A&P 1 Final Exam
Which of these cannot cause a mutation?
A mistake made by the RNA polymerase
Cartilage is best described as which of the following?
A relatively stiff connective tissue with a rubbery matrix
DNA is the polymer of what and what does it consist of
A-T, C-G, double helix shape
Which structure prevents knee hyperextension?
ACL
The bond between the active site on actin and the myosin head is broken when an _______
ATP molecule binds to the myosin head
Which of the following is/are true statements regarding the neurotransmitters of the ANS?
All postganglionic neurons of the ANS have cholinergic receptors in their dendrites. All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells.
What is a motor unit?
All the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber
What mediates emotions and projections to the prefrontal cortex that allows us to decide how we will respond emotionally?
Amygdala
Which glands are inactive until puberty, produce a milky sweat that contains fatty acids, andresponds to stress and sexual stimulation
Apocrine sweat glands
How do you identify squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum Tends to metastasis to lymph nodes
When & how does transcription occur? (hint: DNA & RNA)
DNA codes for mRNA, within nucleus Copying genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA
What equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Auditory tube
What is spatial summation
EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at axon hillock
Four of the five statements below are common misconceptions about hair and fingernails. Which one is true?
Each scalp hair can grow for several years before falling out.
What is formed during fracture healing when cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue
Endochondral ossification
What is involved in spinal gating of pain signals
Enkephalins
What is the most abundant formed element of the blood
Erythrocytes or red blood cells
Which of the following best describes muscular tissue?
Excitable cells that are cylindrical, branching, or spindle shaped
What is the attachment site for the nuchal ligament
External occipital protuberance
What are meninges?
Fibrous connective tissue membranes covering the central nervous system
Which of the following joints would be found in the shoulder region?
Glenohumeral Acromioclavicular
Which of the following best describes smooth muscle?
Helps propel contents through a tubular organ
Choose the correct statements regarding types of levers. Check all that apply
In a third-class lever, the effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance. A first-class lever is one with the fulcrum in the middle. A second-class lever has the resistance in the middle.
What beneficial adaptations occur during a lengthy aerobic training program
Increases RBC and O2 transport capacity of blood Enhances function of CV, respiratory, and nervous systems
What is the synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem that determines whether afferent neurons issue a signal to the muscles
Integrating center
What bony structure of the humerus holds the biceps tendon
Intertubercular sulcus
Which of the following best fits the rods, one of the photoreceptors of the eye that absorb light and generate a chemical or electrical signal?
Involved in night vision Used in scotopic vision Smooth plasma membrane surrounds the intramembranous disc.
Why does resting membrane potential (RMP) exist
Ions unequally distributed between ECF and ICF
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?
It breaks down ACh, ending muscle stimulation.
Which of the following statements best describes a scientific theory?
It is a summary of conclusions drawn from a large body of observed facts.
Why is myelin important?
It is formed to assist in the regeneration of damaged fibers. It speeds up signal conduction in the nerve fiber It insulates the nerve fiber.
Which of the following applies to the autonomic nervous system?
Lacrimal gland activation Can be excitatory or inhibitory on the target organ Principally involved with movement of materials through the body
A patient with appendicitis is known to have situs inversus. In which abdominal region should this surgeon be looking for the appendix?
Left iliac (inguinal)
What are examples of negative feedback in the human body
Loss of homeostatic control causes illness or death
What is the name of the fibrocartilage that provides shock absorption, lubrication, and nutrition to the knee joint?
Meniscus
What are examples of oxidation
Molecule is oxidized when it loses electrons
What makes the resting membrane potential slightly less negative than if the RMP was determined solely by potassium?
Na+ leakage
Increasing the intensity of a stimulus may increase which of the following?
Number of activated neurons Firing frequency of individual neurons
How does the epidermis get its nutritional needs met?
Oxygen and nutrients must diffuse into the avascular epidermis from the nearby dermis.
What are the air-filed holes in the skull that act as chambers and add resonance to the voice
Paranasal sinuses
Which of the following joints would be found in the knee region?
Patellofemoral Tibiofemoral
What part of the temporal bone houses the middle and inner ear cavities, the receptors forhearing and balance, and the internal auditory meatus
Petrous
What is the study of the mechanism of disease
Physiology
Researchers want to assess if a world-class rock climber experiences fear differently in his or her brain than the average person. They want to scan their subjects' brains to see if there is any difference in which regions of the brain are more metabolically active during stress. Which imaging technique would be the most useful?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
What is the name of the joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
Which tissue is multilayered with nuclei at several layers, contains cilia, and goblet cells, and is found in the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified Columnar
What action does the stretch reflex require to prevent an antagonistic muscle from interfering with the agonist?
Reciprocal Inhibition
Which of the following best fits into the "special senses?"
Recognizing your friend's face
Name and correctly spell the four SITS muscles.
S: supraspinatus I: infraspinatus T: teres minor S: subscapularis
What is the longest muscle in the human body
Sartorius
What is the longest muscle in the human body?
Sartorius
Which white blood cell is found in the dendritic cells of the epidermis that originates in the bone marrow and guards against pathogens
Stratum spinosum and granulosum
In the autonomic nervous system, which of the following uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter?
Synapses between the vagus nerve and the pacemaker of the heart
What is the name of the cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together
Synchondrosis
What is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid and has a viscous, slippery texture like raw egg whites?
Synovial fluid
What is considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex and is also the integration center of the autonomic nervous system?
Thalamus
Choose the incorrect statement regarding the general features of the vertebral column.
The vertebral column consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them.
At the synaptic knob, voltage-gated ______________ channels open, thereby stimulating the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters by exocytosis.
calcium
Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bone
calcium
Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones?
calcium
Osseous tissue matrix is composed of _____
calcium phosphate
The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the __________.
cauda equina
What is the simplest structure considered to be alive
cell
Which of the following important breakthroughs in biomedical history stemmed from the work of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek?
cell theory
All physiological processes are based on ____
cellular activity
Which of the following levels of the central nervous system plays a role in influencing the autonomic nervous system?
cerebral cortex brainstem hypothalamus
What is the seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions?
cerebrum
The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses
cervical
Which of the vertebrae has a bifid (split) spinous process, transverse foramina, including one that has no vertebral body?
cervical
The anterior rami of spinal nerves form which nerve plexuses?
cervical, lumbar, sacral
A resting membrane potential of -70 mV indicates that the ________________.
charges lining the inside of the plasma membrane are negative compared to the charges lining the outside
When a skeletal muscle lengthens, what helps it resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle?
collagen
Biological polymers are produced by the process of dehydration synthesis, also known as ______
condensation reactions
______tissue usually has more matrix than cells. Some forms of this are bone, adipose, and blood.
connective
Which tissue has more matrix than cells? Hint: some forms of this are bone, adipose, and blood
connective tissue
What type of contraction occurs when you hear a loud noise behind you, and you look back over your left shoulder?
contralateral
If demyelination occurs, why don't action potentials occur at regions of the axon that were previously myelinated?
These regions lack the appropriate concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels.
You hear a loud noise behind you and look back over your left shoulder. Which of the following is true?
This was a contralateral contraction of your right sternocleidomastoid muscle.
An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal causes what to occur?
Voltage-gated calcium ion channels open, and calcium ions diffuse into the cell.
What would happen to the resting membrane potential of a resting neuron if the potassium leak channels were suddenly blocked
action potential repolarization is delayed
Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?
active
Which process only occurs in the plasma membrane of a living cell
active transport
Which of the following best describes the function of cAMP?
acts as a "second messenger" to activate metabolic effects within the cell
Sensory stimuli enter the spinal cord via __
afferent axons
The __________ mediates emotions and projections to the prefrontal cortex allows us to decide how we will respond emotionally
amygdala
Which of the following structures are found within the spinal cord?
anterior funiculus lateral spinalthalamic tract
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the __________
arachnoid and pia mater
Where is CSF reabsorbed into the blood? (Hint: it projects into the space between the dural layers
arachnoid villi granulations
Bones in the legs, arms, spine and pelvis grow ____
at different rates
Which division of the nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?
autonomic
Which division of the nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector
autonomic nervous system
What two types of joints are found in the shoulder region
ball and socket saddle
Which stretch receptors in the walls of the arteries trigger a reflex that causes the heart rate to decrease?
baroreceptors
What breaks the bond between the active site on actin and the myosin head
binding of ATP
What happens to the covalent bonds in an exchange reaction
broken down and then reformed in a new way AB + CD -> AC + BD
How does the skeletal system help maintain acid-base balance
buffers blood against large pH changes by altering phosphate and carbonate salt levels
Which of the following is the prominent C-shaped fiber tract that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
The gray matter of the cerebrum forms a surface layer called the __________ and deeper masses called __________ surrounded by white matter.
cortex and nuclei
During short bursts of intense activity, ATP for muscle contraction is supplied by which of the following?
creatine phosphate
What supplies ATP for muscle contraction during short bursts of intense activity
creatine phosphate
Which cell type is ONLY located in two layers of the epidermis, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum granulosum?
dendritic cells
Which tracts of the spinal cord send feedback to the cerebellum from the muscles and joint
descending
What is the most common form of shoulder dislocation
downward
From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived?
ectoderm
What is a molecule, cell, or organ that directly carries out a response to a stimulus called?
effector
Minerals can be stored in the skeleton, which acts as a reservoir, storing or releasing minerals as needed to maintain ___________________ throughout the body
electrolyte balance
What are important to the chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, and electrical excitability of nerve and muscle?
electrolytes
This membrane-bound organelle is the site of protein and lipid synthesis.
endoplasmic reticulum
Where are osteogenic/osteoprogenitor stem cells found
endosteum and inner layer of periosteum
What is the crossed-extension reflex?
extension of opposite leg prevents falling
Where is elastic cartilage found in the human body
external ear and epiglottis
T/F An organ that receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers is said to have synergistic effects.
false
T/F Anabolism consists of energy-releasing reactions, such as the production of protein or fat.
false
T/F Articular cartilage will deteriorate more quickly in a person who exercises than in a person who does not.
false
T/F Because of the inability of red blood cells (RBCs) and albumin to pass through the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle, they exert a small amount of hydrostatic pressure on the tubular fluid towards the glomerulus.
false
T/F Complete tetanus of a muscle happens regularly in the human body.
false
T/F Contained within the cortical sections of bones, red bone marrow is responsible for blood formation.
false
T/F Crenation occurs to a red blood cell (RBC) when it is placed in a hypotonic solution.
false
T/F Epithelial cells of the small intestine are held together by gap junctions which prevent lumenal contents from leaking between cells.
false
T/F Histology is the branch of medicine that examines tissues for disease.
false
T/F Individual amino acids are linked together by a hydrogen bond.
false
T/F Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
false
T/F The basal nuclei are considered the gateway to the cerebral cortex as well as the integration center of the autonomic nervous system.
false
T/F The brain and spinal cord are composed of tissue that arises from endoderm.
false
T/F The composition of the plasma membrane is consistent from one region of the cell to another.
false
T/F The middle ear has four auditory ossicles (ear bones).
false
T/F Third-degree burns are typically much more painful than first- and second-degree burns.
false
What produces the collagen of areolar tissue
fibroblasts
Tendons are composed of which connective tissue
fibrous connective tissue
What beneficial adaptations occur following anaerobic resistance training
helps build tolerance to the lactic acid that causes fatigue, improving muscle endurance
As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive gets _______
higher
What is a substance that is capable of dissolving freely in water
hydrophilic
Name the bone that does not articulate with any other bone in the body and serves as the attachment site of several muscles that control the maxilla, tongue, and larynx.
hyoid bone
Spatial perception and the recognition of familiar objects require activity in which of the following cortical regions?
visual association areas
Which channels in the plasma membrane open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge difference across the membrane
voltage-gated channels
A 72-year-old female patient with a history of mild osteoporosis is experiencing back stiffness, pain, and fatigue, especially in the thoracic region. Examination reveals pronounced rounding of the upper back. What is your diagnosis?
hyperkyphosis
What is the layer of skin that is predominantly composed of adipose tissue and is the commonsite for drug injections due to its vascularity
hypodermis
This part of the diencephalon senses dehydration, regulates the sleep-wake cycle and body temperature.
hypothalamus
What part of the diencephalon senses dehydration and regulates the sleep-wake cycle and body temperature?
hypothalamus
The function of the microvilli is to ________
increase the cell surface area and facilitate transport
Which of the following increases the rate of a reaction?
increased temperature
Which of the following structures are found in the middle ear?
incus tensor tympani auditory tube
What is the name of the dense fibrous connective tissue membrane that forms the ligament found between the radius & ulna and tibia & fibula
interosseous membrane
______ spinal nerve branch is composed of a number of small nerves that innervates intraspinal ligaments, vertebral periosteum, and annulus fibrosis.
meningeal
_____ is found in fats, oils, steroids, and amino acids
methyl group
What links individual amino acids together
peptide bond
Which connective tissue layer bundles muscle fibers together into fascicles?
perimysium
_____________ is the thicker layer of connective tissue that wraps the fascicles and carries nerves, blood vessels, and stretch receptors.
perimysium
What is the forerunner of most bones, and covers many joint surfaces of mature bone
periosteum
What is the delicate membrane that follows the contours of the spinal cord, continues inferiorly as fibrous terminal filum, fuses with the dura, and forms the coccygeal ligament
pia mater
What parts of the brainstem control respiration?
pons and medulla oblongata
Which of the following best describes keratinocytes?
produce proteins & lipids associated with waterproofing the skin
The _________ tract allows communication between the lower and higher brain regions, between the thalamus and the cortex, and includes the corticospinal tracts.
projection
Dispersed throughout the cell membrane are _________ that may be transmembrane or peripheral.
proteins
Enzymes are ____
proteins
Two or more polypeptide chains, e.g., one globular or fibrous protein subunit now interact to produce a ____________ structure, which results from ionic, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions.
quaternary
When a hormone cannot enter a cell, what does it activate the formation of to get inside the cell?
receptors
The point where the DNA is opened up, like the two halves of a zipper separating, is called the _____
replication fork
A membrane potential reading of +10 mV, inactivated voltage-gated sodium channels and open voltage-gated potassium channels best describes the _____________ phase of an action potential.
repolarization
What stimulates olfaction?
response to odorants/chemicals
Which connective tissue is a mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts, forms a supportive stroma (framework) in lymphatic organs, and can be found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow?
reticular tissue
All of the following participate in DNA replication except _____
ribosomes
Which regions of the CNS does the parasympathetic division of the ANS arise from?
sacral spinal cord brainstem
What type of joint is biaxial and exhibits an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into the concave depression on the other
saddle joint
What is the function of dietary antioxidants
scavenge free radicals from the body cells and prevent or reduce the damage caused by oxidation
A structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus is called a(n) __________
sense organ
Which tissue permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes a serous fluid and islocated in the alveoli of the lungs and glomeruli of the kidneys
simple squamous
_____ is needed for muscle and nerve function
sodium
When the acetylcholine receptor sites on sodium ion channels are not occupied.
sodium channels remain closed
During fracture healing, cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue to form one of the following?
soft callus
Interneurons are located in the __________.
spinal cord
The interior of flat bone is composed of ______________ bone.
spongy
What are the symptoms of meningitis? What is used to make a diagnosis
stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache examining CSF via by spinal tap
Why are injections frequently administered into the hypodermis?
subcutaneous tissue is highly vascular
What are the functions of the skeleton
support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation
What is the most injured SITS muscle
supraspinatus
Which of the following muscles abduct the shoulder?
supraspinatus deltoid
The _________ division of the ANS increases alertness. The __________ division has a calming effect on the body.
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Which joints are cartilaginous joints
synchondroses and symphyses
What is a cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together called?
synchondrosis
Which cells are associated with the sense of touch
tactile cells
What can increase the rate of a reaction in the human body
temperature rises
This dura mater fold separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
tentorium cerebelli
Choose the structures that are composed of gray matter
thalamus motor cortex nasal nuclei
During exercise when your muscles produce lactate, how does the body maintain a constant blood pH?
the lungs help rapidly through the process of exhaling carbon dioxide
Which structure do the calcium ions bind to when muscle contraction is initiated?
troponin molecule
T/F A malfunctioning visceral reflex can be the cause of a homeostatic imbalance, which can result in disorder and/or disease.
true
T/F A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction.
true
T/F Action potentials occur in the unmyelinated regions of an axon
true
T/F An organ is the simplest body structure to be composed of two or more types of tissues.
true
T/F At birth, there are about 270 bones, and even more form during childhood. With age, however, the number decreases as separate bones gradually fuse.
true
T/F Bacterial or viral meningitis invades the central nervous system through the nose and throat and most often affects the pia and arachnoid maters.
true
T/F Cells can only grow to a certain size, in part, due to the relationship between their volume and surface area.
true
T/F DNA replication results in two identical daughter molecules each consisting of one old (original) strand and one newly synthesized strand.
true
T/F Downward displacement of the humerus is the most common shoulder dislocation
true
T/F During intense exercise, total cardiac output rises, with the muscular system utilizing 11.6 liters of blood per minute.
true
T/F Eye color is a normal polygenic trait.
true
T/F Heart (cardiac) muscle tissue contains cells that have one nucleus, is involuntarily controlled, and contains intercalated discs.
true
T/F Insulin, a hydrophilic compound, binds to a receptor site on the cell's extracellular surface, causing activation of a second messenger system on the cell's interior.
true
T/F Light striking the medial retina of the right eye is perceived by the left visual cortex.
true
T/F Much of the energy for ATP synthesis comes from glucose oxidation.
true
T/F Only the most sensitive receptors are stimulated by weak stimuli which exemplify the sensory encoding receptors for intensity.
true
T/F Sarcomeres will achieve virtually no contraction if they begin at half their optimal length.
true
T/F Short wavelengths from high-pitched sounds cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window.
true
T/F Sodium-potassium pumps consume about half of an individual's daily energy (caloric) expenditure.
true
T/F Squamous cell carcinoma arises from superficial cells of the epidermis and can spread from the keratinocytes to the lymph nodes.
true
T/F Stratified epithelia has some cells that rest on top of other cells, resists abrasion, is sometimes keratinized, and can be found on the superficial surface of the skin.
true
T/F The blood-CSF barrier utilizes the tight junctions between cells of the choroid plexus capillaries and forms the only tight junctions between ependymal cells.
true
T/F The body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions best describes homeostasis.
true
T/F The concave surface of the ulna that wraps around the trochlea of the humerus is the olecranon notch.
true
T/F The coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures are classified as serrate because of their interlocking wavy lines.
true
T/F The endocrine gland secretes hormones, releasing products into the bloodstream.
true
T/F The energy that is stored in the bonds of a glucose molecule exemplifies both chemical and potential energy.
true
T/F The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils of the eye while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils. This is an example of an antagonistic innervation of the ANS.
true
T/F The sodium-potassium pump is involved in establishing the resting membrane potential.
true
T/F The spinal cord serves four principle functions: conduction, neural integration, locomotion, and reflexes.
true
T/F Thoracic vertebrae provide the largest ranges of motion in each of the three body planes.
true
During hearing, which structure of the ear is the first to vibrate?
tympanic membrane
Which nerve does most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in
vagus
Which autonomic reflex is not controlled by the spinal cord?
vasoconstriction
What type of reflex occurs when body temperature increases, and thermoreceptors are stimulated sending nerve signals to the CNS and motor signals to the sweat glands to reduce body temperature?
visceral
When body temperature increases, thermoreceptors are stimulated and send nerve signals to the CNS. The CNS sends motor signals to sweat glands, which attempt to reduce body temperature. This is an example of a __________ reflex.
visceral
Which of the following statements describes the holism theory?
-A patient's perceptions, emotional responses to life, and confidence in the nurse, therapist, or physician profoundly affect the outcome of treatment. -Psychological factors often play a greater role in a patient's recovery than the physical treatments administered. -Human beings are more than the sum of their parts.
Which of the following are components of the matrix of connective tissue?
-Ground substance -Collagen fibers -proteoglycans
What are the characteristics of carbohydrates
-Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen -Provide source of energy -Include monosaccharides, disaccharides & complex polysaccharides -when digested converts to glucose -Oxidized to make ATP
Which of the following statements regarding epithelial structure and function is/are true?
-The microvilli on simple columnar epithelium helps to maximize absorption. -Simple squamous epithelium allows for rapid diffusion
Which of the following is considered a skin marking?
-friction ridges -hemangioma -flexion lines
According to modern theories, which of the following is a function of human hair?
-to express non-verbal communication -to transmit sexual scents -to maintain the temperature of the head
Which of the following can be applied to both eccrine & apocrine glands?
-utilize ducts to release sweat -use myoepithelial cells to secrete -secrete sweat by exocytosis
Name and correctly spell the 4 pairs of muscles that produce biting and chewing of the mandible.
1. temporalis 2. masseter 3. medial pterygoid 4. lateral pterygoid
How many liters of blood does the muscular system utilize per minute during intense exercise
1.24 L/min
Consider the number of bones found in each region of the adult body, including both the left and right sides of the body as well as the phalanges on the hands and feet. Identify the correct statement(s). Check all that apply.
22 skull bone 56 phalanges 4 bones in pectoral girdle
How many skull bones are there? How many phalanges? (Adult body)
22 skull bones 56 phalanges
The human genome consists of approximately __________ pairs of nucleotides.
3 billion
At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten?
50 years
What structures are found within the spinal cord
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
When the adrenal medulla is stimulated in response to stress, what hormones does it release
85% adrenaline, and 15% noradrenaline, and trace dopamine
What is the inorganic matter of osseous tissue matrix composed of
85% hydroxyapatite
What is a retinaculum?
A band of connective tissue that covers and stabilizes a group of tendons.
What is highly permeable to water, glucose, and lipid-soluble substances but can be an obstacle for delivering medications to the brain?
Brain Barrier System
What are the inactive and active forms of vitamin D after hydroxylation in the liver and kidney
Calcitriol
What are the 3 hormones that regulate calcium exchanges between blood and bone
Calcitriol, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone
The enzyme choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and choline resulting in the formation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This enzyme is produced within the cell body of neurons, but the synthesis of acetylcholine occurs within the axon terminals. Which statement best describes the axonal transport mechanism associated with this process?
Choline acetyltransferase is transported in the anterograde direction.
What are the functions of the plasma membrane
Controls passage of materials in and out of cell
What is the bony feature of the scapula that is the attachment site for the biceps brachii tendon?
Coracoid process
What is the "rooflike" structure that is posterior to the cerebral aqueduct and has four bulges that are involved in visual tracking and reflexes as well as the processing of auditory signals and reflexes?
Corpora quadrigemina
Which of the following best fits our primary taste sensation for salty?
Craved by people with electrolyte deficiencies Produced by potassium and sodium ions
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true regarding the adrenal glands' relationship with the autonomic nervous system?
The adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system synapse on cells in the adrenal medulla.
What is excitation-contraction coupling?
The events that link the action potential of the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament contraction
Choose the statement that correctly pairs the type of cartilaginous joint with its example.
The joint between the bodies of two vertebrae is an example of a symphysis joint
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is TRUE?
The leading strand is replicated continuously, while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously
What neurotransmitter does the ANS use in the synapse between the vagus nerve and the pacemaker of the heart?
acetylcholine
Transcription occurs when __________.
a messenger RNA molecule is synthesized from DNA in the nucleus
Define hypothesis?
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
_____________ is a multiaxial joint ______________ is a biaxial joint where both bones are concave in one direction and convex in the other. _______________ is when adjacent bones slide over one another and have relatively limited mobility. ________________ is a biaxial joint exhibiting an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a concave depression on the other. _______________ is a monoaxial joint moving freely in one plane. _____________ is a monoaxial joint in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis.
a. ball and socket b. saddle c. plane/gliding d. condylar/ellipsoid e. hinge f. pivot
The skeletal system helps maintain acid-base balance by ____
absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts
What type of lever is the atlanto-occipital joint
first class
What are the swellings of the clustered somas of neurons outside the central nervous system
ganglia
What qualities do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) give to the ground substance in tissue
gel-like texture
What is the only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body
glycogen
What cells found in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes
goblet cells
A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another.
gradient
What is the name of the wedge-shaped bone with a hook-like process found on the medial side of the wrist?
hamate bone
The enzyme __________ unzips and unwinds the DNA molecule.
helicase
What is the molecule that unzips and unwinds the DNA molecule
helicase
What type of contraction involves the development of tension but no change in length?
isometric
Which cell type is only located in two layers of the epidermis, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum granulosum?
keratinocytes
What is the name of the spaces found in the concentric lamellae? What do they contain
lacunae osteocytes
Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers located in the spinal cord?
lateral gray horn
CSF is secreted into each _____________ by the choroid plexus and flows into the third ventricle where more is added. CSF then flows down the _________________ to the fourth ventricle. The _______________ in the fourth ventricle adds more CSF. CSF fills the ________________ and bathes external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.
lateral ventricle/cerebral aqueduct/choroid plexus/subarachnoid
Graded potentials result from the opening of ____________
ligand-gated channels
In an excitatory cholineragic synapse, the AP depolarizes at the axon terminal, opening what channels to trigger exocytosis of acetylcholine
ligand-gated ion
Which of the following is not hydrophilic?
lipids
What is a syndesmosis joint held together by?
long collagen fibers
Exercise training induces beneficial adaptations according to the systems and structures that are stressed during activity. Which of the following would be altered following a lengthy aerobic training program?
long-term resistance to fatigue mitochondrial density blood volume and erythrocyte cell count
Which vertebrae provide the largest ranges of motion in each of the 3 body plane
lumbar
What is homeostasis
maintaining relatively stable internal condition
Name the three auditory ossicles.
malleus, incus, stapes
Most encapsulated nerve endings are which of the following?
mechanoreceptors
What type of receptor are most encapsulated nerve endings
mechanoreceptors
Consisting of an epithelium, a lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae, a ___________ membrane lines passageways of the body, such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
mucous
What type of neuron comprises 90% of the neurons in the nervous system
multipolar
Exercise training induces beneficial adaptations according to the systems and structures that are stressed during activity. Which of the following would be altered following anaerobic resistance training?
muscle size myofibril size and number lactic acid processing
____________ of the suprahyoid group elevates the floor of the mouth at the beginning of swallowing.
mylohyoid
A __________ is a cordlike organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (fascicles) bound together by connective tissue.
nerve
Which tissues can be described as excitable because they are able to respond to outside stimuli by changing their membrane potential?
nervous and muscular
Which specialized cells within nervous tissue protect and assist neurons and function as "housekeepers" of the nervous system
neuroglia
Which monoamine neurotransmitter does an adrenergic synapse use that has an important role in your body's fight or flight response
norepinephrine
A __________ is composed of a granular cluster of eight proteins called __________ with DNA wound around them.
nucleosome; histones
________________ are minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate.
nutrient foramina
Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system
oligodendrocytes
What is a motor unit?
one nerve fiber and all muscle fibers it innervates
Which bone cell secretes the hormone osteocalcin and stimulates insulin secretion increasing insulin sensitivity in adipocytes limiting the growth of adipose tissue
osteoblasts
Bone dissolving cells on bone surfaces are called ___
osteoclasts
What are the bone dissolving cells on the bone surfaces called
osteoclasts
Small, non-polar molecules like _________ pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer.
oxygen
What is the most abundant element found in the human body
oxygen
What establishes the resting membrane potential
the potassium leaving the cell through the potassium channels and creates a negative charge inside of the membrane
Which bone is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg (crural region)?
tibia
What type of junctions does the blood-CSF barrier utilize between cells of the choroid plexus capillaries to form tight junctions between ependymal cells
tight junctions
What are the functions of myelin
to protect, insulate the fibers and speed up the conduction of nerve impulses.
Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglion?
touch
Trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in _______
trabecular bone
Where are the trusses and arches found that help form the internal scaffolding networking of bone?
trabecular bone
The muscles that laterally rotate and depress the scapula, as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders, are the ______
trapezius and serratus anterior
Tic douloureux is a recurring episode of intense stabbing pain near the mouth or nose that is triggered by touch, drinking, or washing the face. Which of the following cranial nerves is affected.
trigeminal V
What structure do the calcium ions bind to when muscle contraction is initiated
troponin