic

Which action(s) could contribute to the positive inotropic effect of digoxin on cardiac myocytes? Decrease transport of Ca2+ to the extracellular environment. Increase availability of intracellular Ca2+ to bind to troponin. Increase overall Ca2+ stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A.II only B.III only C.I and II only D.I, II, and III

all of these actions will lead to an increase in intracellular calcium levels, resulting in enhancement of the contractile force of the heart. For contractile force increase, you want INTRACELLULAR calcium!

Histidine structure

basic. has conjugated cyclopentane ring

imprinted gene

expression is determined by the parent that contributed them. violates inheritance rule that both alleles in a heterozygote for example, Gene X has 2 alelles A and B. So you get allele A from mom, and allele B from dad. But Dad's is methylated to turned off it will never transcribe. So the only allele that is expressed is allele A which is maternal. So you will have paternal imprinting and maternal expressivity. because any cell in your body will only express 1 allele.

glucogenesis

formation of glucose

gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Caspase-8

proteolytic enzyme used in hydrolase/hydrolysis

DNA methylation

silencing of gene expression! opposite of acetylation

Complex II

succinate dehydrogenase (FADH2)

Which component of the electron transport chain is defective in cells from an SDH-linked paraganglioma tumor? A.Complex I B.Complex II C.Complex III D.Complex IV Researchers identified a mutation (L79R) in the human succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) gene that results in loss of function of SDH

succinate dehydrogenase produces fadh2 which is associated with complex 2 of etc :)

Assuming that protein synthesis was under way when the radioactive amino acids were added, which of the following best describes how the radioactivity was distributed in one of the first molecules of Protein X that was completely translated? A.Radioactive amino acids were randomly located throughout the molecule. B.Radioactive amino acids were located only at one end of the molecule. C.Radioactive amino acids were located at both ends, but not in the middle, of the molecule. D.Radioactive amino acids were located in the middle, but not at either end, of the molecule.

synthesis was already underway. that means the n terminal and the middle were already done. so the radioactive molecules would be only at one end.

Based on the passage, the overexpression of which protein is most likely associated with GM6112 cells becoming cancerous? A.cFLIP B.Caspase-8 C.FADD D.Fas

the answer would be cFLIP. cFLIP is specifically stated to not be involved with apoptotic signaling. **just look at figure 2** cFLIP has the biggest circle also, keep in kind of the word choices in the question stem. "overexpression of which PROTEIN is..."" receptors and enzymes are proteins

histone acetylation

the attachment of acetyl groups (-COCH3) to certain amino acids of histone proteins, the chromatin becomes less compact, and the DNA is accessible for transcription activates transcription by adding acetyl groups, decreases positive charge on lysine residues opens up DNA

hydrolase activity

used in proteolytic cleavage. (cleaving of peptide bonds) protease!

Based on these results, the MET mutation is what type of mutation? A.Purine to purine B.Purine to pyrimidine C.Pyrimidine to purine D.Pyrimidine to pyrimidine

you see this go from thymine to cytosine which is pyrimidine to pyrimidine.

Fast Twitch Fibers Characteristics

- anaerobic - low capillary density - low myoglobin - low mitochondria - low Ca2+ pumping density - large glycogen storage

In the absence of digoxin treatment, hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP results in which combination of ion movements across the myocardial cell membrane? A.1 K+ out; 2 Na+ in B.2 Na+ out; 1 K+ in C.3 K+ out; 2 Na+ in D.3 Na+ out; 2 K+ in

Aight homie. This passage says: Na+K+ ATPase is a primary active transporter. So we are going to follow the rules of this. D.3 Na+ out; 2 K+ in

Based on Figure 1, hypoxia induces an enzyme of: A.the respiratory chain. B.glycolysis. C.glycogenesis. D.the citric acid cycle.

B. phosphoglucose isomerase is an enzyme in glycolysis. ALSO, the passage states that there would be an increase in glycolytic energy production.

The Cgr1 and Cgr2 proteins are produced from: A.separate mRNAs transcribed from different promoter sequences upstream of each gene. B.a single mRNA transcribed from a single promoter sequence upstream of the operon. C.a single RNA transcribed from a single promoter sequence and alternately spliced to produce separate mRNAs. D.separate mRNAs translated from a single promoter upstream of the operon. passage: An operon containing two genes, cardiac glycoside reductase 1 and 2 (cgr1 and cgr2)

B.a single mRNA transcribed from a single promoter sequence upstream of the operon. an operon containing two genes in prokaryotic cells is transcribed from a single promoter upstream of the first gene in the operon c is wrong because the passage says these are bacteria. Bacteria do NOT do alternative splicing. Only eukaryotes do.

Which of the following is the most likely reason that 7 of the 9 clinically depressed patients with the R441H hTPH2 allele failed to respond to even the highest doses of SSRIs? These seven patients: A.also have a mutation in the postsynaptic serotonin receptor. B.do not release enough serotonin into the synapse for the SSRIs to make a difference. C.produce an enzyme that degrades the SSRIs before the SSRIs can have an effect. D.have a form of depression in which the postsynaptic serotonin receptors are constitutively activated.

B.do not release enough serotonin into the synapse for the SSRIs to make a difference. this is also shown in the figure!

allosteric inihibitor

binding to a site other than the substrate binding site switches from active form to non active form

Complex IV

cytochrome c oxidase

succinyl coA synthease

oxidation of succinyl CoA -> succinate

Certain viruses contain RNA as their genetic material. One of the ways these RNA viruses replicate themselves is to: A.code for or carry a transcriptase that copies viral RNA. B.infect microorganisms possessing RNA as their genetic material. C.alter the host cell's polymerase in order to synthesize progeny viral RNA from the viral RNA template. D.stimulate the transcription of specific sequences of the host's DNA, which, in turn, direct the assembly of viral particles.

A. RNA viruses require a type of transcriptase (reverse transcriptase) to replicate themselves.

Within the intestines, unabsorbed fats are broken down into fatty acids by intestinal bacteria. Given this, excess unabsorbed fats most likely have which of the following effects within the intestines? A.They increase the osmotic pressure within the intestines, leading to diarrhea. B.They decrease the osmotic pressure within the intestines, leading to diarrhea. C.They increase the osmotic pressure within the intestines, leading to constipation. D.They decrease the osmotic pressure within the intestines, leading to constipation.

A. more fish chilling= more pressure; inhibit absorption= diarrhea excess of unabsorbed fats in the intestines inhibits normal water and electrolyte absorption, resulting in increased osmotic pressure and diarrhea

Allosteric inhibition of an enzyme involves which of the following events? A.Binding of an inhibitor uncompetitively in place of the substrate B.Binding of an inhibitor competitively in place of the substrate C.Binding of an inhibitor noncompetitively in place of the substrate D.Binding of an inhibitor to a site other than the substrate binding site

ALLOSTERIC= anywhere but the active site. All of these other answer choices have the words: " in place of a substrate" signifying that it is going to the active site. Allosteric is NOT at the active site.

HDACs change chromatin by: A.decreasing its coiling and promoting DNA replication. B.increasing its condensation and inhibiting transcription. C.decreasing charge repulsion between acetyl groups, which increases transcription. D.loosening the attachment of DNA to nucleosome core particles. passage: inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs), which counter the effects of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) in controlling chromatin structure in histone and non-histone proteins.

B. Histone acetylation makes the DNA become LESS compact, so it is ready to be transcripted. inhibiting of this would condense the dna and inhibit transcription. Answer choice A would be exactly what histone acetylation is trying to accomplish

A drug that inhibits the activity of which of the following enzymes would be most likely to relieve depression in some people, assuming the chemical reactions in Figure 1 are irreversible? A.Aldehyde dehydrogenase B.Monoamine oxidase A C.L-Aromatic amino acid carboxylase D.Tryptophan-5-hydroxylase

B. this is shown as the next enzyme from the production of serotonin in the cascade depicted!

The adrenal medulla is part of which branch(es) of the peripheral nervous system? A.The somatic nervous system only B.The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system only C.The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system only D.Both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system

B.The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system only

Based on the information in the passage, what is the most likely mechanism of inheritance for HPRCC? A.Autosomal dominant B.Autosomal recessive C.X-linked recessive D.Y linked

C and D are out because there is nothing in the passage to indicate that they are sex linked genes. you read the pedigree wrong :( you can see that the trait is dominant in the first one because 3/4 have the allele while 1 does not. also the parents in the second generation have both unaffected and affected kiddos. this could only be due to a dominant allele.

Which of the following best describes the chemical energy that is derived from the Krebs cycle? Energy is produced in the forms of: A.ATP, which directly supplies energy for many cellular processes, and NAD+, which supplies energy for the electron transport chain. B.NAD+, which directly supplies energy for many cellular processes, and ATP, which supplies energy for the electron transport chain. C.ATP, which directly supplies energy for many cellular processes, and NADH, which supplies energy for the electron transport chain. D.NADH, which directly supplies energy for many cellular processes, and ATP, which supplies energy for the electron transport chain.

C. Nadh and fadh2 are what are used in the electron transport chain. ATP is made in krebs

Based on the passage, which of the following conditions most likely contributed to the boy's weight loss? A.A decrease in the ability of the villi to propel food into the large intestine for the completion of digestion B.An increase in enzyme secretion by the mucosal epithelium into the intestinal lumen, leading to excess digestion of nutrients C.A decrease in the surface area of the small intestine, leading to a decrease in nutrient absorption D.A decrease in enzyme secretion by the mucosal epithelium into the intestinal lumen, leading to incomplete digestion of nutrients Passage: "indigestible polypeptides are taken up by the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine where they are deaminated by the enzyme TG2"

C.A decrease in the surface area of the small intestine, leading to a decrease in nutrient absorption since celiac people cannot digest these proline rich food that means that they continue to lose weight this would be referring to villi in the small intestine for food absorption.

Which statement correctly identifies an enzyme involved in DNA replication and describes its primary function? A.Ligase catalyzes the binding of RNA primers to DNA via phosphodiester bonds. B.Primase catalyzes the replacement of RNA primer nucleotides with DNA nucleotides. C.Helicase catalyzes the separation of the parent DNA strands at the origin of replication. D.Topoisomerase catalyzes the joining of adjacent Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand of DNA.

C.Helicase catalyzes the separation of the parent DNA strands at the origin of replication.---> helices unwinds the strands! A- this is done by dna polymerase B- primases catalyze synthesizing short RNA sequences that are complementary to a single-stranded piece of DNA, which serves as its template. These also make the primers. They do NOT attach the primer. D- topoisomerase relaxes strain! ligase actually joins the okazaki fragments. ligase: puts okazaki fragments together on lagging strands

Individual M has longer limbs and muscles than Individual N. Both individuals lift the same amount of weight from the ground to their shoulders an equal number of times. If all repetitions were completed in synchrony, which statement about the amount of work completed by the individuals is true? At the end of the workout: A.both individuals will have done the same amount of work because the force was applied for the same duration of time. B.Individual M will have done less work because the object was moved a greater distance. C.Individual N will have done less work because the object was moved a shorter distance. D.Individual M will have done more work because the muscle contracted faster to achieve synchrony with Individual N. passage: The length of a muscle fiber does not contribute to the force it generates. Length, however, is important in determining how much work the muscle can do. Assuming two muscles have the same CSA, the longer muscle would perform more work because work is the product of force times the distance shortened.

C.Individual N will have done less work because the object was moved a shorter distance. this is stated in the passage. Answer choice D is wrong because work is not dependent on speed. work= force x distance

What are the relative potentials for force and power generation by a slow-twitch muscle fiber and a fast-twitch muscle fiber of the same diameter? A.The slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers possess the same potentials for force and power generation. B.The slow-twitch fiber is capable of generating more force than the fast-twitch fiber, while the potential for power generation is the same. C.The fast-twitch fiber is capable of generating more power than the slow-twitch fiber, while the potential for force generation is the same. D.The fast-twitch fiber is capable of generating more force than the slow-twitch fiber, while the potential for power generation is the same. passage: certain types of exercise can increase fiber diameter (hypertrophy). This effect is largely limited to fast-twitch fibers. When these fibers are stimulated by anaerobic exercise such as weight lifting or sprinting, the size of myofibrils is increased via enhanced synthesis of contractile proteins. As a result, the fibers exhibit greater contractile strength and, because their fibers hydrolyze ATP at a greater rate, increased power. Fast-twitch fiber metabolism is largely limited to glycolytic pathways. Slow-twitch fibers do not undergo hypertrophy in response to anaerobic exercise. These endurance fibers are adapted for aerobic exercises such as long distance running and cycling and respond with increased oxidative capacity for ATP production.

C.The fast-twitch fiber is capable of generating more power than the slow-twitch fiber, while the potential for force generation is the same. this is literally given to you in the passage :)

Which of the following animal pairs best illustrates the outcome of convergent evolution? A.The dolphin and the shark B.The domestic sheep and the mountain goat C.The polar bear and the panda bear D.The light-colored and the dark-colored forms of the peppered moth

Convergent evolution occurs when organisms that are in similar environments have similiar changes happen to them but super different species. POE: C- these species are related. D- this is the same species B- these species are similar This leaves us with A. Sharks are cartilaginous fishies. Dolphins are mammals. These are hella unrelated.

Kallman Syndrome is a disease in which gonadotropin-releasing hormone producing neurons fail to migrate from the olfactory area to the hypothalamus during embryonic development. Which endocrine axis is disrupted in individuals with Kallman Syndrome? A.The stress axis B.The growth hormone axis C.The thyroid axis D.The reproductive axis

D. gonadotropin!!! = sex organs

SSRIs most likely relieve depression by increasing the: A.amount of serotonin that is absorbed by the postsynaptic neuron. B.release of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron. C.rate of serotonin synthesis in the presynaptic neuron. D.amount of time that serotonin is present in the synaptic space. passage: SSRIs function to treat depression by blocking serotonin reuptake in the presynaptic neuron.

D.amount of time that serotonin is present in the synaptic space. blocking the reuptake would allow serotonin to just chill in the space.

In the reaction below, the activity of glutamine synthetase decreases as the concentration of tryptophan increases. The number of glutamine synthetase molecules in the cell remains constant regardless of the tryptophan concentration. These observations are consistent with a mechanism of: A.translational control. B.glutamine degradation. C.transcriptional control. D.feedback inhibition.

D.feedback inhibition. yuz queen

What are the effects of hypoxia on energy metabolism? In hypoxia: A.the citric acid cycle is induced to produce more NADH. B.lactic fermentation is induced to regenerate NAD+. C.the electron transport chain is induced to consume more NADH. D.glycogenesis is induced to regenerate NAD+. passage:

In contrast, under low oxygen conditions (hypoxia), cells increase their glycolytic energy production, and oxidative phosphorylation is attenuated in order to reduce oxygen consumption. C is absolutely gone. in anaerobic conditions, you would see an increase in lactic fermentation.

Overexpression of which enzyme is likely to result in increased levels of HIF? A.Succinyl decarboxylase B.Succinyl-CoA synthetase C.Succinate dehydrogenase D.Succinate carboxylase

In this function, succinate modulates the level of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by competitively inhibiting HIF hydroxylase, an enzyme that modifies HIF on specific amino acid residues and targets it for degradation. B! overexpression of succinyl-CoA synthetase, which results in the increased production of succinate, will enhance HIF levels

What would most likely compensate for the potential imbalance of sex chromosomes gene products between males and females?

Inactivation of X chromosomes in females since: females (XX) and males (XY), when we cross, there might be too much X gamates. So therefore to compensate, we need to inactivate X chromosomes.

Which type of membrane transport is directly affected by cardiac glycosides? A.Simple diffusion B.Facilitated diffusion C.Primary active transport D.Secondary active transport passage: "....on heart muscle by inhibiting the Na+K+ ATPase on the myocardial cell membrane."

Na+K+ ATPase is a primary active transporter.

Which statement is LEAST supported by the experimental data? A.A high cgr ratio correlates with increased excretion of reduced digoxin. B.The cgr operon is functionally more active in the FAA 1-3-56 strain than in the DSM2243 strain of E. lenta. C.A low cgr ratio correlates with reduced digoxin inactivation. D.The abundance of the cgr operon in gut flora may predict the bioavailability of digoxin in individual patients.

POE: A - high cgr ratio = high reduction (supported) B - false, we see that FAA has wayyy less activity C - low cgr ratio = low reduction (supported_

Large amounts of protein are found in the urine of a patient. Based on this information, which portion of the nephron is most likely malfunctioning? A.Collecting duct B.Distal tubule C.Glomerulus D.Loop of Henle

PROTEIN IS FILTERED IN THE GLOMERULUS BY PRESSURE DIFFERENCES glomerulus is the first point of contact in the urinary system therefore they would filter out larger molecules (proteins) first

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments unrelated species develop similar characteristics over time

complex III

Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase

Which statement best accounts for the hereditary transmission of SDH-linked paraganglioma in a parent specific manner? SDH is: A.an imprinted gene. B.a Y-linked gene. C.an X-linked gene. D.a tumor suppressor gene. Genetically, this mutation is transmitted in the germ line and segregates with a benign form of neuroendocrine tumor known as paraganglioma, but only after paternal, not maternal, transmission of the mutated allele

REALLY. IT WAS IN THE FREAKING PASSAGE. y linked

Post translational modification in prokaryotes

Shine Dalgarno sequence

Assume that a certain species with sex chromosomes R and S exists such that RR individuals develop as males and RS individuals develop as females. Which of the following mechanisms would most likely compensate for the potential imbalance of sex-chromosome gene products between males and females of this species? A.Inactivation of one R chromosome in males B.Doubling transcription from the S chromosome in females C.Inactivation of the R chromosome in females D.Doubling transcription from the R chromosomes in males

So let's think about this question this way. Females have a double x chromosome and one is inactivated (barr body). This would also need to occur. A.

Overexpression of cFLIP in other cell types will most likely result in: A.decreased apoptosis in response to TNF. B.decreased apoptosis in response to Fas ligand. C.increased apoptosis in response to TNF. D.increased apoptosis in response to Fas ligand. passage: In order to understand the role of cFLIP in non-apoptotic Fas signaling, two experiments were conducted.

This sentence legit gives you the answer and it is B.

Based on the passage, in which of the following ways is the action of serotonin on postsynaptic receptors most likely terminated? A.Alteration of the receptor's affinity for serotonin B.Production of mutant enzymes involved in serotonin synthesis C.Transportation of released serotonin back into the presynaptic terminal D.Absorption of the serotonin-receptor complex into the postsynaptic compartment passage: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants that block serotonin reuptake into the presynaptic neuron, a process that normally limits the availability of serotonin within the synapse.

Transportation of released serotonin back into the presynaptic terminal serotonin on postsynaptic receptors would be terminated by removing serotonin from the synaptic space this would block reuptake of serotonin in presynaptic neuron

Which series shows the order in which filtrate passes through the tubular regions of a nephron? A.Bowman's capsule → loop of Henle → proximal tubule → distal tubule → collecting duct B.Proximal tubule → collecting duct → loop of Henle → Bowman's capsule → distal tubule C.Collecting duct → Bowman's capsule → loop of Henle → proximal tubule → distal tubule D.Bowman's capsule → proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct

b and c are out. always start with bowmans D.Bowman's capsule → proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct

Which statement is best supported by the data using the anti-AcTubK40 antibody? A.HDACs acetylate many types of target protein besides histones. B.βOHB is not a general deacetylase inhibitor. C.βOHB is present in the nucleus but not the cytoplasm. D.βOHB inhibits different deacetylases compared to butyrate.

because according to Figure 1, βOHB has no significant effect upon tubulin deacetylase. and it is used as a base in this case

Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur in a muscle fiber that is metabolizing anaerobically? A.Fermentation of glucose to lactic acid B.Phosphorylation of ADP within the electron transport chain C.Depletion of stores of glycogen D.Acidification of the cytoplasm

electron transport chain will never occur during anaerobic metabolism. it needs oxygen! A: yes lol C: depletion of stored glycogen will occur because more glucose is needed to enter lactate fermentation D: caused by lactic acid acidifying the cytoplasm

What uses alternative splicing?

eukaryotes!! prokaryotes do not do alternative splicing

If HDAC inhibition by βOHB is a physiological response in living animals, the information in the passage indicates it is likely to occur when: A.there is sustained fatty acid oxidation. B.the pentose phosphate shunt is activated. C.there is increased gluconeogenesis. D.the Cori cycle is occurring. passage: Butyrate is structurally related to β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB), the major source of energy for mammals during prolonged exercise or starvation.

fasting leads to glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis, then continued fasting leads to the production of ketone bodies by sustained fatty acid oxidation. HOWEVER, βOHB is a component of ketone bodies, so serum levels of βOHB are elevated when there is sustained fatty acid oxidation.

Assuming the duration of contraction is the same, which point on the power curve corresponds to the LEAST amount of work being done by the muscle? A.Point A B.Point B C.Point C D.Point D

for this question, we need to think about the work formula. work = force x distance. A has the lowest amount if force. We can also treat velocity on the y axis of the graph as distance as well because the units are meters/second.

Pedigree

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-pedigrees/a/hs-pedigrees-review Autosomal Dominant: 1 of the parent has it Autosomal Recessive: none of the parent has it X linked recessive: none parent have it & it effects male offspring more autosomal: female and male occur same rate

albumin.

in the blood increase the osmotic pressure of the blood, which in turn, increases the return of fluid to the circulatory system from the body tissues

What is needed for contractile force?

increase of intracellular calcium levels!!! - decrease of Ca2+ to extracellular environment - increase of intracellular Ca2+ to bind to troponin - increase overall Ca2+ stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

One potential complication of celiac disease is osteoporosis, which can occur as the body utilizes bone tissue to maintain adequate levels of calcium in the blood. The most effective way for the body to utilize bone tissue to increase blood calcium levels would be to simultaneously: A.increase osteoblast activity and decrease osteoclast activity. B.increase osteoblast activity and increase osteoclast activity. C.decrease osteoblast activity and decrease osteoclast activity. D.decrease osteoblast activity and increase osteoclast activity.

increase of osteoclast and decrease of osteoblasts. osteoclasts breakdown bone to get calcium in blood. Osteoblasts do the opposite. they build up bone.

starvation =

increased fatty acid oxidation. Gluconeogenesis is just the initial start. Starvation would be prolonged and therefore we would use fat since fat has the most energy. Also, beta= beta oxidation.

epithelial cells

line internal surface of organs including digestive

HDACs and HATs modify basic residues on target proteins.

look for the primary structure that has a positive charge.

Which word CANNOT be used to classify any of the amino acids mentioned in the passage that are subject to metal-catalyzed carbonylation? A.Basic B.Hydrophilic C.Acidic D.Hydrophobic passage: "...amino acid side chains of Pro, Arg, Lys, and Thr."

none of these are acidic :)

divergent evolution

offspring from common ancestor becomes increasingly different overtime

The average osmotic pressure of ocean water is 28 atm corresponding to a concentration of 0.50 M solutes (approximated as NaCl). What is the approximate concentration of solutes (also approximated as NaCl) present in blood with an osmotic pressure of 7 atm? A.0.12 M B.0.25 M C.2.0 M D.3.5 M

osmotic pressure is directly related to solute concentration. 28/7= 4 so we know that our pressure went down 1/4. The same is applied to the concentration. .25x.50=.125 This goes with answer choice A. **just set up a proportion**

succinate dehydrogenase

oxidation of succinate -> fumarate

restriction enzymes require

palindromes!! (typically 4 or 6 bases)

One consequence of advanced malnutrition is reduced amounts of plasma proteins in the blood. This condition would most likely cause the osmotic pressure of the blood to: A.decrease, resulting in a decrease of fluid in the body tissues. B.increase, resulting in a decrease of fluid in the body tissues. C.decrease, resulting in an increase of fluid in the body tissues. D.increase, resulting in an increase of fluid in the body tissues.

reduced plasma protein==== lower pressure. plasma proteins keep blood pressure higher. the lower the pressure, the increase of fluid in the body. fluid would not be able to get back to the circulatory as easily.

A certain drug blocks the activity of enzyme A by reversibly binding the enzyme's active site. Given this, the drug most likely inhibits enzyme A's activity by: A.lowering the enzyme's activation energy. B.feedback inhibition. C.competitive inhibition. D.noncompetitive inhibition.

reversible binding at active site= competitive

Which type of catalytic activity is most likely missing from cFLIP? A.Oxidoreductase activity B.Lyase activity C.Isomerase activity D.Hydrolase activity passage: Caspase-8 is a protease that triggers apoptotic cell death. It has been proposed that the protein cFLIP, a structurally similar homolog of caspase-8 that lacks catalytic activity, controls Fas signaling downstream of FADD.

so cFLIP is a similar protein to caspase 8. This means that it lacks protease activity. Proteases cleave peptide bonds by hydrolyzing them. This leads us to answer choice D.

Once the radioactivity began to decline (at about 1250 s), how many seconds elapsed until ½ of the radioactive Protein X was lost from the cell? A.100 s B.200 s C.300 s D.500 s

so the graph shows a difference in lines of 1200 and 1400 on the graph. You know that the time is going to be less than 200 because of this. A.

Dihydrodigoxin levels in the culture medium of E. lenta cells would most likely be highest in which data set? A.2 B.4 C.6 D.8

the passage says that arginine inhibits the reception of Dihydrodigoxin. increase digoxin -> increase dihydrodigoxin therefore we want low arginine and high digoxin

If the NDU gene is amplified inside cells leading to overexpression of the protein, what event is likely to occur under hypoxic conditions? A.Oxygen consumption within the mitochondria will increase further. B.Oxygen consumption within the mitochondria will decrease further. C.Complex IV will further increase its activity. D.Complex IV will further decrease its activity. subunit of Complex I (NDU) is involved in hypoxia-induced mitochondrial reprogramming and oxygen consumption regulation.

this is shown in the graphs

The decline occurs when a precursor to Protein X is modified to produce a mature form of Protein X that is subsequently secreted by the cell. passage: Two hypotheses were proposed to explain the sudden decline in radioactivity that occurred after about 1200 s.

this means that there is protein produced and then it is secreted. Don't get so boggled down with the word decline. if it is modified, there is going to be a delay. MODIFIED= delay. READ THE PASSAGE AGAIN IF YOU DONT UNDERSTAND