A&P 1 Chp 7 & 8

Suture

an immovable joint (especially between the bones of the skull)

What are articulations?

are functional junctions b/w bones. They bind parts of the skeletal system make possible bone growth, permits parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth and enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions.

Where are plane joints located?

are nearly flat or slightly curved, wrist and ankles,

joints are also called

articulations

10. What synovial joint is rotational movement possible?

ball and socket

Know all the types of synovial joints

ball and socket joint, condylar joint , plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, saddle joints.

Hypertension

bending the head back beyond the upright position

Flexion

bending the knee

Osteocytes

bone cells in tiny, bony chambers called lacunae, which form concentric circles around central canals (Haversian Canals). Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes to and from nearby cells by means of cellular processes passing through canaliculi.

Axil Skeleton does what?

bony and cartulaginous parts that support and protect the organs of head.neck,and trunk

Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called

bursae.

Osteoclasts

cell that breaks down bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

cell that will form bone tissue.

Adduction

closing in the fingers and toes

Syndesmosis

connected by a ligament or membrane that allows some movement (radius and ulna or tibia and fibula)

The Appendicular Skeleton what does it do

consist of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and tha bones that anchor the llimbs to the axuak skeleton and aids in upper limb movement

Short Bone

cube-like roughly equal lengths and widths ex: wrists and ankles

The general term for a depression in a bone is

fOSSA

A suture is an example of a(n)

fibrous joint.

Movements permitted by the elbow joint between the humerus and the ulna are

flexion and extension.

blood cell formation is also known as?

hematopoiesis, occurs in the red bone marrow, this marrow is found in adults in the spongy bone of the skull ribs sternum,clavicles ect

12. Where are ball and socket joints located?

hip, shoulder

what is the most abundant cartilage?

hyaline

What is a dislocation

is a separation of two bones where they meet at a joint. A dislocated bone is no longer in its normal position which may result in damage to ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

Where are pivot joints located?

joint b/w proximal ends of radius and ulna

17. What is the largest and most complex synovial joint?

knee

Fibrocartilage discs that divide the joint into two compartments are called

menisci

name the appendiculat skeleton parts

pectoral girdle,scapula,clavicle,upper llimbs,humerus,radius,ulna,carpals,meacarpals,phalanges,pelvic girdle,lower limbs

The joint between the dens of the axis and the atlas is

pivot joint

Most of the joints in the ankle and wrist are

plane joints.

Flat Bones-

platelike with broad surfaces ex: ribs, scapulae and some in skull

The coracohumeral ligament is associated with the

shoulder joint

Name the axial skeleton parts

skull,hyoid bone,vertebral column,sacrum,coccyx,thoracic cage, ribs,sternum,

Abduction

spreading fingers or toes

Extension

straightening the knee

When the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, the synchondrosis joint becomes a

suture

The joint that separates two vertebrae is a(n)

symphysis that is amphiarthrotic

The articulation between the first rib and the sternum is a

synchondrosis

Long Bone

-long longitudinal axes, and expanded ends ex: forearm and thigh bones

10. Know the steps of endochondral bone formation

. In a long bone, bony tissue begins to replace hyaline cartilage in the center of diaphysis called the primary ossification center. The epiphysis remains cartilaginous and continue to grow. Later, secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses, and spongy bone forms in all directions from them. As spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate remains between the two ossification center.

what is the purpose of intramembranous ossification.

. Intramembranous ossification- The process of replacing connective tissue to form an intramembranous bone. These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues, they are the broad, flat bones, and skull bones (except mandible).

Know the functions of bone

. Support, Protection, Assisting in Movement, Production of blood cells, storage of minerals, Production of blood cells, Storage of chemical Energy.

11. Know all the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton respectively. Page 207 in textbook.

...

14. Know all the bones of the orbit. Page 209 in textbook.

...

Irregular Bones-

variety of shapes usually connected to other bones ex: vertebrae, and many facial bones.

What does exercise do to your bones?

when skeletal muscles contract they pull at their attachments on bones, and the resulting stress stimulates the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen.

8. Know what a joint capsule is and what is reinforced by?

? Is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. It seals the joint space, provides active stability, provides passive stability by limiting movement.

What is a compound fracture?

An open fracture, an injury that occurs when there is a break in the skin around a broken bone.

8. At what age are bones normally ossified?

At 25 yrs of age

Gomphosis

Bones fit together like a peg in a hole, secured by fibrous tissue

21. Disuse of the joints does what to your joints which caused stiffening

Disuse hampers blood supply to joints, which hastens stiffening. Using joints, through activity and exercise, can keep them functional longer.

Where are hinge joints located?

Elbow and joints of phalanges

what is the purpose of endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification- the process of forming endochondral bone by the replacement of hyaline cartilage. Bones begin as hyaline cartilage, form models for future bones, these are most bones of the skeleton.

Know the differences between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of the bone

Epiphysis near joints is either proximal or distal. Diaphysis is the shaft.

A small, flattened articular surface is a

FACET

21. Know what is the femur, where it is found on your body, what it articulates with.

Femur is the largest, strongest bone in the body. The femur is the thigh bone it extends from the hip joint down to the knee joint.

15. Know all the basic movements of your body such as abduction, adduction, etc.. and be able to describe each. Know which joints do which movement such as the elbow, the knee joint, the shoulder joint.

Flexion,Extension,Hypertension,Abduction,Adduction

7. What are bursae and what are their functions?

Fluid-filled sacs, bursa cushion and aid the movement of tendons that glide over bony parts or over other tendons

3. What type of cartilage does articular cartilage have?

Hyaline cartilage

4. Cartilagenous joints are connected by what type of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connects the bones of cartilaginous. The two types are Synchondrosis and Symphysis.

6. Know what occurs in vitamin A and D deficiency

In Vitamin D deficiency the calcium is poorly absorbed. and the inorganic salt portion of bone matrix lacks calcium, softening and deforming the bone. In Vitamin A deficiency may retard bone development and affect growth. Vitamin A is necessary for osteoblast and osteoclasts activity during normal development.

23. Know whether bones are alive or dead tissue

Is a living hard connective tissue made up from a ground substance or matrix and bone cells. These canals carry nerves and blood capillaries so that bone is a living tissue.

13. On what bone and what part of that bone is the pituitary gland located

It is the a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brian, rests in a small bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae) The pituitary fossa, in which the pituitary gland sits, is situated in the sphenoid bone in the middle cranial fossa at the base of the brain.

2. Know the four classes of bones according to shape and examples of each

Long, short, flat, irregular

What bones compose the hard palate?

Maxilla and palatine bone

What are the functions of joints?

Movement, flex bones, gives skeleton mobility, hold skeleton together.

17. Phalanges are considered what part of your anatomy?

Skeletal

5. What are menisci and what joint are they located in?

Some synovial joints are partially or completely divided into two compartments by discs or fibrocartilage called menisci. Located in the knee joint.

6. How does articular cartilage receive oxygen and nutrients?

Surrounding Synovial Fluid

Know all the types of fibrous joints

Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis

15. The atlas and the axis are part of what vertebrae?

The Atlas is the first cervical (neck) vertebra just under the head. The Axis is the second cervical vertebra which the atlas rotates.

A muscle end attached to a relatively immovable part is called the what? Origin, articulation, or insertion

The Origin

The capitulum and trochlea are located on what bone? What bones do each articulate with respectively?

The capitulum articulates with the radius at the elbow, whereas the trochlea joins the ulna.

19. The coracohumeral ligament is associated with what joint?

The coracohumeral ligament is composed of a broad band of connective tissue that connects the coracoid process of the scapula (shoulder blade) to the greater tubercle of the humorous (upper arm bone). Its function is to strengthen the superior portion of the joint capsule.

20. What is the acetabulum and what bone is it found on

The cup shaped cavity at the base of the hipbone into which the ball-shaped head of the femur fits

Spongy bone

The epiphyses on the other hand are largely composed of spongy bone. It consist of many branching bony platelets called trabeculae and has Irregular spacing b/w these plates helping to reduce the bones weight

Compact Bone

The wall of the diaphysis is mainly composed of tightly packed tissue called compact bone, consist of continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps.

16. Know the difference between true ribs and false ribs.

True ribs extend from the spine and attach to the sternum. False ribs "floating ribs" extend from the spine and wrap around and do not attach to the sternum.

20. The radial collateral ligament is associated with what joint

Which strengthens the lateral wall of the joint capsule, is fibrous band extending b/w the lateral epicondyle of the humorous and the anular ligament of the radius.