A&P 1 chp 7 Skeleton
Phalanges (fingers)
- Fingers(digits): numbered I to V starting at thumb (pollex) -Digit I (pollex) has two bones: no middle phalanx -Digits II to V have three bones: distal, middle, and proximal phalanx
Phalanges (foot)
-14 bones of toes -Digit I (hallux, great toe) has two bones: no middle phalanx -Digits II to V have three bones: distal, middle, and proximal phalanx
Radius
-Lateral bone in forearm
carpus (wrist bone)
-eight bones in two rows •Proximal row: lateral to medial -Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform •Distal row: lateral to medial -Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate -Only scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum form wrist joint
How many bones make up the nasal septum?
2
The skeleton accounts for
20
How many ribs make up the rib cage?
24 -The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs, 24 ribs in total.
The adult hip bone consists of _____ regions
3 -
Identify the articulation site for the femur.
Acetabulum
Identify the region of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle
Acromion process
Which region of the scapula does articulate with another bone?
Acromion process
vertebrae structure
All have common structural pattern consisting of: 1. Body (centrum) 2. Vertebral arch 3. Vertebral foramen 4. Vertebral canal 5. Intervertebral foramina
The Pelvic Girdle
Also called hip girdle; is formed by 2 hip bones (coxal bones, or os coxae) and sacrum -Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments -Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs -Support pelvic organs •Less mobility but more stability than shoulder joint
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Also called shoulder blades; thin, triangular flat bones on dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7
What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?
Axis
Identify the major weight bearing part of a vertebra.
Body
Identify the anatomical term for the "heel bone".
Calcaneus
Identify the bones that make up the wrist.
Carpals
Identify the general location of the zygomatic arch.
Cheek
Identify the tailbone.
Coccyx
Identify the common name for the clavicle.
Collarbone
axial skeleton
Consists of 80 bones divided into three major regions. 1. skull 2. Vertebral column 3. thoracic cage
appendicular skeleton
Consists of bones of the limbs and their girdles 1. pectoral girdle 2. pelvic girdle
Identify the process on the scapula that does not articulate with another bone.
Coracoid process - The coracoid process of the scapula is found on the lateral side of the bone projecting anteriorly and laterally.
Identify the recessed area surrounding the crista galli.
Cribriform plates
Identify the articulation site for the head of a rib.
Demi-facet
Where in the skeleton is the ulna located in reference to the humerus?
Distal
Which of the following bones is not a facial bone?
Ethmoid
Which of the following categories is the best fit for the zygomatic arch?
Facial
All vertebrae possess a body, a spine, and transverse foramina.
False
The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column.
False
The palpable hip bone projections in the front of the body felt when you put your hands on your hips are the posterior inferior iliac spines.
False
Identify the location of the sphenoid bone.
Floor of the skull
Name the opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
Foramen magnum
Which of the following foramen convey a branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Foramen rotundum
What part of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal septum?
Forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity.
Identify the true statement about the head of the ulna.
Found at the distal end of the bone. The head of the ulna is at the distal end of the bone near the wrist.
Which of the following landmarks found on the proximal end of the humerus?
Greater tubercle -
Name the type of connective tissue that anchors the ribs onto the sternum
Hyaline cartilage
The ridge like superior edge of the ilium is known as the _____.
Iliac crest
Which of the following is the largest region of the hip bone?
Ilium
Which region of the hip bone articulates with the sacrum?
Ilium
Identify the region of the coxal bone that articulates with the sacrum.
Ilium - Ilium is the largest region of the hip bone.
Identify the location of the ethmoid bone.
In between the orbits
Individual vertebrae articulate with each other forming the vertebral column. Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.
Inferior articular processes
Where is the mandibular fossa located?
Inferior surface of the zygomatic process
Identify the small hole on the maxillary bone located below the orbit.
Infraorbital foramen
Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen?
Intervertebral discs
Identify the specific process by which the clavicle develops.
Intramembranous ossification - The clavicles and the cranial bones of the skull develop from a fibrous membrane.
Which landmark of the hip bone can be felt on a hard chair?
Ischial tuberosity
Identify the small facial bones found in the medial wall of the orbit.
Lacrimal
Which bone is NOT considered to be part of the cranium?
Lacrimal bone
Identify the large suture on the posterior surface of the skull at the border of the occipital bone.
Lambdoid
Where is the radius located in reference to the ulna?
Lateral
Which of the following landmarks is found on the distal end of the humerus?
Lateral epicondyle
Name the noticeable bump on the outside of the ankle.
Lateral malleolus
Identify the region of the sphenoid bone that contains the optic canal.
Lesser wings
Which of the following landmarks can be found on both the tibia and fibula?
Malleoli
Identify the skull bone that can move independent of head movement
Mandible
Identify the region of the mandible that forms part of the temporomandibular joint.
Mandibular condyle
Which region of the mandible articulates with the cranium?
Mandibular condyle
Identify the region of the temporal bone that articulates with the lower jaw.
Mandibular fossa
Identify the region of the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible
Mandibular fossa
Name the U shaped border found between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process.
Mandibular notch
Which facial bones fuse to form the upper jaw?
Maxillary
Identify the bones that make up the palm of the hand.
Metacarpals
Identify the bones that make up the middle portion of the foot.
Metatarsals
Which facial bones makeup the central portion of the bridge of the nose?
Nasal
Which of the following bones do not contain a sinus?
Nasal
Identify the large hole found in this bone.
Obturator foramen
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".
Occipital bone - atlas
Identify the depression found on the posterior surface of the humerus.
Olecranon fossa
Identify the region of the ulna that articulates with the humerus when the forearm is in full extension.
Olecranon process
Identify the posterior most region of the hard palate.
Palatine bone
Which part of the maxillary bones form the roof of the mouth?
Palatine processes
Identify the bone that articulates superiorly with the temporal bone
Parietal bone
Identify the part of the ethmoid bone that contributes to the nasal septum.
Perpendicular plate
Which part of the ethmoid bone forms the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate
What type of joint is formed between the radius and ulna?
Pivot
Identify the bony posterior wall of the pelvis.
Sacrum
Name the vertebral projection found in a median plane.
Spinous process
Identify the bone that articulates with the clavicle medially.
Sternum
Identify the cranial nerve that passes through the olfactory foramina.
The olfactory nerve (CN I)
__________ vertebrae articulate with the ribs.
Thoracic
Identify the 2 bones that the fibula articulates with in the skeleton.
Tibia and talus
Identify the articulation site for a tubercle of a rib.
Transverse costal facet
Identify the landmark that is unique to the femur.
Trochanter
The sphenoid bone contains a sinus.
True -he sphenoid bone contains the paired sphenoidal sinuses.
What part of the sternum is palpated prior to giving CPR?
Xiphoid Process
sacral promontory
anterosuperior margin
Zygomatic processes
articulate with zygomatic bones
Where can the hyoid bone be palpated?
beneath the chin
When standing normally, most of your weight is transmitted to the ground by the __________.
talus and calcaneus
Lumbar Vertebral Foramen
triangular
Nasal septum
•Bony posterior formed by vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid •Anterior formed by septal cartilage
lower limb
•Carries entire weight of erect body •Subjected to exceptional forces during jumping or running
causes fallen feet/flat feet
-Standing immobile for extended periods of time -Running on hard surfaces without proper arch support
Two major skeleton divisons
1. axial skeleton 2. appendicular skeleton
Identify the region of a rib that articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.
Tubercle - The tubercle of a rib is located between the neck and shaft of the rib at the proximal end of the bone. It contacts the transverse process at the transverse costal facet.
When a person attempts to break his or her fall with an outstretched hand, he or she often winds up with __________.
a Colles' fracture
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral rotation of spine, most often in thoracic region, which may lead to breathing difficulties
body consists of
alveolar process that contains sockets for teeth and mandibular symphysis ridge
The 11th and 12th ribs are called floating ribs because they lack __________.
an anterior attachment to the sternum
lambdoid suture
between parietal bones and occipital bone
Median nerve and tendons travel through
carpal tunnel
thoracic vertebral foramen
circular
The inferior end of the vertebral column is composed of the __________.
coccyx
The tailbone is also known as the __________.
coccyx
sphenoid bone
complex, bat-shaped bone -Keystone bone that articulates with all other cranial bones -Body also includes sella turcica prominence that includes hypophyseal fossa area enclosing the pituitary gland
sacral canal
continuation of vertebral canal
orbital plates (ethmoid)
contribute to medial wall of orbits
ethmoid bone
deepest skull bone -Superior part formed by paired cribriform plates that also form roof of nasal cavity and floor of anterior cranial fossa
with age, ntervertebral discs become thin, less hydrated, and less elastic putting a person at risk for
disc herniation
Pott's fracture occurs at
distal end of fibula, the tibia, or both -Common sports injury
vertebral foramen
enclosure formed by body and vertebral arch coming together
The crista galli is a projection from which bone?
ethmoid
What is the deepest bone in the skull?
ethmoid
Which of the following is the most deeply situated bone in the skull?
ethmoid bone
forms a part of the nasal septum
ethmoid bone
herniated (prolapsed) discs treatment
exercise, massage, heat, painkillers, or surgical intervention involving bone grafting to fuse adjoining vertebrae -
superior orbital margin
external occipital protuberance
The pelvic girdle does not include the ________.
femur
In a(n) __________, the vertebral column is formed from 33 separate bones.
fetus
frontal process
forms lateral bridge of nose
pelvic outlet
inferior margin of true pelvis
true pelvis
inferior to pelvic brim; defines birth canal
foramen lacerum
jagged opening covered by cartilage in living human
Which of the following is the normal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy?
lordosis
lateral longitudinal arch
low curve that elevates lateral part of foot
The vertebrae that have enhanced weight-bearing capability are the __________.
lumbar vertebrae
During late pregnancy, women may exhibit temporary lordosis. This is advantageous because temporary lordosis _________.
makes it easier for a woman to maintain her balance
Sinuses are found in all of the following bones EXCEPT the __________.
mandible
Sutures connect all the bones of the skull EXCEPT the __________.
mandible
The only bone of the facial skeleton that does NOT articulate with the maxillae is the __________.
mandible
lower jawbone
mandible
middle of the chin
mandibular symphysis
cleft palate
most common condition -No medial fusion of right and left halves of palate -Interferes with sucking -Can lead to aspiration of food into lungs, which may result in aspiration pneumonia
carotid canal
passageway for internal carotid artery
Another name for the shoulder girdle is the __________.
pectoral girdle
If a herniated disc in the lumbar region is treated by surgically removing the intervertebral disc and doing a bone graft between the adjoining vertebrae, one of the consequences might be _________.
reduced flexibility of the spine in the lower back
Which of the following spinal deformities is quite common during late childhood in females?
scoliosis
Patella
sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon that protects knee joint
lateral walls of nose
superior and middle conchae of ethmoid, perpendicular plates of palatine and Inferior nasal conchae •Spaces between conchae called meatuses •Conchae increase turbulence of air flow
coronoid process
superior end of rami serves as insertion point for large temporalis muscle
Cervical (3-7) superior & inferior articular processes
superior facets directed superoposteriorly
false pelvis
superior to pelvic brim
superior orbital margin
supraorbital foramen
tympanic
surround external acoustic meatus (external ear canal)
A joint between skull bones is called a __________.
suture
Coccyx Vertebrae
tailbone formed from three to five fused vertebrae; articulates superiorly with sacrum -Very little function
What would you find located in the lacrimal fossa?
the lacrimal sac
Which of the following is NOT a facial bone?
the sphenoid bone
lumbar transverse processes
thin and tapered
At its distal end, the femur articulates with the __________.
tibia
What are the major functions of the intervertebral discs?
to absorb shock and provide flexibility to the spine
Sacrum Vertebrae characteristics
triangular bone shapes posterior wall of pelvis; made from five fused vertebrae (S1-S5)
crista galli
triangular process that is point of attachment for brain's dura mater covering
Cervical (3-7) vertebral foramen
triangular, large
The seven superior rib pairs are called true or vertebrosternal ribs.
true
The olecranon process is found on the __________.
ulna
Percutaneous laser disc decompression
vaporizes part of disc; tears can be sealed electrothermally
Fetal fontanelles
•Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes •Ease birth and allow brain growth Four fontanelles 1. anterior 2. posterior 3. mastoid 4. sphenoidal
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) Characteristics (cont.)
Each scapula has three angles where borders meet: -Superior angle: between superior and medial -Lateral angle: between superior and lateral -Inferior angle: between medial and lateral
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?
Thoracic - 12 thoracic vertebrae are found above the 5 lumbar vertebrae in an articulated vertebral column.
Which digit is composed of only two phalanges?
Thumb The thumb contains two phalanges, a proximal and distal phalanx.
Identify the bone that articulates with the distal end of the femur.
Tibia
Name the bone that articulates with the distal end of the femur
Tibia
Identify the blunt elevation found on the anterior surface of the tibia between the lateral and medial condyles.
Tibial tuberosity
Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra.
Transverse process
Identify the region of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.
Trochlea
Identify the primary region of the ulna that forms the hinge joint with the humerus.
Trochlear notch - The trochlear notch of the ulna swings around the trochlea of the humerus, permitting flexion and extension at the elbow
The lumbar vertebrae are found in the lower back.
True
There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.
True
The projection at the inferior end of the greater sciatic notch is the ischial spine.
True - The inferior portion of the greater sciatic notch is just superior to the ischial spine.
The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region.
True - The spinous process of a lumbar vertebra is blunt, not pointed as in the thoracic region or bifid as seen in the cervical region.
herniated (prolapsed) discs causes
Usually involves rupture of anulus fibrosus, resulting in protrusion of nucleus pulposus, which can press on spinal cord or nerves, causing numbness or excruciating pain
Which bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum?
Vomer
Identify the 2 bones that make up the zygomatic arch.
Zygomatic bone and temporal bone
What is the anatomical name for the facial bones known as "cheekbones"?
Zygomatic bones
Identify the region of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygomatic arch.
Zygomatic process
Identify the region on the temporal bone that forms much of the zygomatic arch.
Zygomatic process
The "true wrist" or carpus consists of ________.
a group of eight short bones united by ligaments
thoracic transverse processes
bear facets for ribs (except T11 and T12)
Squamous (squamosal) sutures:
between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull
coronal suture
between parietal bones and frontal bone
sagittal suture
between right and left parietal bones
The vertebral disc is housed between the __________ of neighboring vertebrae.
bodies
Which region of the sternum articulates with the greatest number of ribs?
body
rounded central weight-bearing portion
body
Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton?
bones of the face
carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges
bones of the hand
Colles' fracture
break in distal end of radius Very common fracture because person falling attempts to break fall with outstretched hands
The heel bone is called the __________.
calcaneus
Which of the following is the heel bone?
calcaneus
Developmental Aspects secondary curvatures
cervical and lumbar regions convex anteriorly as child develops
Short ligaments
connect each vertebra to those above and below
ligamentum flavum
connects adjacent vertebrae
Cervical
consists of 7 vertebrae
Cervical (3-7) transverse processes
contain foramina
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
continuous bands from neck to sacrum that run down front and back of spine •Support and prevent hyperextension (backward) or hyperflexion (forward) bending
pelvic brim (pelvic inlet)
continuous oval ridge that runs from pubic crest through arcuate line and sacral promontory
superior orbital fissure
cranial nerve passage
Internal acoustic meatus and styloidmastoid foramen
cranial nerve passageways
The calvaria of the skull is another name for the __________.
cranial vault
roof of nasal cavity
cribriform plates of ethmoid
Which of these bones aligns with the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms to form the four distal tarsals?
cuboid
false ribs (8-12)
do not have a direct sternal attachment
Which of the following is a congenital abnormality of the appendicular skeleton?
dysplasia of the hip
The role of the cranium is to __________.
enclose and protect the brain
Each of the 12 ribs articulates with one vertebrae. Is this statement true or false?
false
A human normally has ten pairs of ribs.
false (12)
Each of the following bones is part of the pelvic girdle EXCEPT the __________.
femur
The gluteal tuberosity is a bone marking found on the __________.
femur
Intervertebral discs are pads of __________ that cushion the vertebrae and absorb shock.
fibrocartilage
How many regions of the vertebral column are there?
five - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
maxillary sinuses
flank nasal cavity laterally
Paranasal sinuses are
formed from five skull bones 1. frontal 2. sphenoid 3. ethmoid 4. paired maxillary bones
anterior nasal spine
forms just below nose
perpendicular plate
forms superior part of nasal septum and is flanked by lateral masses that contain sinuses called ethmoidal air cells •Lateral masses extend mediall to form superior and middle nasal conchae
cranial vault (calvaria)
forms superior, lateral, and posterior portion of skull, as well as forehead.
cranial base
forms the skull's inferior aspect •Internally base is divided into three "steps,"or fossae: 1. anterior 2. middle 3. posterior fossae •Brain sits within these fossae, enclosed by cranium vault -Area referred to as cranial cavity
palatine process
forms two-thirds of hard palate
sphenoidal sinuses of the sphenoid bone
found within body of sphenoid
The vertebral column consists of how many curvatures?
four
Vertebral Curvatures
four main curves in the column help to increase resilience and flexibility of spine 1. Cervical & Lumbar (concave posteriorly) 2. Thoracic & Sacral (convex posteriorly)
is the most anterior part of the cranium
frontal bone
Identify the socket of the shoulder joint.
glenoid cavity - The glenoid cavity is a round flat surface that serves as the socket of the shoulder joint.
The carpals are bones of the __________, whereas the tarsals are bones of the __________.
hand; foot
True ribs (1-7)
have a direct sternal attachment via costal cartilage
Frontal Bone (anterior view)
hell-shaped bone forms anterior portion of cranium -Vertical part, called squamous region, is also known as the forehead -Inferior portion ends at supraorbital margins •Area underneath eyebrows -Forms superior wall of the orbits and most of anterior cranial fossa
Severe physical trauma to spine may result in one or more
herniated ( prolapsed) discs
Which of the following is characterized by a ruptured anulus fibrosis?
herniated disc
petrous
houses middle and internal ear cavities -Makes up part of the middle cranial fossa -Several foramina penetrate petrous region: 1. Jugular 2. Carotid Canal 3. Foramen lacerum 4. Internal acoustic meatus & styloidmastoid 5. Mastoid and styloid processes -Mastoid and styloid processes: areas for attachment of several neck and tongue muscles
The arm consists of one long bone, the __________.
humerus
The __________ is the only bone in the body that does NOT directly articulate with any other bone.
hyoid bone
The axial skeleton is composed of all of the following EXCEPT __________.
hyoid bone
The only bone of the body that does NOT articulate directly with any other bone is the __________.
hyoid bone
Which bone acts as a moveable base for the tongue?
hyoid bone
The jugular notch on the sternum is __________.
in line with the second and third thoracic vertebra, where the left common carotid artery is issued from the aorta
Kyphosis (hunchback)
is abnormal dorsal thoracic curvature common in people with osteoporosis, tuberculosis of spine, rickets, or osteomalacia
Lordosis (swayback)
is accentuated lumbar curvature that can result from disease but is also seen in men with pot bellies and in pregnant women
Glabella
is area of frontal bone between orbits •Frontal sinuses located just lateral to glabella
Femur
is largest and strongest bone in the body, making up about one-fourth of person's height -Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella
Arm greater tubercle
is separated from lesser tubercle by the intertubercular sulcus •Sites of attachment of rotator cuff muscles
The hyoid bone is unique because it ________.
is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone
The female pelvis __________.
is tilted anteriorly (forward) compared to a male pelvis
25 Question 25:C7 is referred to as the vertebra prominens because __________.
its spinous process is larger than those of the other cervical vertebrae
floating ribs (11-12)
lack anterior attachments
medial orbit; tear passageway
lacrimal bone
sacral hiatus
large opening at end of canal
posterior sacral foramina
large openings for sacral spinal nerves
Mandible anatomy
largest, strongest bone of face -U-shaped lower jawbone made up of body (chin) and two upright rami
The frontal sinuses are located __________.
lateral to the glabella
anterior sacral foramina
lie at lateral ends of ridges; act as openings for nerves and vessels
foramina include
mandibular (for nerves) and mental foramina (for nerves and blood vessels)
transverse ridges of sacrum
mark lines of fusion
temporal bone; behind the ear
mastoid process
what bones form coxal bone
1. IIium 2. ischium 3. pubis -Deep socket, acetabulum, formed at point of fusion receives head of femur
Sphenoid contains several foramina
1. Optic canals 2. Superior orbital fissure 3. Foramen rotundum & foramen ovale 4. Foramen spinosum
abnormal spinal curvatures
1. Scoliosis 2. Kyphosis 3. Lordosis
Which of the following digits contain only 2 phalanges?
1. The great toe or hallux (the big toe) only has 2 phalanges
In what ways is an "old" skeleton different from a "young" skeleton?
1. The spine shortens and becomes an arc. 2. The thorax becomes more rigid. 3. The discs decline in water content. 4. The facial contours change.
use key choices to identify the bone descriptions that follow
1. articulates with the acetabulum and the tibia- femur 2. forms the lateral aspect of the ankle- fibula 3. bone that carries the hand- radius 4. the wrist bones- carpals 5. end shaped like a monkey wrench- ulna 6. articulates with the capitulum of the humerus- radius 7. largest bone of this group is the calcaneus- trasals
Match the bones in column B with their description in column A
1. connected by the coronal structure- frontal, parietal 2. keystone bone of the cranium- sphenoid 3. keystone bone of the face- maxillary 4. form the hard palate- maxillary, palatine 5. allows the spinal cord to pass- occippital 6. forms the chin- mandible 7. contains paranasal sinuses- ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, palatine8. contains mastiod sinuses- temporal
pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) characteristics
1. consists of clavicles (anteriorly) and scapulae (posteriorly) -Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton -Provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs -Offer great degree of mobility because: •Scapulae are not attached to axial skeleton •Socket of shoulder joint is shallow and does not restrict movement
Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
1. coronal suture 2. squamous suture 3. lambdoid suture
Cervical (3-7) movements allowed
1. flexion and extension 2. lateral flexion 3. rotation 4. the spine region with the greatest range of movement.
lumbar movements allowed
1. flexion and extension 2.some later flexion 3. rotation prevented
Pelvis is form
1. hip bones 2. sacrum 3. coccyx
Types of foot arches
1. lateral longitudinal 2. Medial longitudinal 3. Transverse
thoracic Spinous Process
1. long 2. sharp 3. projects inferiorly
lumbar body
1. massive 2. kidney shaped
the nasal cavity
1. roof 2. Lateral Walls 3. Floor 4. Nasal septum
thoracic movements
1. rotations 2. lateral flexion possible but restricted by ribs 3. flexion and extension limited
Lumbar Spinous Process
1. short 2. blunt 3. rectangular 4. projects directly posteriorly
what are the three segments of the lower limb
1. thigh 2. leg 3. foot
thoracic body
1.larger than cervical 2. heart shaped 3. bears two costal facets
How many vertebrae comprise the thoracic region of the spine?
12 - Human beings have 12 total thoracic vertebrae. These vertebrae articulate with the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae
How many phalanges are located in the hand?
14 - Three phalanges make up each finger (4 x 3) except the thumb which contains 2 phalanges.
The superior orbital fissure is formed in the sphenoid bone, whereas the inferior orbital fissure is formed between the sphenoid and ________.
maxilla
Which of the following bones are indicated by letters A, B, and D (in order)?
maxilla, temporal, and occipital
Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones?
maxillae
upper jawbones
maxillae
Most facial bones articulate with the __________.
maxillary bones
Congenital abnormalities
may cause skull to be distorted
Tibia
medial leg bone that receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot
Arm surgical neck
most frequently fractured part of humerus
The vomer and ethmoid bones form part of the __________
nasal septum
Which part of an intervertebral disc is involved in a slipped disc?
nucleus pulposus
Temporal Bones
paired bones that make up inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial base -three major regions: 1. Squamous 2. Tympanic 3. Petrous
posterior hard palate
palatine bones
sides: superior and lateral
parietal
forms the bulk of the cranial ceiling
parietal bone
Which of the following is/are NOT part of the axial skeletal?
pectoral girdle
mandibular angle
point where rami and chin meet
condylar process
posterior to coronoid forms part of temporomandibular joint -Mandibular notch: separates processes
The pectoral girdle does NOT quite satisfy the features of a true girdle because __________.
posteriorly, the medial ends of the scapulae do not join each other
Floor of nasa
processes of palatine and maxillary bones
external occipital protuberance
protrusion just superior to foramen magnum -External occipital crest: ridges that are site of attachment for ligamentum nuchae -Superior and inferior nuchal lines: site of attachment for many neck and back muscles
What is the major function of the axial skeleton?
provide central support for the body and protect internal organs
Arm head
proximal end that fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
Which of the following does NOT correlate with the skull growth spurt that is seen between the ages of 6 and 13?
replacement of the fontanelles with bone
fallen arches/flat feet
result from stress on tendons and ligaments of feet
median sacral crest
roughened bumps on posterior midline and lateral sacral crest; roughened area seen laterally on posterior side
transverse arch of foot
runs obliquely from one side of foot to other
A fused part of the vertebral column is the __________.
sacrum
Together, the two hip bones and the __________ form the pelvic girdle.
sacrum
The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the ________.
sagittal
vertebral canal
series of vertebral foramina
How many true ribs (ones that attach directly to the sternum) are there?
seven pairs
Cervical (3-7) Spinous Process
short; bifid (except C7); projects directly posterior
Arm anatomical neck
slight constriction inferior to head
bat-shaped, forming part of the cranial base
sphenoid
encloses the pituitary gland
sphenoid bone
single medial and posterior projection important for muscle attachment
spinous process
The major function of the shoulder girdle is flexibility. What is the major function of the pelvic girdle?
strength and stability
Choose the INCORRECT pairing.
styloid process; humerus
Which of the following is not a movement that can occur between vertebrae?
supination
lateral and inferior
temporal
surrounds the external ear canal
temporal bone
female pelvis characteristics
tends to be wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder than male's -Adapted for childbearing
vertebral body (centrum)
the anterior weight-bearing region
Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones?
the clavicle
Which of the following sutures is most likely to contain sutural bones?
the lambdoid suture
Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?
the lumbar region
Where would a dentist inject lidocaine to prevent pain in the lower teeth?
the mandibular foramen
Which of the following sinuses are at high risk of infection spreading from the middle ear?
the mastoid sinuses
Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones?
the maxilla - is a facial bone
Which bone or pair of bones forms the superior portion of the cranium?
the parietal bones
Which of the following bones would most likely be involved in surgery to remove a tumor on the pituitary gland?
the sella turcica
The axial skeleton includes ________.
the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the orbit?
the temporal bone
Which of the following cranial bones receives the condyle of the mandible?
the temporal bone
When combined with the costal cartilages, the bony thorax is also known as __________.
the thoracic cage
Many ribs articulate anteriorly with the sternum and posteriorly with __________.
the vertebral column
Which of the following bones do NOT contain a paired paranasal sinus?
the zygomatic bones
The appendicular skeleton is composed of all of the following EXCEPT the bones of the __________.
thoracic cage
Altogether, how many bones form the arm and forearm?
three
two lateral projections that articulate with the ribs in thoracic region
transverse processes
Which of the following bones does NOT form a part of the orbits of the eyes?
vomer
Which of the following is a facial bone?
vomer
sacral Alae
winglike expansions
Mary fractured her pisiform bone in a fall. What part of her body was injured?
wrist (The pisiform bone is one of eight carpal bones)
Squamous
zygomatic processes articulate with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch and mandibular fossa makes up part of temporomandiular joint
Which bone forms the prominence of the cheek?
zygomatic bone
cheekbone
zygomatic bone
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
-T1 to T12 increase in size and articulate with ribs
Arm bone
- Deltoid tuberosity: about midway down shaft; site of deltoid muscle attachment -Radial groove: carries radial nerve -Trochlea: distal hourglass-shaped condyle - Capitulum: distal ball-like condyle -Medial and lateral epicondyles: points of muscle attachment -Medial and lateral supracondyle ridges -Fossae: coronoid, olecranon, and radial
Pubis
-Anterior portion of hip bone -Pubis joins at pubic symphysis joint
Cervical vertebrae (cont.)
-C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique features
Cervical vertebrae Characteristics
-C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae -C3 to C7 share following features: •Oval-shaped body •Exception: C7 spinous processes are split (bifid) •Large, triangular vertebral foramen •Transverse foramen found in each transverse process for artery passageways •C7 is vertebra prominens; large and can be felt through skin, so used as a landmark
bones that form orbits
-Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands -Sites of attachment for eye muscles -Formed by parts of seven bones 1. Frontal, 2.sphenoid, 3.zygomatic, 4.maxilla, 5.palatine, 6.lacrimal 7.ethmoid
intervertebral discs
-Cushionlike pad sandwiched between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers -Composed of two parts 1. Nucleus 2. Anulus fibrosus
thigh Bone features (cont.)
-Distally, femur ends in lateral and medial condyles that articulate with tibia -Medial and lateral epicondyles: sites of muscle attachment •Adductor tubercle: medial epicondyle bump -Patellar surface: articulates with patella -Intercondylar fossa: lies between condyles
Metatarsals
-Five metatarsal bones (I to V from hallux to little toe) -Enlarged head of metatarsal I forms "ball of the foot"
Nasal bones
-Form bridge of nose -Articulate with frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones -Attach to cartilage that forms tip of nose
Zygomatic bones
-Form cheekbones and inferolateral margins of orbits -Articulate with zygomatic processes of temporal, frontal, and maxillary bones
lacrimal bones (facial)
-Form medial walls of orbits -Articulate with frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones -Lacrimal fossa that houses lacrimal sac allows passageway for tears to drain
Occipital Bone: Foramen Magnum
-Forms most of skull's posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa -Articulates with parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones -Foramen magnum: " large hole" through which brain connects with spinal cord •Flanked by paid of occipital condyles that articulate with 1st vertebra -Hypoglossal canal allows cranial nerve XII to pass through
thigh bone features
-Fovea capitis: small pit in ball-like head -Greater and lesser trochanters: muscle attachment sites •Trochanters connected by intertrochanteric line and intertrochanteric crest -Gluteal tuberosity blends into linea aspera, which diverges into medial and lateral supracondylar lines
Sphenoid contains three pairs of processes:
-Greater wings -Lesser wings -Pterygoid processes
Appendicular skeleton congenital abnormalities
-Hip dysplasia occurs in a little over 1% of infants -Acetabulum forms incompletely or ligaments are loose, allowing head of femur to slip out of socket -Treatments include splints or harness to hold femur in place or surgery to tighten ligaments
nucleus pulposus
-Inner gelatinous nucleus -Gives disc its elasticity and compressibility
Palatine bones
-L-shaped bones made from two bony plates •Horizontal plate: completes posterior one-third of hard palate •Perpendicular plate: forms part of posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity and a small part of the orbits
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
-L1 to L5 "small of back"; receives most stress, so bodies are massive
Arches of the foot
-Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons -Allow foot to bear weight
Ulna
-Medial bone in forear -Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus
Other cranium cavities
-Middle and internal ear cavities -Nasal cavity -Orbits that house eyeballs
Fibula
-Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur -Several muscles originate from fibula -Articulates proximally and distally with tibia
anulus fibrosus
-Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage -Limits expansion of nucleus pulposus when compressed
Inferior nasal conchae
-Paired bones that form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity -Largest of three pairs of conchae •Ethmoid bone forms other two pairs
Vomer
-Plow-shaped bone; forms part of nasal septum
Vertebral Regions and curvatures
-Regions: ~28 long vertebral column broken into five major regions: 1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacrum 5. coccyx
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) Bone features
-Spine: prominent ridge posteriorly -Acromion: lateral projection that articulates with acromial end of clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint -Coracoid process: anterior projection that anchors bicep muscle of arm -Suprascapular notch: opening for nerves -Several large fossae named according to location
Vertebrae structure; how many processes
-Spinous process: projects posteriorly -Transverse processes (2): project laterally -Superior articular processes (2): protrude superiorly -Inferior articular processes (2): protrude inferiorly
ilium
-Superior region of coxal bone -Auricular surface articulates with sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
sutural bones
-Tiny, irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures -Significance is unknown, as not everyone has these
Parietal bones and the major sutures
-Two large parietal bones form most of superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault -Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:
mastoiditis
-can develop if a middle ear infection spreads into mastoid process area -Mastoid air cells are separated from brain by a very thin bony plate, increasing chances that the infection could spread to brain
Mastoid process contains
-cavities (sinuses) called mastoid air cells
skull openings
-foramina, canals, fissures -provide passageways for spinal cord, major blood vessels, and the 12 cranial nerves
maxillary bones (maxillae)
-medially fused to form upper jaw and central facial skeleton -Upper teeth held in alveolar processes -Anterior nasal -Palatine process -Frontal process: -Zygomatic processes -Maxillary sinuses:
infant skull
-more bones than adult skull -Skull bones such as mandible and frontal bones are unfused -Skull bones connected by fontanelles
Cervical (3-7) Body
-small, oval , wide, side to side
thoracic superior and inferior articular processes
-superior facets directed posteriorly -inferior facets directed anteriorly
lumbar superior and inferior articular processess
-superior facets directed posteromedially (or medially) -inferior facets directed anterolaterally (or laterally)
Developmental Aspects primary curvatures
-thorax and sacrum are convex at birth, resulting in C-shaped spine
Which digit is the radius closest to?
1 - The radius runs parallel to the ulna on the same side as the thumb
The hand consists of:
1. 8 carpal bones (writst) 2. 5 metacarpal (palm) 3. 14 phalanges (fingers)
Paranasal sinuses characteristics
1. All contain mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces
Match the key terms with the bone descriptions that follow:
1. Bone of the axial skeleton to which the pectoral girdle attaches- sternum 2. markings include glenoid cavaty and acromion- scapula 3. features included the ala, crest, and greater sciatic notch- ilium 4. doubly curved; acts as a shoulder strut- clavicle 5. hip bone that articulates witht he axial skeleton- ilium 6. the sit down bone- ischium 7. anteriormost bone of the pelvic girdle- pubis 8. part of the vertebral column- sacrum
Axial skeleton has three functions
1. Form longitudinal axis of body 2. Support head, neck, and trunk 3. Protect brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs
Arm bone features
1. Head 2. anatomical neck 3. greater tubercle 4. surgical neck
Identify the typical number of vertebrae that fuse during development to form the coccyx.
3-5; The coccyx is formed by 3-5 vertebrae fusing together during development
The Upper Limb
30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb: 1. arm 2. forearm 3. hand
How many pairs of ribs are considered false ribs?
5 - 5 pairs of ribs are false ribs. False ribs either attach to the sternum indirectly by articulating with the costal cartilage of the rib above it, or do not attach to the sternum at all.
Name the number of vertebrae that fuse together to form the sacrum.
5 - Five bones fuse together to form the sacrum.
How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
5 - Five lumbar vertebrae make up the lower back region
lumbar vertebrae
5 vertebrae in lower back - Remember meal times: 7 am, 12 noon, and 5 pm
How many cervical vertebrae are there in a normal adult?
7
Name the number of tarsals.
7 ~ The tarsus is made up of 7 bones that compose the ankle and the posterior portion of the foot.
How many pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum?
7 - There are 7 pairs of true ribs in the human body. True ribs articulate directly with the sternum.
tarsus (tarsal)
7 tarsal bones form posterior half -Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus (heel) -Calcaneal tuberosity: part that touches ground •Sustentacular tali (talar shelf): supports talus -Other tarsal bones: 1. cuboid 2. navicular 3. medial 4. intermediate 5. lateral cuneiform bones
How many carpals make up the wrist?
8 -The wrist is comprised of 8 carpals.
The sella turcica is best described as:
A depression
Identify the best description of the mandibular condyle.
A projection on the mandible
Identify the best description of the mandibular fossa.
A shallow depression
The clavicle belongs to which of the following areas?
Appendicular skeleton
How do the relative proportions of the cranium and face of a fetus compare with those of an adult skull?
At birth, the skull is huge relative to the facial skeleton.
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
Atlas
Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".
Atlas - axis
pelvic girdle bones
Attaches lower limbs to body trunk
pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)
Attaches upper limbs to body trunk
Identify the central portion of the sternum.
Body - the sternum is the largest region, occupying the space between the manubrium and the xiphoid process.
Identify the part of the mandible that serves as a site of attachment for the temporalis muscle.
Coronoid process
the anterior projection found on the top of the mandibular ramus. It serves as the insertion site for temporalis.
Coronoid process
Identify the region of the sphenoid bone in contact with the pituitary gland.
Correct. The sella turcica is a central depression that houses the pituitary gland.
Cranium
Cranium is comprised of eight cranial bones: -Frontal bone -Parietal bones (two—left and right) -Occipital bone -Temporal bones (two — left and right) -Sphenoid bone -Ethmoid bone
Identify the landmark that serves as a site of attachment for the meninges.
Crista galli
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) Characteristics
Each scapula has three borders -Superior: shortest, sharpest border -Medial (vertebral): runs parallel to spine -Lateral (axillary): near armpit, ends superiorly in glenoid cavity fossa (shoulder joint)
Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region?
Elongated spinous process
The __________ bone forms the area of the cranium between the nasal cavity and the orbits.
Ethmoid
Identify the hole that marks the opening of the ear canal on the superficial surface of the skull.
External auditory meatus
facial bones
Facial skeleton is made up of 14 bones, 12 of which are paired (mandible and vomer are single) •Mandible •Maxillary bones (2) •Zygomatic bones(2) •Nasal bones (2) •Lacrimal bones (2) •Palatine bones (2) •Vomer •Inferior nasal conchae (2)
The hip bone is part of the axial skeleton.
False
The lumbar vertebrae are part of the appendicular skeleton
False
The ethmoid bone is a facial bone.
False - The ethmoid bone is part of the cranium.
The ethmoid bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum.
False - The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum.
Which bone articulates in the acetabulum?
Femur
Identify the bone found lateral to the tibia.
Fibula
Identify the bone of the lower limb that bears the least amount of weight.
Fibula - It does not help distribute the weight of the body to the foot.
Metacarpus (Palm)
Five numbered (1-5) metacarpal bones radiate from the wrist to form the palm; •Bases articulate with carpals, and heads articulate with proximal phalanges
Which of the following bones is unpaired?
Frontal
Identify the part of a rib that articulates in the demi-facets of the thoracic vertebra.
Head
Identify the region of the radius that articulates with the ulna.
Head
What part of the humerus articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint?
Head
Identify the region of the femur that forms part of the hip joint.
Head - The head of the femur is the ball portion of the hip joint
Identify the landmark found on the diaphysis of the femur.
Linea aspera
What type of bone is a phalanx?
Long
What type of bone is the fibula?
Long
What type of bones are the phalanges?
Long
Pregnant women may experience an exaggerated lordosis, or swayback. Which curvature is affected during pregnancy?
Lumbar
Identify the shield shaped top of the sternum.
Manubrium. The manubrium is the superior most region of the sternum. It articulates with both the clavicle and the first rib.
Which of the following facial bones contain a sinus?
Maxillary
Which surface of the maxillary bones fuse together?
Medial
The flat surface of the tibia that articulates with the femur is the superior surface of which landmark?
Medial and lateral condyles
Identify the best description for the location of the head of the femur.
Medial and proximal
Identify the anatomical landmark resulting in a noticeable bump found on the medial surface of the ankle.
Medial malleolus
Which of the following locations is not formed by part of the maxillae?
Nasal septum
The condition known as a "fractured hip" is most often a break in the femur. Where is the femur particularly susceptible to a fracture?
Neck
Identify the area of the occipital bone that articulates with the vertebral column.
Occipital condyles
Identify the occipital bone landmark that can not be palpated from the surface of the head.
Occipital condyles
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
Occipital condyles
Identify the location of the occipital bone.
Posterior surface and base of the cranium
Ischium
Posteroinferior part of hip bone
The forearm consists of:
Radius and ulna
Identify the primary function of the ethmoidal sinuses.
Reduce the weight of the skull
What regions of the hip bones articulate to form a symphysis?
Right and left pubic bodies
Costal cartilages ossification
Rigid thorax causes shallow breathing and less efficient gas exchange
The scapula is the site of origin of a group of muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Identify this muscle group.
Rotator cuff - 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff originate on the scapula and insert on the proximal humerus.
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?
Sacral - The sacrum is located below the lumbar region, articulating superiorly with L5 and inferiorly with the coccyx.
What region of the vertebral column does the hip bone articulate with?
Sacral region
The nasal septum occupies which anatomic plane?
Sagittal
Identify the suture found between the 2 parietal bones.
Sagittal suture
Identify the bone that articulates with the clavicle laterally.
Scapula
Identify the bone that makes up the pectoral girdle with the clavicle.
Scapula
Foot
Skeleton of foot includes bones of; 1. tarsus 2. metatarsus 3. phalanges
The ____________ bone is the large bat shaped bone that spans the floor of the skull.
Sphenoid
Which cranial bone spans the width of the cranial floor?
Sphenoid
Which of the following landmarks is found on the posterior surface of the scapula?
Spine - The spine of the scapula is on the back of the bone and can easily be palpated.
The mandible is not responsible for:
Structure of the palate
Identify the landmark on the temporal bone that is a pointy spine.
Styloid process
Identify the projection found on distal end of the ulna.
Styloid process
Which of the following regions of the radius help form the wrist joint?
Styloid process
Which region of the vertebral column is located superior to the thoracic region and which region is inferior to the thoracic region, respectively?
Superiorly: cervical and inferiorly: lumbar
Identify the type of movement enabled by the articulation between the radius and ulna at the elbow.
Supination
Identify the type of joint found between the distal end of the tibia and fibula (distal tibiofibular joint).
Syndesmosis - A syndesmosis is a type of fibrous joint where the 2 articulating bones are joined solely by ligaments
Which of the following thoracic vertebrae is the largest?
T12 - The size of the individual vertebrae increase from the top of the column to the bottom, therefore the last thoracic vertebra, T12, would be the largest.
The ethmoid bone is part of the axial skeleton.
TRUE. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
The ethmoid bone contains sinuses.
TRUE. The ethmoid sinuses are also known as ethmoidal air cells. They are found on either side of the perpendicular plate.
Identify the tarsal that articulates with the tibia and fibula.
Talus
Identify the region on the zygomatic bone that forms part of the zygomatic arch.
Temporal process
Which of these curvatures on the spine are NOT present at birth but develop later?
The cervical and lumbar areas develop their posteriorly concave shape later.
What is the function of the intervertebral discs?
The discs act as shock absorbers and allow the spine to flex and extend.
How is the female pelvis different from the male pelvis?
The female pelvis inlet and outlet are wider; the pelvis is shallower, lighter, and rounder than that of the male; and the ischial tuberosities are farther apart. The coccyx is more movable; straighter. The pelvic inlet is wider; oval from side to side.
Which of the designated bones articulates with both the vomer and the nasal bones?
The maxilla articulates with both the nasal bone and the vomer.
The Skeleton
The skeletal system, or skeleton is composed of bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments. -mostly bone -cartilage occurs in isolated areas -ligaments connect bones and reinforce joints
Transverse costal facet
The transverse costal facet is a slight depression found on the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. It contacts the tubercle of a rib as the rib extends laterally.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parietal bones?
They form the base of the skull.
optic canals of sphenoid
allow passage of optic nerves
Supraorbital foramen( notch)
allows supraorbital artery and nerve to pass to forehead
jugular foramen
allows passage of three cranial nerves
Vertebral ligaments
along with trunk muscles, help support vertebral column
Coccyx Vertebrae
also fused bones that form terminus of column
Foramen rotundum and foramen ovale
also passageways for cranial nerves
Which fontanelle is the largest?
anterior (frontal)
Which region of the skeleton contains the humerus?
appendicular
medial longitudinal arch
arch curves upwards
superior articular process
articulates with L5
Intervertebral foramina
ateral openings between vertebrae for passage of spinal nerves
Peter Howell, a teaching assistant in the anatomy class, picked up a hip bone, and pretended it was a telephone. He held the big hole in this bone right up to his ear and said, "Hello, obturator, obturator (operator, operator)." Name the stucture he was helping the students to learn.
obturator foramen
A common injury in the winter is a fall in which someone hits the back of his or her head on the ice. What bone is most likely to be involved in this type of fall?
occipital
The foramen magnum would be found in the __________ bone.
occipital
forms most of the base of the skull
occipital bone
Connects occipital and temporal bones.
occipitomastoid suture
carpal tunnel syndrome
occurs from overuse and inflammation of tendons, which can compress median nerve, causing tingling and numbness
Sacrum Vertebrae
one bone, formed from fusion of several bones, articulates with hip
foramen spinosum
opening for arteries
The conical protrusions on some of the fetal cranial bones are called __________.
ossification (growth) centers
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
•At birth, cranium is huge relative to face •At 9 months, cranium is half the adult size •Mandible and maxilla are foreshortened but lengthen with age •Arms and legs grow at faster rate than head and trunk, leading to adult proportions
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) Characteristics
•Body is heart shaped with two small demifacets that articulate with ribs -T 10 to T 12 have only single facet, not two •Vertebral foramen is circular •Long, sharp spinous process points inferiorly •Transverse processes have transverse costal facets that articulate with ribs (except T11, T12) •Location of articular facets allows rotation of this area of spine
Cranial bones (cranium)
•Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity •Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles
vertebral column
•Extends from skull to pelvis •Also called spine or spinal column •Functions to transmit weight of trunk to lower limbs, surround and protect spinal cord, provide attachment points for ribs and muscles •Flexible curved structure contains 26 irregular bones called vertebrae in five major regions
Skull Geography
•Facial bones form anterior aspect, with cranium forming the rest of skull •Cranium is divided into a vault and a base
Facial Bones
•Form framework of face •Contain cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell •Provide openings for air and food passage •Secure teeth •Anchor facial muscles used for facial expression
Axis (C-2) Vertebra
•Has body and processes like other vertebrae •Major feature is knoblike dens that projects superiorly into anterior arch of atlas -Dens is the "missing" body of atlas •Dens is a pivot for rotation of atlas •Movement allows side to side rotation for saying "No"
Fibular Bone features
•Head •Lateral malleolus
Radius bone features
•Head: articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna •Radial tuberosity: anchors biceps •Ulnar notch: articulates with ulna •Radial styloid process: anchors ligaments
ARM Characteristics
•Humerus: only bone of the arm; the largest and longest bone of upper limb •Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula •Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
Openings for nerves and blood vessels include:
•Inferior orbital fissure •Infraorbital foramen •Incisive fossa and canal
leg
•Made up of two parallel bones, tibia and fibula -Connected by interosseous membrane
Tibia Bone features
•Medial and lateral condyles •Intercondylar eminence •Tibial tuberosity •Anterior border •Medial malleolus •Fibular notch
Atlas (C-1) Vertebra
•No body or spinous process •Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses •Superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with occipital condyles -Occipital condyles "carry" skull •Movement for nodding head "Yes"
hyoid bone
•Not a bone of skull •Lies in anterior neck inferior to mandible •Only bone in body that does not articulate directly with another bone -Anchored by ligaments •Acts as a movable base for tongue and site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech
Ulna bone features
•Olecranon and coronoid processes: grip trochlea of humerus, forming hinge joint -Processes separated by trochlear notch •Radial notch: articulates with head of radius •Ulnar head: knoblike distal portion •Ulnarstyloid process: ligament attachment
Ischium characteristics
•Posteroinferior part of hip bone •Consists of body and ramus •Three important markings: 1. Ischial spine 2. Lesser sciatic notch 3. Ischial tuberosity
Clavicles (Collarbones)
•S-shaped sternal end articulates with sternum medially •Flattened acromial end articulates laterally with scapula •Anchor muscles and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally
lumbar vertebrae characteristics
•Short, thick pedicles and laminae •Flat, hatchet-shaped spinous processes point posteriorly •Vertebral foramen is triangular •Orientation of articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together to prevent rotation
The Skull
•Skull is the most complex bony structure in body •Formed by two sets of bones: •Most skull bones are flat and firmly locked together (except for mandible) •Joints are called sutures -Have a serrated, saw-tooth appearance
IIium Characteristics
•Superior region of hip bone •Consists of body and winglike ala -Iliac crests: thickened superior margin of ala -Iliac crest ends at anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine •Greater sciatic notch : sciatic nerve passage •Gluteal surface contains three ridges: posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines •Iliac foss: concavity on ala •Auricular surface articulates with sacrum •Arcuate line: defines pelvic brim
forearm bones
•Two parallel bones form forearm skeleton: ulna and radius •Proximal ends articulate with humerus and each other •Distally articulate with each other at the radioulnar joint •interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna along their entire length
vertebral arch is composed of:
•Two pedicles: short pillars form sides of arch •Two laminae: fused, flattened plates form posterior arch
Pubis characteristics
•V-shaped anterior portion of hip bone •Consists of the body and superior and inferior pubic rami •Anterior border forms the pubic crest •Lateral end forms pubic tubercle •Obturator foramen : large opening formed by rami and body •Pubic bones join at pubic symphysis •Pubic arch (subpubic angle): formed by rami; main difference between male and female pelves
paranasal sinuses function
•Warm and humidify air •Help to lighten skull •Enhance resonance of voice