A&P 1, Exam Multiple Choice Bank Review

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

1. Formation of a fibrous connective tissue layer coating the brain. 2. "Clustering of mesenchymal cells within the fibrous connective tissue. 3. Development of numerous osteogenic cells. 4. Production of osteoid by osteocytes 5. Conversion of thickened trabeculae under the periosteum into compact bone.

Which of the following would you NOT expect to find in cartilage? a) cells b) extracellular matric c) lacunae d) canaliculi e) collagen

canaliculi

An excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle is...

Acetylcholine

As the chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate age, they are pushed closer and closer to the?

Diaphysis

A fibrous protein found in a sample of connective tissue from an unknown source consists of molecules that are coiled and interwoven to form a meshwork resembling a bedspring. It is capable of being stretched, and returns to its original shape after it is released. This protein is...

Elastin

Eventually the large clot (hematoma) gets converted into a ball of bone called the bony callus. For this to happen, though, the clot must first be converted into...

Fibrocartlage

The articular cartilage is made up of?

Hyaline cartilage

The "large" myofilament is called...

Myosin

The large cells derived from the blood that are important for bone resorption are called?

Osteoclasts

The medullary cavity in an infants long bone is filled with?

Red bone marrow

Hannah has received a burn from spilling hot soup on herself. Initially it has the following symptoms: localized redness around the burn and some swelling around the burned area. She says that the burn is painful. Some time after the burn occurred, fluid filled blisters developed. Hannah's burn should be classified as ________________, which means that ________________.

Second degree, the epidermis and the upper part of the dermis have been destroyed.

Red bone marrow in an adult consists of a larger number of tightly packed blood cells located inside bones that are actively producing new blood cells. This type of marrow is most closely associated with which type of bone?

Spongy bone

In the context of Biology, a tissue is:

a group of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them.

When a bone is broken, a large blood clot is formed to patch the broken area. This clot is called?

a hematoma

A chemical substance released from the axon terminal which stimulates an action potential in the cell it binds to is called...

a neurotransmitter

What would be the most likely result of generating an action potential in only one motor unit?

a weak contraction of the entire muscle.

Compare epithelial and connective tissue. Which of the following statements concerning this comparison is correct? a) epithelial tissue generally has a higher concentration of cells than connective tissue b) epithelial tissue consists mainly of extracellular matrix, while connective tissues have very little extracellular matrix. c) connective tissue is all extracellular matrix d) neither tissue is vascularized (contains blood vessels) in the body. e) both tissues have an exposed (apical) surface and a basal surface.

a) epithelial tissue generally has a higher concentration of cells than connective tissue.

Which of the following might be listed as one of the symptoms of a first degree burn? a) erythema b) pallor c) cyanosis d) anthracosis e) jaundice

a) erythema

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between the extent to which a muscle is stretched and the amount of force it can generate? a) muscles contract with the most force when they are slightly stretched b) muscles contract with the most force when they are maximally stretched c) muscles contract with the most force when they are maximally compressed d) muscles contract with the most force when they have the support of their families e) muscles contract with the most force when they are completely relaxed

a) muscles contract with the most force when they are slightly stretched

Which of the following joints would be classified as a ball-and-socket joint? a) the shoulder joint b) the knee joint c) the proximal radioulnar joint d) the intercarpal joints e) the joints between articular processes on the vertebrae

a) the shoulder joint

Adipose tissue is classified as connective tissue even though it is quite different than most other connective tissues. The main difference between adipose tissue and other connective tissues is that...

adipose tissue consists of tightly packed cells; other connective tissue have few cells.

The organic portion of bone is important in providing all of the following, EXCEPT a) tensile strength b) hardness c) the ability to resist stretching d) flexibility

b) hardness

Which of the following statements accurately describe G-Actin? a) it is a polymer of many F-Actins b) it is a monomer of F-Actin c) it is a part of a myosin filament d) it is part of the Z discs e) it is much lower in quality than C-Actin

b) it is a monomer of F-Actin

Which of the following statements best describes one of the lines of research described in the article Boning Up by John Travis? a) putting stress on bones at the right angles can increase the deposition of bone where it is needed the most. b) osteoblasts produce a protein that slows the resorption of bone by inhibiting the proliferation of osteoclasts. c) treatment of the epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone with certain drugs can result in the development of achondroplastic dwarfism. d) the activity of osteoclasts can be increased significantly by treating a patient with nitroglycerine (a commonly used heart drug). e) very small people living on specks of dust in our bloodstream are responsible for bone deposition and resorption.

b) osteoblasts produce a protein that slows the resorption of bone by inhibiting the proliferation of osteoclasts.

Which of the following types of glands are not considered part of the integumentary system? a) sebaceous glands b) salivary glands c) sudoriferous glands d) mammary glands e) all of the above are part of the integumentary system

b) salivary glands

Which of the following most accurately describes one of the functions of mitosis? a) the creation of haploid sex cells for the purpose of reproduction. b) the creation of new cells to replace damaged cells c) the movement of solutes across the plasma membrane d) increasing the size of individual cells e) it helps support mifeetsis

b) the creation of new cells to replace damaged cells

Which of the following joints would be classified as a hinge joint? a) the hip joint b) the elbow joint c) the intercarpal joints d) the proximal radioulnar joint e) the shoulder joint

b) the elbow joint

Nourishment to cells in the epidermis is provided by...

blood vessels in the dermis.

Which of the following descriptions explains why the transmission of an action potential from a nerve cell to a muscle cell is so short-lived? a) the plasma membrane is a poor conductor of electricity b) the sensitivity of neurotransmitter receptors in the sarcolemma decreases proportionately with the amount of time it is exposed to acetylcholine c) Acetylcholinestearase in the synaptic cleft begins breaking down ACh upon its release d) Norepinephrine has minimal effects of muscle cells e) action potentials are notoriously weak-willed

c) Acetylcholinestearase in the synaptic cleft begins breaking down ACh upon its release

Which of the following substances is attributed to giving synovial fluid its slippery properties? a) hydrochloric acid b) hydroxyapetite c) hyaluronic acid d) osteoid e) collagen

c) Hyaluronic acid

Which of the following joint types affords multiaxial movements? a) planar joints b) hinge joints c) ball and socket joints d) the proximal radioulnar joint e) the shoulder joint

c) ball and socket joints

Which of the following statements best describes the function of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle? a) it directly powers the movement of myosin heads during contraction b) it stimulates the growth in size of skeletal muscle fibers c) it stores the energy from excess ATP that is produced in muscles at rest d) it is a small molecule which, when bound end to end, forms a myosin filament e) it serves as a refreshing beverage on a hot day

c) it stores the energy from excess ATP that is produced in muscles at rest

Which of the following plays a role in the movement of synaptic vesicles to the cleft? a) myosin b) actin c) motor proteins d) vitamin B12 e) synaptase

c) motor proteins

Solution A has a pH of 3 and solution B has a pH of 6.7. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true? a) Solution A and solution B are both basic. b) solution B is basic. c) solution A is more acidic than solution B. d) solution B would be considered slightly basic (alkaline) e) none of the above

c) solution A is more acidic than solution B.

Which of the following statements best explains why cartilage heals more slowly than bone after it has been damaged? a) there are fewer cells in cartilage to repair an injury b) the perforating canals in cartilage are not as large as those in bone c) the blood supply to healthy cartilage is poor; but bone has a rich blood supply d) the central canals in cartilage are smaller and have less capacity e) cartilage is just plain stubborn

c) the blood supply to healthy cartilage is poor; but bone has a rich blood supply

The event which can be considered either the last step of excitation/contraction coupling, or the first step of muscle contraction is...

cross-bridge attachment

You are given a slide of an unknown tissue. It looks like it is made up of a large number of thick protein fibers running parallel to each other is surrounded by a large amount of semi-fluid ground substance. A chemical analysis of the tissue shows that it contains a large amount of collagen. Which of the following assumptions about this tissue is/are likely to be correct? a) it is probably connective tissue proper b) it is probably highly elastic (stretchable) c) it resists stretching in the direction the fibers are running d) a and c only e) a and b only

d) a and c only

Which of the following events occurs at the level of the sarcomere as a result of contraction? a) the A band shortens b) the I band gets longer c) the Z discs get farther apart d) the H zone gets shorter e) the C slant expands

d) the H zone gets shorter

Which of the following characteristics are NOT typical of what you might find in a malignant melanoma? a) one half of the mole is different in shape than the other half b) the mole's outer edges are notched, scalloped, or irregular c) the mole is several different colors d) the mole is slightly smaller than a pencil eraser e) all of the above characteristics are typical of cancerous moles.

d) the mole is slightly smaller than a pencil eraser

Tendons and ligaments are made of...

dense regular collagenous connective tissue.

A term that means "a highly immovable joint" is...

diarthrosis

The major difference between diffusion and osmosis is...

diffusion refers to the movement of solutes, while osmosis refers to the movement of water.

If the generation of an action potential in one cell results in the stimulation of several other cells, we know there is a...

divergent circuit

Which of the following is NOT part of the description of a person in anatomical position? a) eyes and face facing forward b) arms at the sides c) hands positioned with palms facing anteriorly d) feet pointing forward e) laying on the back

e) laying on the back

Which of the following tissues has the least amount of extracellular matrix? a) aerolar connective tissue b) dense irregular collagenous connective tissue c) bone d) blood e) simple cuboidal epithelium

e) simple cuboidal epithelium

A type of skeletal muscle contraction in which the whole muscle actually lengthens as the movement it controls occurs is called an...

eccentric isotonic contraction

The radius and the ulna were initially formed by the process of?

endochondral ossification

The "Rule of Nines" is helpful clinically in...

estimating the extent of a burn.

Which of the following hormones effects the remodeling of bone by limiting the action of osteoclasts?

estrogen and testosterone

What kind of fibers are largest in diameter; have the most powerful contractions, low myoglobin content; best for intense, anaerobic movements of short duration, and fatigue quickly?

fast glycolytic fibers

A term which means "below" another structure or below a transverse plane is...

inferior

In a growing long bone, the epiphyseal plate grows by ___________ growth, while the diaphysis grows in length by ___________ growth.

interstitial, appositional

A contraction in which the tension in the muscle increases, but the overall length of the muscle doesn't change is called an...

isometric contraction

Muscle tissue is classified as such based on...

its ability to contract.

A motor neuron together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates is called a...

motor unit

Two main cell types which are seen in nervous tissue are

neuroglia and neurons

Once stimulated, some neural circuits remain active until inhibited by a cell external to the circuit. This description describes what type of neuronal circuit?

oscillating circuit

A term that means "an immovable joint" is...

synarthrosis

Bone remodeling involves a balance between the resorption of bone by _______ and the deposition of bone by ________.

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

The physiological functions ("decisions") that occur in the nervous system and result in the stimulation of the neurons that direct the body's responses are referred to collectively as...

sensation

What kind of fibers are smallest in diameter, have the least powerful contractions, high myoglobin content; are best for slow, sustained contractions; and very resistant to fatigue?

slow oxidative fibers

A type of muscle that is involuntary but not striated is

smooth muscle.

The basal surface of an epithelial tissue is defined by...

the fact that it is in contact with the basement membrane.

With respect to bones, the term appositional growth means?

the laying down of new bone on the top of old bone.

What are series-elastic elements?

the non-contractile components of a muscle.

The layer of connective tissue that organizes nerve cell axons into fascicles is called...

the perineurium

A neuromuscular junction is...

the place where a nerve cell comes together with a skeletal muscle fiber.

The epiphyseal plate is separated into "zones" which reflect the aging process of this cartilage from the point it is first formed to the point it is converted into bone. This aging process is most similar to?

the processes involved in endochondral ossification.

The various types of Epithelia are classified into separate groups based on...

the shape and number of layers of cells in the tissue.

Wolff's Law is concerned with?

the structure of a bone being influenced by the mechanical stresses placed on it.

Connective tissue is separated into subgroups based on...

the structure of the extracellular matrix.

Racial differences in the color of skin can be primarily attributed to...

the type and amount of melanin in the epidermis of different races of people.